Living conditions of every organism are influenced by various factors at this time. Some of them have positive effect on organism, some negative. Basic condition for surviving is the ability to resist and adapt to changing metabolic and living conditions. Every single stress effect can lead to changes in metabolism but organisms have ability to develope sufficient mechanisms for stress response. Some of them are similar for all living organisms (enzyme production, endogenous primary stress metabolites) some of them are specific for certain organism or stress type. Cell stress response can be observed on different levels (proteomic, genomic, metabolomic). In proper conditions it can be used indrustrially. In this work, influences of various stress factors were studied. These factors were applied on selected organisms – carotenogenic yeast and plant materials. Yeast stress response was induced by osmotic and oxidation stress factors. Changes on proteomic level and in production of selected secondary metabolites were observed. Proteome was analyzed by 1D and 2D electrophoresis with subsequent analysis of proteins by mass spectrometry. Yeast strain Rhodotorula glutinis CCY 20-2-26 showed the best adaptation to stress factors, which was moreover accompanied by overproduction of carotenoids. This finding can be premise for next industrial production of carotenoids. In plant samples predominantly enzymes and metabolites involved in antioxidant response were studied.

The setup of a 1D – Hydraulic Model based on available data shall support the development of the distributed catchment model for mountainous catchments in the Batinah Region (Sultanate of Oman). The main task of this study project is Model setup for Al-Awabi watershed area: This comprises calculation of sub watersheds and channel network using ArcGIS for a selected watershed based on ASTER-DEM (27X27m); derivation of cross-section at decisive stations of the longitudinal sections based on ASTER-DEM (27x27m), satellite images and Russian topographic maps; and Setup of 1D-hydraulic model i.e. MIKE 11 HD. This study is conducted at the mountainous catchment part of Batinah Region of the Sultanate of Oman called Al-Awabi watershed which is about 260km2 in area; four sub-watersheds in the Al-Awabi watershed are selected for analyses with channel lengths of 11, 6, 4 and 7 km. Channel cross-sections are the main input to the 1D-Hydraulic Model set up of the Al-Awabi watershed. As field measurements of the Wadi channel cross-sections are labor intensive and expensive activities, availability of measured channel cross-sections is barely found in this study area region of Batinah, Oman; thereby making it difficult to set up the 1D-Hydraulic model i.e. MIKE 11 HD. Hence, a methodology for extracting the channel cross-sections from ASTER DEM (27mX27m) and other relevant topographic maps are used in this study area. Also, observed Wadi-runoff events within the watershed were extracted so as to assess the Al-Awabi watershed. Furthermore, it had been observed that the MIKE 11 system results can provide helpful information about Flood Risk Management and should be useful in assigning priority for the development of risk area map for flood control plans and countermeasures for the settlements and inhabitants located right along the main channel within the watershed, and for that of Awabi town located just downstream of the Al-Awabi watershed outlet. But, an improved and well developed rainfall forecasting system could be worthwhile and more feasible for the flash flood routing analysis in arid areas such as this study area; hence MIKE NAM is recommendable instead of running MIKE 11 which requires discharge and/or water level as a basis for simulation of the flash flood. The performance of the calibrated 1D-Hydraulic Model i.e. MIKE 11 HD was assessed and validated to simulate the flash flood at different cross-sections of the channel reaches within the Al-Awabi watershed area. And from this study, although there are a major gap and problems in data as well as in the prevailing topography, slope and other HD parameters, it was concluded that the 1D-Hydraulic Model set up work, MIKE 11, can be applied for the Al-Awabi watershed.:Executive Summary 1 Zusammenfassung 2 1 Introduction 4 1.1 Research Objectives 4 1.2 Overview of Relevant Literature Review 4 1.2.1 Flood Routing 4 1.2.2 MIKE 11 Hydrodynamic Model 5 2 Study Area and data 5 2.1 Study area 5 2.1.1 Target Watershed Area 6 2.2 Data 8 3 Model Set up of Al-Awabi Watershed 12 3.1 Model Research Methodology 12 3.2 Discussion of Findings 12 3.2.1 Channel Geometry Realization from Google Earth and Russian Map 14 3.2.2 MIKE 11 Hydro Dynamic Modules 15 4 Discussion 17 