Daß Cousin heute weitgehend vergessen ist, liegt eben daran, daß sein Tun und Wirken als Philosoph eng mit der Bildungspolitik seiner Zeit verwoben ist. Daß unsere Lehrbücher der Philosophiegeschichte ihn lediglich anführen als einen, der das Studium der Philosophiegeschichte gefördert habe, ist ein dialektischer Rückschlag der von Cousin selbst ins Werk gesetzten Historisierung, denn Cousin hat schnell das Prestige des „großen\' Philosophen verloren, das - nach seinen eigenen Vorstellungen - Unvergeßlichkeit garantiert. Vermeren zeigt überzeugend, daß es einen Weg gibt, diesem Vergessen mit Erkenntnisgewinn entgegenzusteuern, eben auf dem Weg einer Intellektuellengeschichte.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis traces the development of thought in the philosophical and other writings of three nineteenth-century thinkers, whose work exemplifies that century’s attempts to think beyond the divisions of culture from nature and to reconcile empirical science with metaphysical truth. Drawing on nineteenth-century debates on the origin of language and evolutionary theory, the thesis argues that the ideas of John Henry Newman, George Eliot and Lady Victoria Welby were cultural precursors to the biosemiotic thought of the second half of the twentieth century and beyond, specifically in the way in which these three thinkers sought to find a ‘common grammar’ between natural and human practices. While only Lady Welby communicated with the scientist, logician and father of modern semiotics, Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914), all three contributed to the cultural sensibility that informed subsequent work in biology/ethology (Jakob von Uexküll (1864-1944), zoosemiotics (Thomas A. Sebeok (1920-2001), and the development of biosemiotics (Thomas A. Sebeok and Jesper Hoffmeyer (1943-present), Kalevi Kull (1952-present) among others. Each of these nineteenth-century writer’s intellectual development show strong parallels with the interdisciplinary endeavour of biosemiotics. The latter’s observation that biology is semiotics, its postulation of the continuity between the natural and cultural world through semiosis and evolutionary semiotic scaffolding its emphasis on the coordination of organic life processes on all levels, from simple cells to human beings, via semiotic interactions that depend on interpretation, communication and learning, and its consequent refusal of Cartesian divide, all find distinct resonances with these earlier thinkers. The thesis thus argues that Newman, Eliot and Welby all gave articulation to what the thesis identifies as the growth of a ‘biosemiotic imagination.’ It argues that Newman, Eliot and Lady Welby envisaged a unity, or a holistic understanding, of life based on a European developmental tradition of biology, philosophy and language which was familiar to Charles Darwin himself. This evolutionary ontology called forth a new epistemology grounded in a mode of unconscious creative inference (biosemiotic imagination) akin to Charles S. Peirce’s concept of abduction. Abduction is the logical operation which introduces a new idea and, as such, is the only source of adaptive and creative growth. For Peirce, it is closely tied to the growth of knowledge via the evolutionary action of sign relations. The thesis shows how these thinkers conceptualised their own version of what I suggest can be understood as this biosemiotic imagination and the implications this has for understanding creativity in nature and culture. For John Henry Newman, it was a common source of inspiration in religion and science. For George Eliot, it lay at the basis of any creative process, natural and cultural, between which it forged a link. Similarly to Eliot, Lady Victoria Welby saw abduction as a signifying process that subtends creativity both in nature and culture.

L'objectif de notre étude sur le concept de «civil» dans la pensée de Montesquieu consiste à établir, dans un premier temps, le contexte dans lequel, après Adam Smith en particulier, et dans le cadre du processus de la séparation des sciences économiques et des sciences juridiques, le domaine du «civil», plus tard désigné comme «société civile», devient l'objet des sciences économiques, et, en second lieu, à voir comment, en même temps, cette notion de «civil» perd la connotation de «société politique et juridique» (c'est-à-dire « civitas »). Pour aborder cette question, nous nous intéressons tout d'abord à l'accroissement de l'intérêt pour l'histoire de I'Antiquité romaine qui connaît un renouveau avec l'humanisme en Europe. Les interprétations portant sur l'histoire romaine reflètent les intérêts des intellectuels aux prises avec leur propre société contemporaine, et la diversité de ces interprétations nous permet de retracer l'évolution des moyens analytiques employés pour penser la société en général. Dans cette perspective, nous étudions Montesquieu en référence à Machiavel qui a vécu à une période cruciale dans le Nord de l'Italie entre la fin du 15e et le 16e siècle, puis, à Harrington qui a vécu à l'époque de la 1ère révolution anglaise au milieu du 17e siècle et, finalement, à David Hume qui a défendu le régime établi après la Glorieuse révolution en 1688. À partir de ces analyses, nous rendront compte des causes de l'évolution des sciences sociales au cours de ces siècles, qui constituent la période historique dans laquelle s'est établi graduellement le système étatique moderne. / The objective of our study on the concept of "civil" in the thought of Montesquieu consists at first in presenting the context in which, especially after Adam Smith, and in the process of the separation of economical sciences from legal sciences, the sphere of the "civil", la ter called "civil society", becomes the object of economical sciences, and second, in understanding how, at the same time, the notion of "civil" lost the connotation of "political and legal society", that is "civitas". To approach this question, our first concern focuses on the increasing interest on R.oman antiquity which begin as renewal in huamnist thought in Europe. lntepretations of Roman history actually reflect the interests of intellectuals preoccupied with their own contemporary society. Nonetheless the divcrsity of these interpretations helps to understand the evolution of the analytical means used to analyse the society in general. ln this perspective, we compare Montesquieu with Machiavelli who lived in an incisive period in North of ltaly in the 15th, and the begging of the 16th, century, along with Harrington who lived in the time of the Civil War in England in the middle of the 17th century and, fïnally, with David Hume who defended the govemement established after the Glorious Revolution in 1688. From these analyses, we show the causes of the progressive sophistication of the social sciences matching the historical period during which the modern state system has gradually been established.

