Diese Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, sowohl unterschiedliche Subjektkonstruktionen aufzuzeigen, als auch ein Subjektdenken im Sinne einer Denkfigur herauszustellen.

This thesis will address two questions: Does philosophy contribute to the ‘public understanding of science’ (PUoS), and if so, how? The popular public image of science is one of methodology. Science is a means for making true statements about the world, where we compare hypothesis with observation against the evidence. This then allows for a body of knowledge that guides further advancements and progress. Philosophy, however, seems to be antithetical to this. A popular notion is that philosophy is either what science was, or it deals with objects and ideas so intangible, that they have no real effect in the world. Either it is an outmoded way of doing science, or it is the preserve of armchair academics. In both cases the average person would be forgiven for thinking it had no relevance to them, and especially their ability to understand science. This thesis will look to challenge this relationship. Using hermeneutics, discourse-textual analysis and deconstruction, I present two interpretations of science and philosophy. These two interpretations I will call the ‘methodological’ and ‘historical’ approach. The ‘methodological’ approach is to understand science as a collection of principles or rules that, if followed, will produce true statements about the world. An example of such a principle that intersected both philosophy and science is ‘falsification’ as understood through the ‘problem of demarcation’ (PoD). The irrelevance of philosophy to science is fortified by the constant failure to produce fixed rules for what makes one thing scientific and another not. The ‘historical’ approach is to understand the actions of scientists as historical events. So rather than ask ‘what is science?’ we might ask, ‘what does it mean to act scientifically?’ I will argue philosophy can be of use in overcoming the antagonism between understanding a methodological question historically and a historical question methodologically. Firstly, I give an uncontroversial reading of the PoD, as argued by Karl Popper, who represents the ‘methodological’ view and oppose this to the ‘historical’ approach of Paul Feyerabend. Due to the dominance of the interpretation of science as a methodology, I argue that historical critiques, like Feyerabend’s, become nonsensical when understood as methodological substitutes. This is what I call the ‘received view’of what both Popper and Feyerabend had to say on science. Here, Popper fails to solve the PoD and Feyerabend appears to deny the method, objectivity or rationality of science. Next, using ideas inspired by Heidegger, I reverse those roles by presenting a ‘methodological’ and ‘historical’ reading of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas Kuhn. I develop two types of language, which I call ‘about’ and ‘of’ language that map on to the methodological and historical distinctions. Using this method I construct two contradictory readings of the text, but unlike the Popper-Feyerabend antagonism, we see how the historical approach is the more fertile interpretation. One version, which I call the ‘strong’ reading, has Kuhn as a relativist, irrationalist or anti-science, which is important if this is the ‘received view’ of Kuhn. This reading carries political weight with ‘interest groups’ who may wish to undermine the epistemic authority of science. That same reading can be used to discredit Kuhn/ philosophy of science, and by extension philosophy as a worthwhile instrument for understanding science. The other version, which I call the ‘weak’ reading, has Kuhn as a supporter and defender of science, but it also resolves old philosophical disputes by framing the problem in a different way. This will not only problematize any notion of a dominant interpretation, but it gives good grounds why one cannot be relativist or irrationalist about ‘truth’. Thus it defends the epistemic authority of science, and also gives philosophy a valuable role in public thinking about science.

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by Lawrence M. Wein. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26-28).

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document Book accompanied by 1 CD in pocket / Dissertation (M Mus (Musicology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Music / unrestricted

Michel Foucault ist als Marxismus-Kritiker und als Dissident des Strukturalismus nicht verdächtig, der Dialektik großen Raum in seinem Denken einzuräumen; er hat tatsächlich keine entsprechende Lehre entwickelt. Vielmehr werden die von ihm in seinen großen Werken exponierten Geschichtsbilder an den Rändern durch Brüche und Inkompatibilitäten wie im Innern durch systematische Einheit und epochale Ganzheit gekennzeichnet und so auf doppelte Weise gerade nicht dynamisch gedacht; Foucault entwickelt aus dem Widerspruch keine bewegende Kraft; er erweist den Gegensatz nicht als Bewußtseinsdilemma. So mag es erstaunen, wenn man bei Foucault von Anfang an und bis in die 1960er Jahre eine geläufige Verwendung des Begriffs der Dialektik antrifft. Die einschlägigen Stellen sind keine beiläufigen Bemerkungen, sondern stehen in Zusammenhang mit Hauptthesen und Hauptproblemen der Foucaultschen Analyse.