Bibliography 19 List of Figures 20 List of Tables 20 Acknowledgments 21 / Die Entwicklung eines Einzugsgebietsmodels für die Batinah Region im Sultanate Oman soll durch den Aufbau eines eindimensionalen hydraulischen Models, basierend auf vor Ort verfügbaren Daten, unterstützt werden. Dieser Beleg fokussiert die Einrichtung eines hydraulischen Models für das Al-Awabi Einzugsgebiet. Dies umfasste zunächst die Ableitung von Teileinzugsgebieten und des Wassernetzes mithilfe von ArcGIS für die Untersuchungsregion. Grundlage bildete ein ASTER-DEM (27x27m). Desweiteren wurden Querprofile entlang des Gewässerlaufes an zuvor definierten Punkten, basierend auf ASTER-Daten, Satellitenbilder und Russischen Geländekarten, abgeleitet. Darauf folgte abschließend der Aufbau eines eindimensionalen hydraulischen Models mit MIKE 11 HD. Betrachtungsgegenstand war das bergige Einzugsgebiet Al-Awabi als Teil der Batinah Region im Sultanat Oman. Das Untersuchungsgebiet hat eine Ausdehnung von etwa 260km². Für genauere Analyse wurden vier Teileinzugsgebiete ausgewählt mit Gerinnelängen von jeweils 11, 6, 4 und 7km. Querschnittsprofile innerhalb dieser Einzugsgebiete bildeten die Informationsquelle für das Model. Da aus zeit- und arbeitstechnischen Gründen Feldmessungen im Untersuchungsgebiet zu den Profilen nicht möglich waren und auch nicht auf bereits vorhandene Messungen zurück gegriffen werden konnte, war ein Modelaufbau nicht ohne weiteres möglich. Daher wurden die benötigten Fließquerschnitten aus dem ASTER-DEM und anderen relevanten topographischen Karten abgeleitet. Ferner wurden für den Modelaufbau nur markante Durchflussereignisse verwendet, die am Pegel Al-Awabi vergezeichnet wurden. Es ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass die mit MIKE 11 erzielten Ergebnisse beim Aufbau eines Hochwasserrisikomanagements Verwendung finden können. Besonders für die Ableitung von Gefahrenkarten sind diese Informationen wichtig, um beispielsweise Prioritäten in Notfallplänen festzulegen und Maßnahmenkataloge für die lokale Bevölkerung zu entwickeln. Potentiale sind in Bezug auf den Aufbau eines Vorhersagesystems zu sehen, dass geeignet für die Analyse von Sturzflut in ariden Regionen, ähnlich dem Untersuchungsgebiet, genutzt werden könnte. MIKE NAM ist geeigneter als MIKE 11 für Analysen dieser Art, benötigt aber genauere Informationen zu Durchfluss bzw. Wasserstand. Das Model wurde kalibriert und validiert um Stutzfluten an verschiedenen Querschnitten des Flussbettes zu simulieren. Obwohl große Lücken in der Datengrundlage vorlagen und Probleme bei der Definition von hydraulischen Parametern auftraten, war es möglich ein eindimensionales hydraulisches Model für das Al-Awabi Einzugsgebiet aufzubauen.:Executive Summary 1 Zusammenfassung 2 1 Introduction 4 1.1 Research Objectives 4 1.2 Overview of Relevant Literature Review 4 1.2.1 Flood Routing 4 1.2.2 MIKE 11 Hydrodynamic Model 5 2 Study Area and data 5 2.1 Study area 5 2.1.1 Target Watershed Area 6 2.2 Data 8 3 Model Set up of Al-Awabi Watershed 12 3.1 Model Research Methodology 12 3.2 Discussion of Findings 12 3.2.1 Channel Geometry Realization from Google Earth and Russian Map 14 3.2.2 MIKE 11 Hydro Dynamic Modules 15 4 Discussion 17 Bibliography 19 List of Figures 20 List of Tables 20 Acknowledgments 21

[EN] The present PhD thesis aims at the development of a one-dimensional solver capable of solving single- and two-phase flow fluid systems. The novelty of this project lies in the use of an open source CFD platform, called OpenFOAM, as a development framework for the new tool. For the new solver development, the conservation equations based on Navier- Stokes (three-dimensional system) have been analyzed and reduced to one dimension. For the two-phase simulations, the Two Fluid Model method was used as base. In addition, a series of empirical models have been selected as closing equations of the system. The final solver includes a series of requirements that reinforce their capabilities. Among them, the use of a second mesh that represents the solid and takes into account the heat transmitted to the fluid by conduction through a solid, stands out. On the other hand, the possible transfer of mass between phases in twophase fluids has been taken into account. Similarly, a subcooled boiling model has been implemented which takes into account the possible generation of vapor near the wall while the bulk is kept below saturation temperature. Finally, this paper presents the verification and validation of the solver. The verification has been carried out mainly with the system code TRACE, whose validation has been demonstrated in numerous works and its use is very extended in the scientific community. For the validation, we