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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Richard Wagner a varhany / Richard Wagner and Organ

Bártek, Michael January 2013 (has links)
The Czech organist Michael Bártek presents the thesis Richard Wagner and the organ. Penetration of the Work of the Genius from Bayreuth into the Music for Organ as a graduate master thesis in studies on musical faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague. This thesis concerns itself with the relationship between Richard Wagner and the organ, a relation which is, despite no specific composition from the maestro for organ, surprisingly rich, and which seems thus far unexplored. Considering the impending bicentenary of the composer (and the 130th death anniversary), the theme deserves to be elaborated on. The author reviews the direct relationship of Wagner and the organ, with his influences on composers for organ, as with, for example, the issue of transcription, at first more general, later more focused on Wagner.
132

Ironia e subjetividade em Kierkegaard

Aun, Fernando Santos [UNESP] 20 October 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-10-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:34:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 aun_fs_me_mar.pdf: 463147 bytes, checksum: 11557c23bc2276776599c3083e1ac47c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Esta dissertação procura esclarecer a singularidade da concepção kierkegaardiana do conceito de ironia e a relação estabelecida entre este conceito e a questão da subjetividade. Com essa finalidade priorizamos a análise da obra O conceito de ironia constantemente referido a Sócrates, na qual podemos investigar as distinções que Kierkegaard estabelece entre a ironia socrática, a ironia no romantismo alemão e a concepção hegeliana de ironia. Valorizamos a análise da definição de ironia como “negatividade” e também a noção de “personalidade” apresentada pelo autor. Tendo em vista que, como figura de transição, o lugar ocupado pela ironia na obra de Kierkegaard é configurado sempre no intervalo e na passagem entre várias dualidades, tais como, real e ideal; finito e infinito; interior e exterior; vida e forma ou, ainda, entre uma subjetividade e outra, defendemos ao longo da dissertação que um estudo detido da tese kierkegaardiana sobre a ironia é essencial para compreendermos alguns dos principais aspectos de sua filosofia / This dissertation aims at clarifying the singularity of Kierkegaard´s concept of irony and its relation to the subjectivity. Thus, the priority of this research is the analysis of the work: “The Concept of Irony, with Continual Reference to Socrates”, by Kierkegaard, in which it is possible to examine the distinctions between the Socratic irony, the irony in the German Romanticism and the Hegelian notion of irony. We focus on the analysis of irony as negativity and also on the author´s idea about “personality”. Considering the place of irony in the Kierkegaard´s work as an element of transition, that figures in between several dualisms, such as: Real and ideal; finite and infinite; interior and exterior; life and form; or also between subjectivities; we believe that a careful study of Kierkegaard´s thesis about irony is essential to understand some of the main aspects of his philosophy
133

A presença de Kierkegaard na Teoria do Romance do jovem Lukács

Martins, Willian Mendes [UNESP] 19 November 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-11-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:13:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_wm_me_mar.pdf: 608229 bytes, checksum: a365622e0381361ee617673beb9eecea (MD5) / Investigamos no presente trabalho o pensamento estético e filosófico do pensador húngaro György Lukács (1885-1971), especificamente na obra A teoria do romance, de 1916, com vistas a analisar e compreender os aspectos e elementos que o referido filósofo desenvolve nessa importante obra do, assim denominado, período de juventude; é importante para nosso trabalho destacar e salientar a significação que a filosofia da existência formulada pelo danês Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) adquiriu para o jovem Lukács nessa sua obra de 1916. Para tanto analisamos, inicialmente, o ensaio de Lukács dedicado a Kierkegaard, presente no livro A alma e as formas, de 1911; destacamos os contornos de A teoria do romance; elaboramos a conceituação de Kierkegaard dos conceitos de demoníaco, desespero e ironia; e, por fim, analisamos as ressonâncias kierkegaardianas em A teoria do romance. Os dois pensadores analisados adquiriram importância capital no desenvolvimento do debate filosófico durante todo o século XX, o presente trabalho justifica-se, portanto, nas próprias afirmações de Lukács em sua maturidade onde ele mesmo destaca entre suas influências juvenis a constante presença das ideias de Kierkegaard, entre outros, para seu percurso intelectual, por ele chamado de seu “caminho para Marx” / We investigate in this work the aesthetic and philosophical thought of the Hungarian thinker György Lukács (1885-1971), specifically in the work The theory of novel, of 1916, in order to analyze and understand the aspects and elements that this philosopher develops in this important work, named as, period of youth, it is important for our work to highlight and emphasize the significance that the philosophy of existence formulated by the Danish Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) acquired for the young Lukács in his work of 1916. For this, we analyze, initially, Lukács' essay devoted to Kierkegaard, in present in the book The soul and forms, of 1911; highlighting the outlines of The theory of novel; we elaborated the Kierkegaard's concepts of demoniacal, despair and irony, and finally, we analyze the kierkegaardian resonances in The theory of novel. The two thinkers analyzed acquired importance in the development of philosophical debate throughout the twentieth century, this work justified, therefore, in Lukacs' own statements in his maturity where he stands among his juveniles influences the constant presence of Kierkegaard ideas, and others, for his intellectual journey, called by him as road to Marx”
134

