Due to their desire for a strong Central European nation to counterbalance France and Russia and their belief that any people should have the right to unification, the British supported the German nationalist movement after 1866. Due to French meddling in the affairs of other countries and French opposition to what the British thought was the legitimate aim of the German people, the British became anti-French in the late 1860s. Due to the belief of the British in progress, they could view most of the events on the Continent, even the violent ones, as the gradual advancement of civilization. The Franco-Prussian War required the British to re-evaluate all of these views, as well as many others, and conclude that Germany, not France, constituted the threat to Europe.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 O TRIBUNAL DO JuRI.pdf: 1498611 bytes, checksum: 30620646c893601b540dfbc0ea657928 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-04 / Esta dissertação discute a estruturação do Tribunal do Júri na História do Brasil durante o dezenove, tratando especificamente o caso da Província do Espírito Santo. Inicialmente criado como uma ramificação da legislação portuguesa e com a função de julgar somente os delitos de imprensa, o Júri foi reafirmado na Constituição do Brasil independente. Privilegiando o período em que o Judiciário estava sendo estruturado no país e no qual se verificava a coexistência de liberais e conservadores, mostra-se como o Tribunal do Júri foi modificado pela promulgação do Código Criminal e também do Código de Processo Criminal, respectivamente, em 1830 e 1832. Em meio às reformas, o Júri atuou constantemente, produzindo um número de absolvições significativamente superior ao de condenações. Essa prática provocou diversas críticas à atuação dos jurados, alegando-se sua ineficácia sem que, contudo, se propusesse sua extinção. Analisando-se os autos criminais levados ao Tribunal na Comarca de Victória, entre os anos de 1850 e 1870, buscou-se averiguar a origem, a ação e o papel dos jurados na sociedade local, na qual a ordem pública, assim como em todo o Brasil, era objetivo comum. Ao levantar a composição do Tribunal tentou-se perceber as possíveis relações entre as partes envolvidas no processo, na suspeita de que elas pudessem intervir nas sentenças proferidas. De posse de algumas respostas, passou-se ao exame da ação do Tribunal, investigando-se a freqüência com que se reunia, os delitos que julgava e as sentenças que conferia aos réus. A base empírica utilizada neste trabalho consistiu no levantamento dos autos criminais julgados pelo Júri espírito-santense entre 1850 e 1870, especificamente na Comarca de Victoria, além das correspondências e comunicados entre as autoridades, seja entre o Presidente da Província, o Ministro dos Negócios da Justiça, o Juiz de Direito, o Chefe de Polícia, entre outros. / This work comments on the building up of the Jury Tribunal in the Brazilian history during the nineteenth century, dealing specifically with the case of the Espírito Santo Province. Created originally as a branch from the Portuguese legislation and solely in charge of the press offenses, the Jury was later on endorsed by the Constitution of independent Brazil. Focusing on the interval when the Judiciary was yet being developed in the country and there was also the coexistence between liberals and conservatives, it is shown how the Jury Tribunal was modified by the promulgation of both the Criminal Code and the Criminal Proceeding Code, in 1830 and 1832, respectively. In the midst of such reforms, the Jury kept itself working unabated, delivering a substantially great number of acquittals than of guilty verdicts. This practice occasioned a varied array of criticism to the jurors actions, pointing mainly to its inefficacy without, however, coming to the extreme of proposing its suppression. Going through the records of Victória s District Court between 1850 and 1870, it was sought to establish the origin, the action and the role of the jurors in the local society, where the pursuit of public order, as well as in Brazil as a whole, was a common goal. When appraising the composition of the Jury, it was tried to identify the possible relations among the litigants involved in a lawsuit, guessing that these bonds might have had an influence on the sentences pronounced. With some answers in hand, it was examined, next, the Jury s overall performance, inquiring about the frequency of its reunions, the kind of felonies under its scrutiny and the verdicts delivered to the defendants. The empirical base drawn upon in this work were the criminal lawsuits submitted to the espírito-santense jurors in Victoria s District during the 1850 to 1870 period, besides the correspondence and communications among authorities such as the Provincial President, the Ministry of Judicial Affairs, the Judges, the Police Chief and others.

