O escopo desta dissertação é fazer um estudo teórico e conceitual da obra de Émile Durkheim no que se refere à questão educacional e verificar em que medida seus escritos contribuem para a compreensão do ensino superior do Brasil contemporâneo, o qual está submetido às leis e às regulamentações do poder público. Apresentam-se o método e o objeto da Sociologia de Durkheim, propondo comparações entre a perspectiva sociológica educacional clássica ou tradicional do pensador e a humanista, que vige no Brasil contemporâneo. Focaliza-se a moralidade relacionada à educação na obra de Durkheim como um ato que atende aos interesses da sociedade, enquanto estruturas formais da razão, não da religião. Os indivíduos são socializados tornando-se conscientes da necessidade da adesão voluntária às regras impostas socialmente, que são determinantes dos deveres do estudante, e que se assemelham às regras que prescrevem a conduta do adulto. A educação moral insere-se em toda a vida escolar do discente. Também são analisados acordos internacionais, globalização das políticas educacionais e a transformação da educação em fonte de investimentos, que caracterizaram as últimas décadas do século XX e início do século XXI, quando a teoria do capital humano foi recuperada e aplicada no âmbito educacional, associando a escolarização superior à consecução de competências que possibilitam a ascensão social. Nessa perspectiva, o que importa é a inserção no mercado de trabalho, enquanto uma imposição do sistema vigente sobre a formação do capital humano, aliada a adequação dos alunos aos preceitos neoliberais, em que a competência e a obtenção de habilidades são mais relevantes que o conhecimento histórico-científico capaz de transformar, por meio do processo de escolarização, o modo de pensar a realidade. / The scope of this dissertation is to make a theoretical and conceptual study of the work of Émile Durkheim with regard to the educational question and to verify to what extent his writings contribute to the understanding of the higher education of contemporary Brazil, which is subject to the laws and regulations Of public power. The method and object of Durkheim's Sociology are presented, proposing comparisons between the classical or traditional educational sociological perspective of the thinker and the humanist, which is present in contemporary Brazil. It focuses on education-related morality in Durkheim's work as an act that serves the interests of society as formal structures of reason, not religion. Individuals are socialized by becoming aware of the need for voluntary adherence to socially imposed rules that are determinant of the student's duties and which resemble the rules that prescribe adult conduct. Moral education is embedded throughout the student's school life. International agreements, globalization of education policies and the transformation of education into an investment source, which characterized the last decades of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, were also analyzed, when human capital theory was recovered and applied in the educational sphere, associating Higher education to the achievement of skills that enable social ascension. In this perspective, what matters is the insertion in the labor market, while an imposition of the current system on the formation of human capital, coupled with the students' suitability to the neoliberal precepts, in which competence and the attainment of skills are more relevant than the historical-scientific knowledge capable of transforming, through the process of schooling, the way of thinking reality. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Ce mémoire étudie comment Condorcet, Hegel, Durkheim, Parsons, Bourdieu et Passeron conçoivent les fonctions respectives de la famille et de l’école en matière d’éducation. Depuis la Révolution française, les idées modernes sur ce partage ont beaucoup évoluées. C’est à titre de témoins éminents de cette évolution que ces auteurs sont interrogés. Toutes héritières des principes issus du siècle des Lumières, les conceptions étudiées varient selon le rapport à l’ordre social et selon l’intention qui les guide ; le bonheur universel qui fait autorité sur la liberté de l’individu en formation devient de moins en moins abstrait. En tant que finalité, cet idéal se fait supplanter, presque, par la question du bonheur individuel, pourtant soumise aujourd’hui à l’exigence de la réussite scolaire. La responsabilité individuelle s’en trouve accrue, puisque, depuis que les structures sociales inégalitaires ont été sévèrement critiquées, l’ordre social ne doit plus reposer sur des déterminations de classe. / This study examines how Condorcet, Hegel, Durkheim, Parsons, Bourdieu and Passeron perceive the roles of both the family and the school with regard to upbringing. Since the French Revolution, these perceptions have greatly evolved. We refer to these authors since they clearly represent the context of this evolution. Although these perceptions have inherited principles originating from the Enlightenment, they vary according to the relationship with society and the intentions by which they are guided. Universal happiness, which has an impact on the freedom of the growing individual, becomes less and less abstract. In the end, this ideal is almost surpassed by the freedom of personal happiness, which still depends today on success in school, as it is a generally accepted requirement. The responsibility of each individual is amplified, because, ever since unequal social structures have been highly criticized, social order shall no longer be based upon class determination.