A existência ética e religiosa em Kierkegaard: continuidade ou ruptura?

Sampaio, Laura Cristina Ferreira 07 April 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:12:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3042.pdf: 1304916 bytes, checksum: ca23a9815be2800168dbcd1cc6af4a93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-07 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The present study, based on the Kierkegaard s existential dialectics, intends to deal with ethical and religious existence in Kierkegaard, critically assessing the demands of religion and the limits of ethics. Upon establishing the relationship between the ethical and the religious, Kierkegaard using pseudonyms presents varied conceptions. In Fear and Trembling(1843) under the pseudonym Johannes de Silentio, he highlights the rupture between the ethical and the religious, showing that Abraham s story (Gn.22) holds a suspension of ethics; and under the pseudonym Vigilius Haufniensis, in the introduction to Concept of Anxiety (1844), he inserts, into his understanding of ethics, another distinction: between a first ethics , which encompasses Greek ethics as well as Hegel's speculative thinking, and a second ethics , established upon the Christian message, the concept of love to one s neighbor, demanded by a divine commandment, and the principle of ethical life. This second ethics is described a work titled Works of love , authored by way of his own name. In other words, it was attempted to clarify if there was a thorough exclusion or if it would be possible to think of an intrinsic reconciliation, due to some essential relationship between religious existence and ethical existence. / A presente pesquisa, fundamentada na dialética existencial de Kierkegaard, pretende abordar a existência ética e religiosa, avaliando criticamente a exigência religiosa e os limites da ética. Ao colocar a relação entre o ético e o religioso, Kierkegaard com o uso da pseudonímia apresenta concepções variadas. Em Temor e Tremor (1843) sob o pseudônimo Johannes de Silentio, destaca a ruptura entre o ético e o religioso, onde a história de Abraão (Gn. 22) comporta uma suspensão da ética; e sob o pseudônimo de Vigilius Haufniensis, na introdução ao Conceito de Angústia (1844), insere, em sua compreensão de ética, uma outra distinção: entre uma primeira ética , que compreende tanto a ética grega, como o pensamento especulativo de Hegel, e uma segunda ética , estabelecida sobre a mensagem cristã - o conceito de amor ao próximo, ordenado pelo mandamento divino, e princípio de vida ética. Esta segunda ética é descrita em uma obra veronímica intitulada As Obras do Amor . Em outras palavras, procurou-se esclarecer se havia uma total exclusão ou se poder-se-ia pensar numa conciliação advinda de alguma relação essencial, intrínseca entre a existência ética e religiosa.
135