In meinem Titel stecken zwei Thesen. Von 'Foucaults Analyse der Wahrheitsproduktion' zu sprechen bedeutet, Wahrheit als etwas Hervorgebrachtes anzunehmen und zugleich zu behaupten, daß diese Hervorbringung durch Analyse zugänglich ist. Beide Thesen scheinen mir einen methodischen Grundzug der Foucaultschen Philosophie zu charakterisieren, woraus sich insbesondere erklärt, warum Foucault historisch gearbeitet hat. Wenn Foucaults Arbeiten zuerst und bis vor kurzem dadurch gewirkt haben, daß sie in der Problemstellung überraschend waren, innovativ in Themen und Herangehensweisen, so könnte ihre künftige Wirkung darin bestehen, einen gangbaren Weg zur Anerkennung des historischen Apriori gezeigt zu haben. Ernst Cassirer schrieb 1932, daß wir das Wort Vernunft kaum mehr gebrauchen könnten, ohne seine Geschichte in uns lebendig werden zu lassen - für Foucault ist diese Einsicht der Schrittmacher seiner Texte. Meine Ausführungen gliedern sich in drei Teile. Zuerst will ich den Ausdruck Wahrheitsproduktion erläutern, sodann die diesbezüglichen Analysemethoden Foucaults, um abzuschließen mit Ausführungen zum historischen Apriori.

Im folgenden Aufsatz wird versucht, dem philosophischen Zusammenhang im Denken Foucaults anhand einiger Grundbegriffe nachzuspüren - auch als eine Verteidigung der Werke Foucaults gegen jene, die sich durch Zurückhaltung gerade von theoretischer Doktrin aufgefordert fühlen, mit den Vokabeln allein das Denken zu feiern oder zu verwerfen.

This thesis focuses on the impact of the notion of holiness of nature in ancient Greek thought and its reflection on urbanism and architecture with respect to the transformations that took place during the archaic period. The archaic period represented most fundamentally a shift from an era where everything was on the move to an era of territorialism which culminated in the establishment of the polis and the Greek temple. This shift was prominent in the sense that it pointed not only to a basic modification in the lifestyle of Greeks / but also to the formation of Greek identity as opposed to that of foreigners. In this respect, the thesis first concentrates on the foundation of the polis, followed by the emergence of the temple and lastly the orders of the columns. Doing so, it is aimed to analyze the transformation concerning the understanding of nature which was engendered by the Greek territorialist expansion and its effect on Greek urbanism and architecture.

Turkish software companies are facing massive challenges to survive in today&rsquo / s global and volatile marketplace. Strategic planning, performance measurement and control systems have recently become crucial in overcoming these challenges. Strategic planning simply stands for defining the moves to achieve vision. Environmental and internal assessments are activities which must be conducted prior to defining successful strategies. In this study broad environmental and internal assessments are conducted in an organized manner by using tools and techniques in the literature. Then strategies are identified with suitable techniques. In order to translate the strategy into action and measure the performance the Balanced Scorecard technique is used. Balanced Scorecard is a relatively new approach to strategic management which has been gaining significant importance in academic and industrial communities. Although Balanced Scorecard is a significant strategic management tool, its application is a challenging and demanding issue. In this study we used a methodological approach for putting Balanced Scorecard into action. We believe that this study will present a useful method to small and medium sized software companies for Strategic planning and Balanced Scorecard studies.