have the results of two experimental cases that allow us to demonstrate the physical validity of the new application developed. The use of this platform allows for a much more direct coupling between one- and three-dimensional domains, obtaining a better optimization of the calculation. / [ES] El presente trabajo de doctorado tiene por objetivo el desarrollo de un solver unidimensional capaz de resolver sistemas de fluidos monofásicos y bifásicos. La novedad de este proyecto reside en el uso de una plataforma CFD de código abierto, llamada OpenFOAM, como marco para el desarrollo de la nueva herramienta. Para el desarrollo del nuevo solver, se han analizado las ecuaciones de conservación basadas en Navier-Stokes (tridimensionales) y se han reducido a una dimensión. Para la parte bifásica del solver, se utiliza el método Two Fluid Model. Además, se han incluido todos los modelos empíricos necesarios como ecuaciones de cierre del sistema. El solver final incluye una serie de requerimientos que refuerzan sus capacidades. Entre ellas, destacan, por un lado, el uso de una segunda malla que represente el sólido y tenga en cuenta el calor transmitido al fluido por conducción a través de un sólido. Por otro lado, se ha tenido en cuenta la posible transferencia de masa entre fases en fluidos bifásicos. Igualmente, se ha implementado un modelo de ebullición subenfriada que tiene en cuenta la posible generación de vapor cerca de la pared mientras el centro del fluido se mantiene por debajo de la temperatura de saturación. Finalmente, este trabajo presenta la verificación y validación del solver. La verificación se ha realizado principalmente con el código de sistema TRACE. Para la validación, se cuenta con los resultados de dos casos experimentales que permiten demostrar la validez física de la nueva aplicación desarrollada. La implementación del nuevo solver en esta plataforma abierta permite un futuro acoplamiento mucho más directo entre mallas unidimensionales y tridimensionales, obteniendo una mayor optimización del cálculo. / [CA] El present treball de doctorat té per objectiu el desenvolupament d'un nou solver unidimensional capaç de solucionar sistemes amb fluids monofàsics i bifàsics. La novetat d'aquest projecte resideix en l'ús d'una plataforma CFD de codi obert, anomenada OpenFOAM com a marc de desenvolupament de la nova eina. Per al desenvolupament del nou solver, s'han analitzat les equacions de conservació basades en Navier-Stokes (tridimensionals) i s'han reduït a una dimensió. Per a la part bifàsica del solver s'utilitza el mètode Two Fluid Model. A més, s'han inclòs tots els models empírics necessaris com a equacions de tancament del sistema. El solver final inclou una sèrie de requeriments que reforcen les seues capacitats. Entre elles, destaquen, d'una banda, l'ús d'una segona malla que represente el sòlid i es tinga en compte la calor transmesa al fluid per conducció a través d'un sòlid. D'altra banda, s'ha tingut en compte la possible transferència de massa entre fases en fluids bifàsics. Igualment, s'ha implementat un model d'ebullició subrefredada que té en compte la possible generació de vapor prop de la paret mentre el centre del fluid es manté per davall de la temperatura de saturació. Finalment, aquest treball presenta la verificació i validació del solver. La verificació s'ha realitzat principalment amb el codi de sistema TRACE, la validació del qual s'ha demostrat en nombrosos treballs i el seu ús està molt estés en la comunitat científica. Per a la validació, es compta amb els resultats de dos casos experimentals que permeten demostrar la validesa física de la nova aplicació desenvolupada. L'ús d'esta plataforma permiteix un futur acoblament més directe, entre elements unidimensionals i tridimensionals, obtenint una major optimització del càlcul. / Gómez-Zarzuela Quel, C. (2020). Development and assessment of a one-dimensional CFD solver for boiling flows in bubbly regimes [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/148368 / TESIS