Ironia e negação : um estudo a partir de Kierkegaard e Freud

Bezerra Filha, Matildes Paz Landim 21 March 2013 (has links)
Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Clínica e Cultura, 2013. / Submitted by Luiza Silva Almeida (luizaalmeida@bce.unb.br) on 2013-07-30T19:51:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_MatildesPazLandimBezerraFilha.pdf: 684054 bytes, checksum: 8d278547e6be2a179d814ded970e1c67 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2013-08-02T12:24:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_MatildesPazLandimBezerraFilha.pdf: 684054 bytes, checksum: 8d278547e6be2a179d814ded970e1c67 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-02T12:24:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_MatildesPazLandimBezerraFilha.pdf: 684054 bytes, checksum: 8d278547e6be2a179d814ded970e1c67 (MD5) / Este trabalho tem por intuito principal um aprofundamento no entendimento acerca da ironia tendo por foco sua relação com a negação. Tal intuito é buscado por meio da investigação das obras de Kierkegaard e Freud. Em Kierkegaard a ironia é tomada (por meio de sua expressão em textos platônicos), a partir de seu papel histórico transformador, como vinculada ao surgimento da noção de subjetividade encaminhando para a noção de autorreflexividade e responsabilização. No contexto, a ironia socrática nos serve de exemplo para o entendimento da correlação entre ironia (considerada a partir de dois sentidos possíveis: figura de linguagem e vivência) e negação/negatividade no cerne da possibilidade de virada histórica e pessoal. Da obra freudiana, alguns aspectos concernentes aos entendimentos dos “Der Witz” conduzem à compreensão do papel dos processos psíquicos constitutivos tanto da produção irônica quanto de sua assimilação pelo interlocutor, levando ao entendimento de que a efetivação de tais processos na constituição de uma ironia fina (Witz) exige a participação de todo o psiquismo. Pela coadunação de conhecimentos propostos pelos dois autores, a negação (em relação a que a ironia se opõe) é abordada como no bojo do desenvolvimento da capacidade de julgamento, a partir de sua vinculação com o “fantasiar” e o “pensar. Enquanto instrumentalidade clínica (de negação da negação), a ironia conduz para a possibilidade de uma visão mais bem humorada (cômica) dos próprios infortúnios (trágicos) e possibilidades destinais. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This writing intends to detail irony understanding concerning its link to negation, and Sigmund Freud and Soren Kierkegaard works are the main theoretical references used here. Kierkegaard seems to consider irony (according to its standing in platonic texts) starting from its historical change role and tied to the appearing of subjectivity notion going to self- reflexivity and self-implication meanings and issues. Socratic irony serves as an useful example to realize the correlation between irony (in two possible respects: figures of speech and experience) and negation/negativity in the drama of historical and personal turnings. Inside Freud’s teachings, in turn, there are some aspects concerning “Der Witz” that lead to an understanding of the constitutive psychic processes role regarding irony production and its assimilation by speakers and listeners, since they imply that is necessary full psychic participation to construct fine irony (Witz). By means of combination of both authors’ arguments, negation (to which irony is opposed to) is approached as part of ethical and moral development, arising from its link to imagination and thinking. Irony, if used as a clinical instrument (being a negation of another negation), may be fit to construct a happier (comical) experience of someone’s own troubles (tragic) and possible fates.
136

Closing doors (1780-1813): the liquidation process at General Company of Pernambuco and Paraíba / As portas não podem ser cerradas (1780-1813): processo de liquidação da Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e Paraíba

