Master of Science

Tall oil is a mixture of rosin acids, fatty acids, and non-acids resulting from acidification of the soaps separating out from the kraft pulp process evaporator liquor. The present uses of tall oil center chiefly around its fatty acid content, but are limited for some purposes because of the rosin content. Separation of these constituents makes each available as such. The rosin, as crystalline abietic acid, has specific possibilities as a raw material. Rosin and fatty acids are separated chiefly by distillation, although chemical means and extraction have been proposed to overcome such objections as corrosion and losses as pitch, incurred in distillation. Chlorination is used as a step in the purification of tall oil, or to produce a sticky chlorinated oil, but no separation based on the use of chlorine appears to have been proposed. It was proposed in this investigation to chlorinate the fatty acid double bonds in hopes that the properties of this product would be such as to permit of a separation. The effects of solvent, light, heat, and catalysts were studied to determine the optimum conditions for such a reaction, and the effect of chlorination upon the rosin and fatty acids, respectively, under specific conditions was determined, It was found that the use of CCl₄ solvent and ultraviolet light accelerate chlorine consumption and promote the addition of chlorine, but do not entirely stifle the substitution reaction. Rosin and fatty acid double bonds are attacked to about an equal extent under these conditions. The chlorinated oil is entirely soluble in most common solvents at room temperature. Petroleum ether insolubles increase slightly over the amount obtained from untreated oil. It is recommended that the range of chlorination conditions be extended to a more complete study of possible results, and that other chemical attacks be investigated. / Master of Science

Master of Science

The tradition of the oppressed teaches us that the 'state of emergency' in which we live is not the exception but the rule. We must attain to a conception of history that is in keeping with this insight¿.The current amazement that the things we are experiencing are 'still' possible in the twentieth century is not philosophical. This amazement is not the beginning of knowledge, unless it is the knowledge that the view of history which gives rise to it is untenable. (Benjamin, 1940: 248-249) The German-Jewish critical theorist Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) wrote these lines shortly before his death in exile whilst fleeing from the agents of fascism. They seem particularly relevant to a healthcare policy conference with the title 'Condition Critical' taking place almost 70 years later. In this paper one of the things I hope to do is outline how Benjamin's concept of the permanent state of emergency relates to health and social care provision for older people with dementia today. Benjamin believed that the Holocaust came about because of the 'amnestic' view of history as an unbroken, linear process of scientific achievement, including the belief in human perfectibility. He suggested that in order to see history stripped of this ideological myth of progress, we need to wake from a collective 'dream history', from our usual somnolent acceptance of surface appearances (Cohen 1993: 5). Similarly it can be argued today that the 20th century 'dream history' of linear progress away from a never-to-be-repeated Holocaust is a myth. My strong claim in this paper is that present day demographic panic related to the economic 'burden of care' for an ageing population is leading to proposed solutions analogous to the ideological killing of psychiatric patients, the physically disabled, Jews and other victims of Nazism in the mid-20th century. Such 'solutions' are fuelled by media propaganda, the profit motives of what has been described as the 'medical-industrial complex' (Bond et al 2004) and a reductive, medicalised, biological determinist model of the cognitive changes of ageing. / The full text of the author's final draft of the chapter is unavailable for open access due to no reply and hence no permission from the publisher.

M.S.

No description available.

During the years 1940-1944, the period of the German Occupation, French women played an active role in the political sphere as part of the organized Resistance movements. The women who participated were not isolated examples, but an extremely diverse group that cut across social milieux, political alignments and religious persuasions. The range of their activity in the spectrum of roles and the differences in their style challenge the stereotypes and persistent attitudes in French culture about women’s nature. Women were leaders in the principal Resistance movements, participated in the organization and dissemination of the underground press and in the organization of the networks of passage. Their role was crucial in liaison activity. With ingenuity and resourcefulness, women, as women, made their own unique contributions to the Resistance movements. Those who were arrested and deported continued their resistance, even in prison and in the all-women’s concentration camp, Ravensbruck. I have attempted to place the women, Resistants in the context of the social history of the period. Under the collaborationist Vichy government, the domestic policy of France moved in a direction that reinforced and sharpened the most conservative attitudes towards women's role. Some of the effects of Vichy policy carried over to the post-war period, and were built into the social policy of the Fourth Republic. I have considered two models used by American sociologists and social historians to evaluate the effects of social crisis on women's roles. My purpose in so doing is not to compare the role and status of French women with that of American and British women, but merely to test whether the hypotheses are applicable to the situation of French women in the political sphere. I have used the underground press and témoignages (first-hand reports) assembled and published by women's committees. I have examined documents at the Bibliothẽque Marguerite Durand in Paris, and at the Muśee de l’Histoire Vivante at Montreuil. I have talked to women who actively participated in the Resistance movements. In addition, I have used published Resistance histories, both regional and general.

Version éditée d'un : Mémoire maîtrise : Lettres modernes : Paris : 199? / Bibliogr. p. 83-87.

No description available.

Orientador: Jose Alves de Freitas Neto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T19:47:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_CaioPedrosada_M.pdf: 774317 bytes, checksum: 37f56a76c5bf2fe6adcb42c0a64ac81a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: "Cristera" é como ficou conhecida a guerra em que camponeses e organizações católicas lutaram contra as posições anticlericais do Estado mexicano, contestando assim o regime revolucionário instituído. Essa guerra (1926-1929), que só foi considerada um tema importante para os estudos historiográficos a partir da década de 1960, foi antes representada na literatura, especialmente novelas nas quais não era apenas um pano de fundo para a trama, mas o próprio motivo da escrita. Dessa maneira, alguns textos literários foram produzidos com o intuito de justificar a guerra, do ponto de vista de revolucionários ou de católicos. No presente trabalho pretende-se investigar as maneiras como se entrelaçam as representações literárias da Cristera e aquelas realizadas pelos historiadores, tendo em vista como os pesquisadores utilizaram o material literário como fonte histórica, quais desafios e temáticas a respeito da Cristera essa literatura lança para os estudos históricos, e as diferenças com que literatura e historiografia trataram o mesmo tema histórico. Para tanto, utilizaremos como material de análise textos historiográficos e de crítica literária que trataram das novelas cristeras, assim como a novela Héctor de Jorge Gram, que tem como um dos motivos principais da sua escrita justificar a participação dos católicos na guerra. / Abstract: "Cristera" is the name by which it became known the war in which peasants and Catholic organizations fought against the anticlerical statements of the Mexican State, thus challenging the established revolutionary regime. This war (1926-1929), which was considered an important issue for historiographic studies only in the 1960s, was before that represented in literature, especially in novels in which it was not merely a backdrop to the plot, but the very reason for writing. Thus, some literary texts were produced in order to justify the war, from the point of view of revolutionaries or of Catholics. This work aims to investigate the ways by which the literary representations of the Cristera and those made by historians intertwine, paying particular attention to how the researchers used the literary material as historical source, to which challenges and issues concerning the Cristero this literature casts for historical studies, and to the differences with which literature and historiography treated the same historical theme. Therefore, we will employ, as material for analysis, texts of historiography and literary criticism which deal with Cristero novels, as well as the novel Héctor, by Jorge Gram, which counts, as one of the main reasons to its the writing, justifying the participation of Catholics in the war / Mestrado / Historia Cultural / Mestre em História