Techniques that can increase the SI- engine efficiency while keeping the emissions very low is to reduce the engine displacement volume combined with a charging system. Advanced systems are needed for an effective boosting of the engine and today 1D engine simulation tools are often used for their optimization. This thesis concerns 1D engine simulation of a turbocharged SI engine and the introduction of CFD computations on components as a way to assess inaccuracies in the 1D model. 1D engine simulations have been performed on a turbocharged SI engine and the results have been validated by on-engine measurements in test cell. The operating points considered have been in the engine’s low speed and load region, with the turbocharger’s waste-gate closed. The instantaneous on-engine turbine efficiency was calculated for two different turbochargers based on high frequency measurements in test cell. Unfortunately the instantaneous mass flow rates and temperatures directly upstream and downstream of the turbine could not be measured and simulated values from the calibrated engine model were used. The on-engine turbine efficiency was compared with the efficiency computed by the 1D code using steady flow data to describe the turbine performance. The results show that the on-engine turbine efficiency shows a hysteretic effect over the exhaust pulse so that the discrepancy between measured and quasi-steady values increases for decreasing mass flow rate after a pulse peak. Flow modeling in pipe geometries that can be representative to those of an exhaust manifold, single bent pipes and double bent pipes and also the outer runners of an exhaust manifold, have been computed in both 1D and 3D under steady and pulsating flow conditions. The results have been compared in terms of pressure losses. The results show that calculated pressure gradient for a straight pipe under steady flow is similar using either 1D or 3D computations. The calculated pressure drop over a bend is clearly higher1D engine simulations of turbocharged engines are difficult to using 1D computations compared to 3D computations, both for steady and pulsating flow. Also, the slow decay of the secondary flow structure that develops over a bend, gives a higher pressure gradient in the 3D calculations compared to the 1D calculation in the straight pipe parts downstream of a bend. / QC 20101119

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / In this article, a comparative analysis is performed between one-dimensional (HEC-RAS) and two-dimensional (IBER) models, in the evaluation of total scour in the pillars and abutments of a bridge. The case study is the Huallaga bridge, located in the San Martín region, Peru.Based on the geomorphological, hydrological and hydraulic data of the study area and after carrying out an analysis of the different equations for local, general scour; Numerical modeling was performed on the HEC-RAS and IBER software in order to calculate the depths of the scour.The following results were obtained: That in the local scour calculations, the scour depths were less with the 2D software, compared to the values obtained in the 1D software; while in general scour calculations, we obtain greater depths when modeling with 2D software, compared to the values obtained in 1D software

This research investigated the water use of different plant types in urban landscapes, nitrogen (N) and water transport in turf, and potential N leaching from urban landscapes to ground water. In the first study, three landscape treatments integrating different types of plants—woody, herbaceous perennial, turf—and putative water use classifications—Mesic, Mixed, Xeric—were grown in large drainage lysimeters. Each landscape plot was divided into woody, turf, and herbaceous perennial plant hydrozones and irrigated for optimum water status over two years, with water use measured using a water balance approach. For woody plants and herbaceous perennials, canopy cover, rather than plant type or water use classification, was the key determinant of water use relative to reference evapotranspiration (ETo) under well-watered conditions. For turf, monthly evapotranspiration (ETa) followed a trend linearly related to ETo. In the second study, water transport parameters were calibrated using an inverse simulation with Kentucky bluegrass (KBG). Subsequently, those parameters were applied to simulate water use by tall fescue (TF) and buffalograss (BG) turfgrasses using numerical modeling (Hydrus-1D). By using the calibrated soil hydraulic parameters obtained from the water transport simulation, N transport and transformation was modeled with Hydrus- 1D under different irrigation rates and different fertilization rates. Different soil texture scenarios were also simulated to demonstrate the influence of soil texture on N leaching. In the third study, the simulated N-leaching from different soil textures was integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) approach to estimate NO3-N leaching mass from urban turf areas. Nitrate-N leaching risks to ground water under overirrigation and overfertilization scenarios and efficient irrigation and fertilization scenarios were estimated. The results showed improvement of turf irrigation and fertilization management may decrease N-leaching significantly and greatly decrease the risk of ground water being contaminated by NO3-N leaching in the Salt Lake Valley.