Angélica de Vasconcelos Silva 01 June 2016 (has links)
This dissertation investigated the dynamics, rationales and context of accounting practices in a pre-industrial setting. By focusing on the case of the General Company of Pernambuco and Paraíba (PPC), the examination could analyze a firm\'s entire lifecycle (from the birth until decline) to answer the following research question: How and why did the PPC\'s liquidation process stretch for so long? The PPC was a privately owned company whose monopoly privilege was granted by the Portuguese Crown in 1759 and suspended in 1780. Between the removal of the monopoly rights and 1813, the company \'got stuck\' in a liquidation despite using double-entry bookkeeping. The study preserves the historical integrity of the analysis using the mental frame of the PPC own time. Based on the premise that accounting cannot be isolated from the setting in which it plays a role, four context issues were chosen to answer the research question: (1) the relationship between the PPC and the Crown, (2) the organizational structure of the PPC, (3) the accounting system of the PPC, and (4) the ties between PPC\'s stakeholders. It shows how and why each factor evolved over time and contributed to the delay in the PPC\'s liquidation. The examination relies upon different archival sources, including the surviving corporate books prepared at two of PPC\'s business units. The applied research design was a case study. The Crown acted as the head of the PPC but did not exercise close control over directors. The continuity of the business was financially more attractive for the directors than the liquidation process. The corporate rules, mainly remuneration, created incentives for their behavior. The seats on the boards of the PPC were controlled by a small group of shareholders. The directors changed some accounts\' rationales for their benefit, and the accounting procedures were realized without zeal. The issued financial statements also created an unreal financial situation (overvaluation) which directors insisted on realizing during the liquidation. The PPC granted credit based on fragile criteria and without sufficient guarantees. In the liquidation, when the company needed to convert the receivables into cash, the lack of guarantees caused additional delay / Esta tese investigou a dinâmica, lógica e contexto das práticas contábeis de uma empresa luso-brasileira do século XVIII ao longo de todo ciclo de vida (da instituição à liquidação). O estudo se desenvolveu em torno da Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e Paraíba (PPC) para responder à seguinte questão de pesquisa: Como e Por que o processo de liquidação da PPC se arrastou por tanto tempo? A PPC era uma empresa privada cujo privilégio monopólio foi concedido pela Coroa Portuguesa em 1759 e suspenso em 1780. Entre a supressão dos direitos de monopólio e 1813, a empresa ficou \"presa\" em uma liquidação apesar de usar o método da partida dobrada, reconhecido na época como método perfeito para mercadores de grosso trato. O estudo preserva a integridade histórica na análise, usando o quadro mental da época da PPC. Com base na premissa de que a contabilidade não existe de forma isolada, mas se encontra imersa em um contexto social e organizacional, quatro aspectos foram escolhido para a análise: (1) a relação entre a PPC e a Coroa portuguesa, (2) a estrutura organizacional da PPC, (3) o sistema contábil da PPC, e (4) as relações entre as partes interessadas da PPC. A análise mostra como e por que cada aspecto evoluiu ao longo do tempo e contribuiu para o atraso na liquidação da PPC. O exame baseia-se em diferentes fontes arquivais, incluindo os livros corporativos escriturados por duas das unidades de negócios da PPC. A pesquisa foi estruturada como um estudo de caso. A coroa atuou com \"cabeça\" da PPC, mas não exerceu controle próximo sobre a ação dos diretores. A continuidade do negócio era financeiramente mais atraente para os diretores que o processo de liquidação. As regras societárias, principalmente, remuneração, criou incentivos para que os gestores perseguissem seus interesses. Os cargos executivos da PPC foram controlados por um grupo pequeno de acionistas. Os diretores alteraram a racionalidade de algumas rubricas contábeis em benefício próprio. Os procedimentos contábeis passaram a ser realizados sem zelo e a companhia parou de publicar balanços. As demonstrações financeiras publicadas criaram uma situação financeira irreal (superavaliação), que os diretores insistiram em realizar durante a liquidação. A PPC concedeu crédito com base em critérios frágeis e sem garantias suficientes. Na liquidação, quando a empresa precisava converter os recebíveis em dinheiro, a falta de garantia provocou atrasos adicionais
137

Os nibelungos : estudo a partir do drama de Richard Wagner e do filme de Fritz Lang

Accioly, Godiva 29 July 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Milton Jose de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-29T06:00:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Accioly_Godiva_M.pdf: 230455 bytes, checksum: 3a0aaf061da40d69af9091647a616675 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Mestrado
138

Música e palavra na obra do jovem Nietzsche / Music and word in the young Nietzsche

D´Avila, Leandro Macedo, 1976- 19 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Alcides Hector Rodriguez Benoit / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T18:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 D´Avila_LeandroMacedo_M.pdf: 696450 bytes, checksum: a33685ce310bbe81688f847e2e91cddf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O presente trabalho visa abordar as referências que concorreram para a formação do pensamento do jovem Nietzsche, durante período em que esteve profundamente ligado ao compositor Richard Wagner e à filosofia de Schopenhauer, com especial ênfase nas questões que se relacionam aos temas música e palavra e suas implicações dentro da filosofia do autor / Abstract: The present work approaches the references that competed to the formation of the philosophy of the young Nietzsche, during the period that he was profoundly connected to the composer Richard Wagner and the writings of Schopenhauer, with special emphasis on the subjects of muisc and words and their implication in Nietzsche's toughts / Mestrado / Historia da Filosofia / Mestre em Filosofia
139