O presente trabalho objetiva elaboraruma edição de performance da Improvisação Coral sobre Victimae Paschali de Charles Tournemire, transcrita pelo seu aluno Maurice Duruflé. A edição de performance foi construída através da análise, escolha de registração e elaboração de exercícios técnicos para os trechos difíceis. O livro Guidelines to Style Analysis de Jan La Rue (1970) foi usado como ferramenta analítica, enfocando os cinco parâmetros fornecidos pelo autor: Som, Harmonia, Melodia, Ritmo e Crescimento. A escolha da registração foi delineada a partir de um estudo do órgão da Igreja Sainte Clotilde de Paris e do órgão da Capela São José do Centro Universitário La Salle (Unilasalle) em Canoas, RS (Brasil). Os exercícios técnicos para os trechos difíceis foram gerados a partir de passagens que apresentaram maior demanda durante meu estudo. Por fim, a edição de performance reúne essas informações junto à partitura de maneira sucinta como síntese do trabalho e da construção da minha performance da obra para recital. / The purpose of this study is to present a performance edition of the Choral Improvisation on Victimae Paschali by Charles Tournemire, transcribed by his pupil Maurice Duruflé. The performance edition was constructed based on analysis, choice of registration and the elaboration of technical exercises for the difficult passages. The book Guidelines to Style Analysis by Jan La Rue (1970) was used as an analytical tool, focusing on the five parameters presented by the author: Sound, Harmony, Melody, Rhythm and Growth. The choice of registration was decided based on a study of the organ at the Sainte Clotilde Church in Paris and the organ at St. Joseph´s Chapel of the La Salle University Center (Unilasalle) in Canoas, RS (Brazil). Technical exercises were generated from the passages that proved to be more demanding for me during my practice. Finally, the performance edition contains all of this information as a summary of my work and the preparation of the piece for performance.

The subject of this study is August Strindberg’s interaction with the visual media of his day. Its dual aim is to examine Strindberg’s work in the light of media history and to allow Strindberg’s work in turn to illuminate the media history of the fin de siècle. Taking its cue from the commonplace scholarly observation that Strindberg’s drama, particularly that of his later phase, is strikingly “cinematic”, it asks: What do such comparisons really tell us about Strindberg’s art and what, if anything, do they tell us about cinema? The thesis of this study is that the putatively “cinematic” style of Strindberg’s writings can only be understood against the backdrop of a mass culture, oriented towards the visual sense, which was undergoing rapid expansion at the turn of the last century. In devising his “dream play techniques”, it argues, Strindberg both drew on and reacted against various image-based modes of representation that had become extremely widespread in the late nineteenth century. The loss of reality that is so prominent a feature of works such as To Damascus (1898) or A Dream Play (1901) should in this sense be regarded as marked by an experience of mediatization, that is, the steady incorporation of all aspects of daily life by mass media technologies. Shifting the spotlight away from cinema, a critical encounter with Strindberg’s work can cast light on largely overlooked media practices such as magic lantern or Sciopticon exhibition, panoramic entertainments, instantaneous photography, and the introduction of the halftone process in printing. At the same time as it unsettles received notions of Strindberg’s drama as “cinematic”, the study seeks to show how the writings of this revolutionary artist can provide fresh material for a reassessment of life in a media-saturated age.

