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Das computergrafische Abbildungsverfahren zur Verwirklichung von dreidimensionalen Darstellungen ist ein wichtiges Instrument für die Gestaltung interaktiver 3D-Benutzerschnittstellen. Die Betrachtung von Projektionsverfahren abseits des bisher angestrebten Fotorealismus dokumentiert, dass durch nichtlineare und multiperspektivische Darstellungen spezifische Eigenschaften und Charakteristiken eines Datenbestandes vermittelt werden können. Dabei wird deutlich, dass konzeptionelle und methodische Unzulänglichkeiten den erfolgreichen Einsatz von unkonventionellen linearen sowie nichtlinearen Darstellungsformen in 3D-Anwendungen bisher einschränken. In dieser Arbeit werden daher Darstellungstechniken analysiert und systematisiert, die durch den computergrafischen Projektionsvorgang erzeugt und für die Verwirklichung von Visualisierungszielen eingesetzt werden können. Ferner werden für den spezifischen Einsatz von komponierten Visualisierungsverfahren in 3D-Benutzerschnittstellen Gestaltungshinweise formuliert. Darauf aufbauend erfolgt die Einführung einer modellbasierten Vorgehensweise, durch welche die systematisierten Visualisierungsformen in einem methodischen und ferner entwurfsmustergestützten Entwurfsprozess zur Entwicklung interaktiver 3D-Interfaces eingebunden und weiterhin in einer interaktiven 3D-Anwendung eingesetzt werden können.

We develop solution methods for the air defense problem of a naval task group in this dissertation. We consider two interdependent problems. The first problem is the optimal allocation of a set of defensive missile systems of a naval task group to a set of attacking air targets. We call this problem the Missile Allocation Problem (MAP). The second problem called the Sector Allocation Problem (SAP) is the determination of a robust air defense formation for a naval task group by locating ships in predefined sectors on the surface. For MAP, we present three different mixed integer programming formulations. MAP by its nature requires real time solution. We propose efficient heuristic solution procedures that satisfy the demanding time requirement of MAP. We also develop mathematical programming models for SAP. Proposed branch and bound solution scheme for SAP yields highly satisfactory solutions. We characterize the interaction between MAP and SAP and develop an integrated solution approach.

Evolutionary changes applied to a framework API may invalidate existing framework-based applications. While manually adapting applications is expensive and error-prone, automatic adaptation demands cumbersome specifications, which the developers are reluctant to write and maintain. Considering structural changes (so-called refactorings) of framework APIs, our adaptation technology supports backward-compatible framework upgrade. The technology is rigorous defining precisely the structure and automatic derivation of compensating adapters. It is also practical compensating for most application-breaking API changes automatically, while requiring neither manual adaptation nor recompilation of existing application code.

Philip Doddridge (1702-51) was pastor of the Independent congregation meeting at Castle Hill, Northampton, and tutor of the Northampton academy from 1729 to his death in 1751. He is regarded as a leader of moderate Dissent during that period and the heir, theologically and pastorally, of Richard Baxter. He has been seen as forming a bridge between the more rational Dissenters, on the one hand, and the more conservative and orthodox wing of Dissent on the other. His thought has not, however, been the subject of a detailed analysis in the context of his time. This thesis sets out to conduct such an analysis in order to examine more closely his position within early eighteenth-century Dissent. Doddridge’s philosophical and theological views are considered in chapters two to five. Chapter two assesses the extent of his indebtedness to the philosophy of John Locke, examining also the views of Isaac Watts and showing how Doddridge and Watts modified Locke’s thought in some areas in order to accommodate Christian beliefs. In chapter three, Doddridge’s views on natural theology, natural law and reason are considered and the influence on him of Samuel Clarke, in particular, is examined. Turning to theology, chapter four looks at the use in early eighteenth-century Dissent of terms such as ‘Baxterian’ and ‘moderate Calvinist’ and then considers Doddridge’s doctrinal positions on a range of subjects which are generally considered to represent Baxterian theology. Chapter five examines Doddridge’s views on the key interconnected areas of confessional subscription, scripture and the doctrine of the Trinity. Practical subjects are then considered in chapters six to eight. Doddridge’s views on Christian piety are examined in chapter six. Chapter seven considers ways in which Doddridge sought to communicate, examining the audiences whom he aimed to reach, the ways in which he attempted to reach them and the content of what he wanted to say. The eighth chapter looks at the subject of identity and argues that Doddridge is to be viewed, not so much as a bridge between different wings of Dissent, but as a leader amongst moderate Calvinists. In conclusion, this thesis argues that Philip Doddridge sought to expound a Calvinist theology in the context of the philosophical and theological debates of his day and to promote an ordered Dissent focused on central evangelical truths and united around the language of scripture.

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