Nietzsche, Wagner e a epoca tragica dos gregos

Silva, Iracema Maria de Macedo Gonçalves da 17 February 2003 (has links)
Orientador : Alcides Hector R. Benoit / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T11:22:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_IracemaMariadeMacedoGoncalvesda_D.pdf: 9697304 bytes, checksum: c7d0ebf57dc21631d476e887f5796043 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Trata-se de um estudo das interpretações de Richard Wagner e Nietzsche sobre a "época trágica" e da investigação que fizeram, em suas respectivas obras, acerca do vínculo da posteridade com a arte grega. Tendo como fio condutor a relação com a Grécia, analisa-se também as razões filosóficas do companheirismo e do posterior rompimento teórico entre Wagner e Nietzsche / Abstract: lt concems a study on both Richard Wer's' and Nietzsche's interpretations on the "tragic age". In addition, it involves the investigation they had done in their respective work regarding the li* between posterity and the Greek art. Utilizing the relationship with Greece as a point of reference, the work also analyses the philosophic reasons for the ftiendship and subsequent theoretical rupture between Wagner and Nietzsche / Doutorado / Doutor em Filosofia
140

Die Verhouding tussen die etiese en die redigieuse stadiums by Soren Kierkegaard

Du Toit, Andrew Pieter January 1977 (has links)
Die doel van hierdie studie is om te probeer vasstel wat bedoel word met die etiese en die religieuse stadiums in die werke van Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855). Wat is die verband tussen hierdie twee stadiums? Hoe vind die oorgang van die een na die ander plaas? Op 'n krities-analitiese wyse word die verskillende synstrukture, kategoriee, begrippe en terme ondersoek soos dit in die denke van Kierkegaard voorkom. Die ondersoek en interpretasie van Kierkegaard se werk word deur verskillende faktore bemoeilik. Dit word in hierdie werkstuk kortliks genoem. Kierkegaard hou aan die leser sekere moontlike vorms van lewe voor. Hierdie vorms van lewe kan binne die etiese en religieuse dimensies val. Die belangrikste begrippe ten opsigte van hoe die enkeling die etiese en die religieuse ken, word voorts bespreek onder drie afdelings : die kategorie, die bestemming en die begrip. Kierkegaard stel dit dat die mens die vermoe het om sekere logiese tipes of reekse van tipes te kan onderskei. Die volgende tipes word bespreek : die verstaanskategorie en die eksistensiekategorie. Laasgenoemde sluit die kategorie van moontlikheid en die kategorie van herhaling in. By die bestemming gaan dit om die korrekte of verkeerde aanwending van die kategoriee. Hierdie beginsel word ondersoek in die etiese en die religieuse stadiums. Die probleem van tese-antitese-sintese word gestel in die lig van die Hegeliaanse beskouing van rnediasie. Die korrelasie wat Kierkegaard stel tussen denke en syn word aangetoon. Die probleem objek-subjek word bespreek en die onderskeid wat deur Kierkegaard gemaak word tussen kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe dialektiek. In die volgende hoofstuk word die eksistensiele beweging by die etiese en die religieuse stadiums aangedui. Vir Kierkegaard is die stel van die self en selfkeuse belangrik. Die selfbewussyn is die plek.waar denke en syn mekaar ontmoet. Die sleutelbegrippe moontlikheid, wording en essensie word geanaliseer. Die korrekte verstaan van ideele en reele syn is verbind met genoemde begrippe. Kierkegaard stel dit dat eksistensie 'n sintese van die oneindige en die eindige is en die eksisterende enkeling is sowel oneindig as eindig. Hierdie uitspraak word voorts ondersoek. Die rrsprong" is 'n sentrale begrip in sy filosofie. Hoe die sprong (in subjektiwiteit) verband hou met verskillende ander begrippe, word aangedui. Verskillende moontlike of gerealiseerde vorms van lewe word aan die leser voorgehou. Die "oomblik" is 'n begrip wat gebruik word in korrelasie met ander begrippe, bv. die tydsbegrip. Wanneer Kierkegaard die relasie van die enkeling stel met wat hy noem "die enkeling voor God'', probeer hy 'n antwoord gee op die sentrale probleem wat hy vir homself stel, nl. hoe