La présence importante de personnages féminins dans les Rougon-Macquart d'Émile Zola de même que leur rôle dans le cycle ont suscité bon nombre d'études féminines. Or, Félicité Rougon, personnage influent au niveau politique, reste peu mentionnée par ces critiques qui ne voient en elle qu'un acteur secondaire, sans grand intérêt. Pourtant, les réalisations de Félicité sont remarquables; nous nous proposons dans ce mémoire d'étudier la puissance de ce personnage et les mécanismes qui lui permettent de vaincre tous les obstacles. Le premier chapitre est consacré à une étude du personnage de Félicité. En premier lieu, à partir de la théorie du nom chez les personnages zoliens de Philippe Hamon, nous montrons que le nom « Félicité » annonce sa destinée. Nous nous attardons ensuite à la question du corps chez les femmes politiques zoliennes, ce qui permet de comprendre que les actions de Félicité ne sont pas liées à la sexualité ou à son corps, fait exceptionnel dans l'univers des Rougon-Macquart, mais bien à sa parole hypocrite. Le deuxième chapitre, qui s'appuie sur les théories narratologiques de Gérard Genette, traite des mécanismes mis en oeuvre par le personnage pour utiliser sa parole efficacement dans un but de contrôle de son entourage. Que ce soit en s'associant à d'autres personnages hypocrites, en terrorisant ses proches ou en les mettant en confiance, Félicité prend, grâce à la puissance de sa parole, une place particulière dans le cycle. Le troisième chapitre s'attache à déterminer la place qu'occupe Félicité dans les Rougon-Macquart. Au niveau spatial, elle se tient en hauteur, de sa fenêtre, d'où elle observe et prépare ses actions. Au niveau symbolique, elle prend la place de l'écrivain naturaliste en détruisant les Dossiers sur la génétique de son fils Pascal, pour les remplacer par une histoire embellie de sa famille. Quant à son lien avec l'époque, le Second Empire dont elle tire ses réussites politiques, il est ambigu, puisqu'elle se sert de l'Empire sans être réellement impérialiste. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre pose l'hypothèse d'une appartenance de Félicité à l'univers romanesque de Balzac. Or, s'il est vrai que certains traits la rattachent à La Comédie humaine, entre autres son appartenance à la noblesse par son père naturel, Félicité Rougon s'inscrit aussi dans la mouvance du siècle, dans la montée des bourgeois parvenus dont parle Zola dans son oeuvre. Félicité Rougon se révèle ainsi être un personnage de la marge, ancré dans l'univers zolien par ses valeurs, mais demeurant à l'écart par ses actions. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Zola, Personnage, Second Empire, Hypocrisie, Balzac.

Les arts décoratifs sous le Second Empire (1852-1870) sont marqués par l'émergence de plusieurs revivals, dont celui du style Louis-XVI, désigné ultérieurement Louis XVI-Impératrice. En sachant que les intérêts de l'Impératrice Eugénie (1826-1920) pour l'aménagement intérieur se sont atténués graduellement après sa première régence (1859), comment a-t-il été possible pour les historiens, principalement ceux du premier quart du XXe siècle, de lui attribuer une influence marquante et néfaste tout à la fois? Les Tuileries n'existant plus, c'est par la lecture et la compilation d'informations contenues dans les Mémoires et Souvenirs contemporains de l'Impératrice que tout débute. Ainsi, un intérêt particulier a été porté à la recomposition de l'appartement de l'Impératrice aux Tuileries, ce qui justifie l'inventaire, en deuxième partie du travail, consacré uniquement à ce point. Notre analyse démontre que l'association de l'Impératrice et de Marie-Antoinette, qui débute à l'intérieur même de la famille impériale puis se transpose dans la désignation du revival Louis XVI, a contribué à une « vérité fausse » quant à l'influence de la dernière souveraine des Français. Que l'aménagement de son appartement aux Tuileries ait laissé une place prépondérante au confort, à l'aspect social et intime sans pour autant renier l'héritage bonapartiste est une évidence. Mais, sans minimiser la participation aux arts décoratifs, nous croyons que les goûts de l'Impératrice étaient en phase avec le climat culturel et sociopolitique du règne de Napoléon III et de façon plus générale de l'Europe des années 1850 à 1870. La remise en cause de cette attribution nous permet d’aborder les apports britanniques et le mouvement architectural de l'éclectisme. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Impératrice Eugénie, Second Empire, palais des Tuileries, arts décoratifs, appropriation, apports britanniques, éclectisme.