Many factors such as unforeseeable events, managerial or financial problems of Contractor, insufficient technical capacity of Engineer&#039 / s site team and so on may lead to delays in construction projects. Proper analysis of compensability and quantum of a delay event is very important. Any delay analysis application can be considered as a result of the combination of contract documents, scheduler, record keeping mechanism at site, communication among project participants, delay analyst and delay analysis methodology. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the shortcomings frequently encountered in implementation of delay analysis applications and propose an integrated solution which synthesizes the solution methods for each. For this purpose seventeen (17) shortcomings were identified and solution methods were suggested for each. Moreover, these shortcomings were attributed to the previously identified elements of delay analysis applications such as contract documents, scheduler etc. Furthermore, an integrated approach is developed which synthesizes the suggested solution methods at different stages of delay analysis applications in order to obtain accurate and reliable results. In order to test the validity of the proposed integrated approach on a real project, a resource and cost loaded construction schedule with approximately four thousand (4000) activities is created by using Primavera software which is currently being used to monitor &quot / Construction of One Reception Center and One Removal Center Project in Erzurum&quot / . In the case study, the necessary events are created in order to be able to compare the results of the proposed integrated approach and the likely result of erroneous delay analysis applications. It was apparently figured out that the proposed integrated approach has yielded accurate and reliable results and a comparison table was prepared showing the difference between the results of the proposed integrated approach and the likely result of an erroneous application.

The aim of the thesis is to investigate the standing of Olympic victor statues in Greece and Rome. The major focus is on how the meaning and the perception of the statues become transformed in different contexts. Throughout the study the reception alongside the location and meaning of athletic sculpture are primary points of concern. The standing of the patron and the viewer with respect to transformed models and their perception in relation to context constitute a significant part while formal details of artistic creativity and workmanship are dealt with only as necessary. It is known that Roman victor sculptures go back to Greek models / however remarkable change is revealed in the context and meaning of display &ndash / such as the emergence of statues for the decoration of private villas or public baths &ndash / rather than major stylistic changes in the statues themselves. So, the goal of the study is to understand how the Romans looked to the past and to Greeks in particular. An attempt is made to understand how Romans used their own values to appropriate and transform earlier Greek models, by focusing especially on the display and context.

This thesis reviews the architectural context of four churches in western Cilicia. These churches, namely the East Church at Alahan, the Cupola Church at Meryemlik, the Domed Ambulatory Church at Dagpazari, and the Tomb Church at Corycus, have been tentatively grouped by Stephen Hill under the name of Domed Basilicas based on their resemblance to the early 6th century models in Constantinople, the most famous being the Hagia Sophia. However, the dome comes forward in the Constantinopolitan context mainly as a feature in the establishment of a new architectural scheme that integrates a vertical axis into the oblong horizontal axiality of the basilica. Firstly, this thesis suggests that a similar integration visible in the planning of the Cilician churches is the essential point that needs to be studied. This seems to have been ignored by previous research. Consequently, the analytical approach that has concentrated on the possibility of a dome is criticized and a spatial interpretation is attempted. Moreover, as some scholars propose, these provincial examples might be the possible source of influence for the capital, if they are a local model dated to the end of the 5th century. Thus, issues pertaining to function, dating and patronage are overviewed, in order to obtain a wider perspective of interpretation. Finally, the general information concerning the Cilician examples was found to be based on surprisingly scanty and unverifiable physical testimony which points to the urgency and necessity of further fieldwork.

Due to its high-risk nature, international construction projects are more vulnerable to adverse changes in project environment and company objectives. To achieve successful project outcomes, early provision of risks has a vital place in managing construction projects. Within the literature, several risk assessment methodologies have been offered to simulate probable consequences of risks. The majority of the proposed methodologies are limited in reflection of real project conditions as they require probabilistic measures or rely on solely intuition and experience of decision makers. In this study, it is argued that an additional assistance is needed for decision-makers when they are assessing magnitudes of risks under different project and country conditions. The purpose of this study is to develop a knowledge-based risk mapping tool for international construction projects using an ontology that relates risk and vulnerability to cost overrun and a novel risk-vulnerability assessment methodology. The tool incorporates a &lsquo / lessons learned database&rsquo / that utilizes learning from previous projects in order to assist decision-makers when quantifying the risk-related variables. The database is expected to aid decision-makers by retrieving and making use of the knowledge of previous projects that have been captured, codified, and stored within the database previously. In addition, to guide decision-makers by giving better understanding of the risk variables, attributes of the risk-related variables are identified that lists probable triggering events for the occurrence of the relevant variables. The tool has also been tested on a real construction project as well as its usability has been ensured by conducting some usability tests.

This thesis focuses on the two selected works of the architect/engineer/composer Iannis Xenakis (1922-2001) / Philips Pavilion (1956-58) and Le Diatope (1978). It places these works at the intersection of architecture and music by showing how they combine spatial, musical and visual performances. Accordingly, it discusses them as exceptional twentieth-century examples of Gesamtkunstwerk / &ldquo / total work of art.&rdquo