om 'n Christen te word. Die verskil tussen Religieusiteit A en Religieusiteit B word oak aangedui. Die volgende hoofstuk handel oor die eksistensiele ervaring by die etiese en religieuse stadiums. Kierkegaard probeer 'n antwoord gee op die God-mens-verhouding. Hy gebruik die voorbeeld van Abraham in die Ou Testament om die beginsel van die teleologiese suspensie van die etiese te demonstreer. Hierdie grootse stuk filosofie van Kierkegaard word krities ondersoek. Kierkegaard se fundering van die etiese en die religieuse word bespreek naas die sieninge van bv. Kant en Hegel. Begrippe soos oneindige oorgawe, versoeking, "Anfechtung", absolute paradoks, skuld en onskuld kern aan die orde. Kategoriee soos wanhoop, angs, onkunde, onskuld, vryheid, ens. word gestel. Daar word aangetoon hoe van hierdie kategoriee by Karl Jaspers, J.P. Sartre en Martin Heidegger in gewysigde vorm voorkom. Die begrippe genie, fatum en passie word ontleed. Kierkegaard se siening van liggaam en gees hou verband met die self en sy moontlikhede; dit verskil by die etiese en religieuse stadiums. Die begrip erfsonde het nie die tradisionele inhoud nie en by die begrip sonde word twee tipes onderskei, die van die enkeling en die van die geslag. By die kategorie sonde word waarheid, onwaarheid, skuld en sondebewussyn gestel. Berou word die hoogste etiese uitdrukking van die enkeling. Die volgende stappe is versoening en "die enkeling.voor God". Die uiteenlopende siening random Kierkegaard se begrip van geloof word ondersoek. Hier le die "hart" van Kierkegaard se eksistensiefilosofie. Geloof is vir hom 'n persoonlike, unieke aangeleentheid van die eksisterende enkeling : dit is 'n wyse van lewe, 'n demonstrasie, streng persoonlik en subjektief. Die relasie tussen Religieusiteit A en Religieusiteit B word verder uitgewerk in die lig van die algemene kategorie van die humor. Die dialektiese verhouding tussen Religieusiteit A en Religieusiteit B word uiteengesit. Verskillende kritiese vrae random hierdie onderskeid word gestel. Met die kategorie lyding ('n uitsluitlik religieuse kategorie) wil Kierkegaard iets heel besonders se. Vir 'n duidelike uiteensetting van die verhouding tussen die etiese en die religieuse stadiums is die kategorie van die enkeling van groot belang. Ons leer die mens ken as enkeling, individu, unieke, enkele, ens. binne die etiese en die religieuse stadiums. Negatiewe kritiek random hierdie kategorie word bespreek en die vraag word gevra of Kierkegaard se enkeling nie totaal vereensaam en geisoleer raak nie? Wat is die enkeling se relasie tot die massa? By Gabriel Marcel, bv. word die "openheid" van die enkeling meer beklemtoon. Max Stirner en Karl Jaspers vind by Kierkegaard se begrip van die enkeling aansluiting. Naas Niezsche plaas Kierkegaard die mens weer sentraal in die filosofie. Kierkegaard was by ·uitstek die filosoof wat erns gemaak het met die Christendom. Hy ontmasker die Christendom van sy tyd met die doel om positiewe resultate te lewer. Hy worstel met die probleem van subjektiwiteit - die vertrekpunt en die eindpunt van sy filosofie. Daar is geen plek vir 'n rasionele etiek nie. 'n Etiese sisteem is nie moontlik nie. Die enkeling, elke handeling en elke situasie is uniek. Kierkegaard stel aan die een kant 'n duidelike onderskeid tussen die etiese en die religieuse stadiums, maar aan die ander kant bring hy die tw~e stadiums bymekaar deur sekere kategoriee te stel. Die relasie tussen die twee stadiums ontglip die leser, juis omdat dit 'n geloofsaksie is. Geloofsuitsprake is van 'n ander aard as etiese uitsprake. Die oorgang van rede tot geloof is met 'n sprang. Kierkegaard oorbeklemtoon nie een van die stadiums nie en verskraal ook nie die religie tot 'n mistiese gevoel of ondervinding nie. Moontlike vorrns van lewe word aan die leser voorgehou met 'n duidelike uitnodiging aan die leser om deel te neem. Kierkegaard plaas die mens as ·enkeling terug in die filosofie. Die hoogste wat die mens kan bereik is om "voor God" te wees. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 1977. / gm2014 / Anthropology and Archaeology / unrestricted

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