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The thesis explores how readings of two nineteenth century English novels, Little Dorrit and Middlemarch, can be enhanced by using key elements of Mikhail Bakhtin’s ‘prosaics’ as a lens through which to examine them. Additionally, the readings are used to provide a platform from which to explore the Bakhtinian notion that language is inextricably connected to selfhood. The Introduction (1.1.) offers a brief discussion on Bakhtin and, in particular, to his formulation of a ‘prosaics’, offered in opposition to traditional linguistics (or ‘poetics’) which, he feels, is unable adequately to do justice to the social, ethical and ideological complexity of a dialogised heteroglossia, such as is found in the novel. An explanation follows (1.2.) of why the ‘word’ should not be conceived of as static lexical element but rather as an ‘utterance’. Invested with both clear and distinct meanings as well as dialogic overtones, the word forms the basis of all human communication. As the primary means of expressing the ‘self’, it cannot be heard in isolation but is always responsive and dependent upon “another’s reaction, another’s word – the two ‘interpenetrating’ the single utterance, establishing, as a result, its specific locus of meaning” (Danow 22). Likewise, it follows that the ‘self’ cannot exist purely in and for the individual but is irrevocably linked to the ‘other’. Chapter Two begins with a discussion on the way in which ‘centripetal’ and ‘centrifugal’ forces work simultaneously to shape language (2.1.). It looks at the Bakhtinian idea that language cannot ever have been monologic and unmediated, being instead ever-changing and evolving as a result of numerous influences brought to bear on it such as context, ideology and the discourses of others. The nature of heteroglossia is discussed (with particular reference to ‘dialogized heteroglossia’), as is ‘hybridization’ in which, although a statement appears to emanate from one voice, another parodic or ironic voice will also be evident in refracted form. 2.2. and 2.3 engage in a detailed analysis of selected passages from Books I and II respectively of Little Dorrit with a view to exploring ways in which a Bakhtinian reading is able to provide heightened appreciation of the text. With particular regard to the overtly parodic style of Dickens, I aim to show how Bakhtin’s prosaics, which militates against privileging one ‘voice’ over another, enables the voice of a relatively neglected character, such as Fanny Dorrit, to be adequately heard. Although the emphasis in this chapter is on language, I broach the Bakhtinian notion that both the ‘word’ and the ‘self’ are inscribed through the ‘other’. In Chapter Three the focus shifts to Middlemarch and to Bakhtin’s notion that selfhood can only be properly located in its dialogic relations to ‘another’. The chapter is offered in four parts, beginning with a brief discussion on some similarities between Bakhtin’s and Eliot’s philosophical thinking, particularly in regard to the ethical nature of the self (3.1.). The next three parts provide detailed thematic analyses of selected passages from Middlemarch. Particular attention is paid to Rosamond Vincy and Tertius Lydgate, whose relationship is explored in some detail. In order adequately to chart their development in the novel I begin by situating each of these characters in his or her various ‘fields of action’, or, as Bakhtin would have it, ‘character zones’. Character zones take into account not only the characters’ direct discourses but also other aspects of their being, including their backgrounds, ideologies and the various attitudes held by both the narrator and other characters towards them (3.2.). The next section (3.3.) explores, in dialogical terms, the rise and fall of Rosamond’s and Lydgate’s difficult alliance and it is suggested that their relationship represents the antithesis of the Bakhtinian notion of ‘finding the self in and through the other’. In the final section (3.4.), Rosamond’s and Lydgate’s possibilities for ‘real becoming’ are canvassed when each enters into dialogic relation with Dorothea Brooke. The Conclusion (4) offers a brief discussion of some of the ways in which the novel, as a genre, is open-ended. As such, it affords ongoing discussion in which completeness and conclusiveness is replaced with unfinalizability because “the final word has not yet been spoken” in the ongoing search for meaning (EaN 30). / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

Bibliography (leaves 281-294). / vi, 294 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / by Mandy Dyson / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of English, 1998?

The nineteenth century was a time of rapid change, brought about by increasing industrial development and changing patterns of thought and belief. Dickens's attitude to industrialism was ambivalent. He was not averse to progress, but feared that the ills of society would remain overshadowed. This dissertation explores representations of loss in Bleak House and examines some of the challenges the subject presents. The first chapter concentrates on examples of the wide range of losses with which Dickens deals in the novel to create the cumulative impression of individuals and a nation existing in a state of chaos and decay. Chapter Two focuses on the loss of physical life and the state of death-in-life. Chapter Three deals with the narrative techniques which Dickens uses to represent loss in the novel. / English Studies / M.A.