Water is undeniably among the most important natural resources and the most critical in semi-arid regions like the Intermountain West of the United States. Such regions are characterized by low precipitation, the majority of which is transferred to the atmosphere from the soil and vegetation as evapotranspiration (ET). Quantification of ET is thus crucial for understanding the balance of water within the region, which is important for efficiently planning the available water resources. This study was motivated towards advancing the estimation of actual ET (ETA) in mountain ecosystems, where the variation in different types of vegetation and non-uniformity of soil including considerable stone content creates challenges for estimating water use as ET. With the aim of addressing the effect of stone content in controlling soil moisture and ET, this study examined the influence of stone content on bulk soil hydraulic properties. An averaging model referred to as a binary mixing model was used to describe the way in which water is held and released in stony soil. This approach was based on the individual hydraulic behavior of the background soil and of the stones within the soil. The effect of soil stone content on ETA was evaluated by accounting for the water retention properties of stones in the soil using a numerical simulation model (HYDRUS-1D). The results revealed overestimation of simulated ETA when effects of stone content were not accounted for in comparison to ETA measured by the state-of-the-art “eddy covariance” measurement method for ETA. An even larger-scale model was evaluated, named the Noah-Multiphysics (Noah-MP) land surface model. The land surface model was run using different arrangements of complexity to determine the importance of stone content information on simulation results. The version of the model with information about stone content along with detailed soil properties was able to provide the best Noah-MP prediction of ET. The study suggests that improvement in representation of soil properties including stone content information, can substantially advance the ability of numerical and land surface models to more accurately simulate soil water flow and ETA.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Non-rainfall waters such as fog and dew are considered as important source of water in drylands, and the knowledge of possible sources of its formation is very important to make future predictions. Prior studies have suggested the presence of radiation fog in drylands; however, its formation mechanism still remains unclear. There have been earlier studies on the effects of fog on soil moisture dynamics and groundwater recharge. On the contrary, no research has yet been conducted to understand the contribution of soil moisture and groundwater to fog formation. This study, therefore, for the first time intends to examine such possibility in a fog-dominated dryland ecosystem, the Namib Desert. The study was conducted at three sites representing two different land forms (sand dunes and gravel plains) in the Namib Desert. This thesis is divided into two parts: the first part examines evidences of fog formation through water vapor movement using field observations, and the second part simulates water vapor transport using HYDRUS-1D model. In the first part of the study, soil moisture, soil temperature and air temperature data were analyzed, and the relationships between these variables were taken as one of the key indicators for the linkage between soil water and fog formation. The analysis showed that increase in soil moisture generally corresponds to similar increase in air or soil temperature near the soil surface, which implied that variation in soil moisture might be the result of water vapor movement (evaporated soil moisture or groundwater) from lower depths to the soil surface. In the second part of the study, surface fluxes of water vapor were simulated using the HYDRUS-1D model to explore whether the available surface flux was sufficient to support fog formation. The actual surface flux and cumulative evaporation obtained from the model showed positive surface fluxes of water vapor. Based on the field observations and the HYDRUS-1D model results, it can be concluded that water vapor from soil layers and groundwater is transported through the vadose zone to the surface and this water vapor likely contributes to the formation of non-rainfall waters in fog-dominated drylands, like the Namib Desert.

No description available.

Scramjet engines are key for sustained hypersonic flights. Analytic models play a critical role in the preliminary design of a scramjet engine configuration. The objective of this research is to develop and validate a quasi-1D model for the scramjet engine encompassing inlet, isolator and combustor, to evaluate the impact of flight conditions and design parameters on the engine functionality. The model is developed assuming isentropic flow in the inlet with a single turn; modified Fanno-flow equations in the isolator that account for the area change of the core flow; and the combustor is modeled using Heiser-Pratt equations accounting for the fuel mixing efficiency. The isolator and combustor models are validated against experimental results. The model accounts for twelve parameters allowing for a decent range of possible configurations. Finally, the model was applied to five sets of parametric studies to evaluate the effect of multiple parameters on the engine functionality.