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This paper begins with looking into the history of cross-border cooperation. It also includes a preview of the development of cross-border cooperation in Europe and a promotion of cross-border cooperation in the European Union. Subsequently, there is a view of cross-border cooperation in the Czech Republic in the paper. The paper itself is focused on a comparison of cross-border operational cooperation programs, The Czech Republic -- The Republic of Poland and The Czech Republic -- The Free State of Saxony, in terms of administrative and content parameters. Administrative and content parameters are compared in the new programming period, i.e. the programming period 2007 -- 2013. This paper aims to describe the set of administrative and content parameters in both programs and identify the cross-border cooperation operational program with better defined parameters.

O chá verde vem sendo utilizado na prevenção e tratamento de variadas doenças infecciosas e imunoinflamatórias, por apresentar efeitos benéficos decorrentes da presença de Epigalocatequina-3-galato (EGCG). Esta catequina apresenta papel antiinflamatório, anti-oxidante, anti-microbiano e mineralizador e poderia ser utilizado no tratamento da doença periapical. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito uma pasta à base de EGCG utilizada como curativo de demora em lesões periapicais experimentalmente induzidas em cães. Um total de 80 raízes de pré-molares de cão com rizogênese completa e lesões periapicais experimentalmente induzidas, foram aleatoriamente divididos em 4 grupos submetidos à diferentes protocolos de tratamento endodôntico: 1) curativo de demora com pasta à base de EGCG; 2) curativo de demora com EGCG em veículo aquoso; 3) curativo de demora com pasta à base hidróxido de cálcio (Pasta Calen); 4) tratamento endodôntico em sessão única. Para avaliação da resposta tecidual, os dentes foram avaliados radiograficamente e histopatologicamente. As imagens radiográficas obtidas antes e 120 dias após o tratamento, foram fotografadas e digitalizadas para o programa Image J 1.28 para mensuração das áreas (mm&sup2;) radiolúcidas periapicais. Aos 120 dias após a obturação doa canais radiculares os animais foram eutanasiados e os espécimes foram processados histotecnicamente, corados com HE e avaliados com microscopia de luz convencional e de fluorescência (infiltrado inflamatório, espessamento do ligamento periodontal e reabsorção de tecidos mineralizados). Os resultados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando os testes quiquadrado, Fisher, Anova e pós teste de Tukey, com nível de significância de 5% em todos os testes. De acordo com os resultados radiográficos, o percentual médio de redução da área radiolúcida (± erro padrão da média) foi semelhante (p>0,05) nos grupos EGCG em veículo aquoso (64,57%; ±7,514); pasta à base de EGCG (59,95%; ±8,023) e pasta à base de hidróxido de cálcio (58,65%; ±6,192). Todos foram superiores ao grupo tratado em sessão única (19,49%; ±2,881) (p<0,01). A análise histopatológica mostrou que os grupos que receberam aplicação de curativo de demora com EGCG ou hidróxido de cálcio, apresentaram reaparação da lesão periapical com semelhança em todos os parâmetros avaliados. Por outro lado, o tratamento em sessão única resultou em manutenção da lesão periapical, com maior espessura do ligamento periodontal (p<0,001), persistência de infiltrado inflamatório moderado ou severo (p<0,01) e presença de reabsorção óssea e cementária (p<0,0001). Foi possível concluir que a pasta à base de EGCG proporcionou o reparo de lesões periapicais, constituindo possível medicação intracanal alternativa / Green tea has been used in the prevention and treatment of various infectious and immunoinflammatory diseases, since it has beneficial effects due to the presence of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). This catequin present anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and mineralizing role that could be usefull in the treatment of periapical disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the intracanal dressing with an EGCG paste-based im periapical lesions experimentaly induced in dogs. A total of 80 dog premolar roots with complete rhizogenesis and experimentally induced periapical lesions were randomly divided into 4 groups submitted to different endodontic treatment protocols:1) intracanal dressing with EGCG based paste; 2) intracanal dressing with EGCG in aqueous vehicle; 3) intracanal dressing with based paste on calcium hydroxide (Calen paste); 4) single session endodontic treatment. To evaluate the tissue response, the teeth were evaluated radiographically and histopathologically. Radiographic images are selected before 120 days after treatment, were photographed and scanned for the program Image J 1.28 for the measurement of periapical radiolucent areas (mm2). To 120 days after the root canal filling animals were euthanasied and the specimens processed, stained in the rotin HE and evaluated under conventional and fluorescence microscopy (inflammatory infiltrate, periodontal ligament space and mineralized tissue resorption). The results were compared statistically using chisquare, Fisher, Anova and Tukey post-test, with a significance level of 5% in all tests. According to the radiographic results, the mean percentage reduction of the radiolucent area (standard pattern of the mean) was similar (p> 0.05) in the EGCG groups in aqueous vehicle (64.57%; ± 7.514); EGCG based paste (59.95%, ± 8.023) and calcium hydroxide based paste (58.65%, ± 6.192). All groups were higher for the group treated in single session (19.49%, ± 2.881) (p <0.01). The histopathological analysis showed that the groups that received the prescription of intracanal dressings with EGCG or calcium hydroxide, resulted in periapical lesion repair and were similar in all the evaluated parameters. However, treatment in single session did not repair the periapical lesion resulting in greatest measure of the periodontal ligament (p <0.001), persistence of moderate or severe inflammatory infiltrate (p <0.01) and presence of bone and cementum resorption (p <0.0001). It is possible to conclude that EGCG paste-based allows the periapical lesions repair, constituting possible alternative intracanal medication

Goodwill är en diskuterad och komplex post i balansräkningen som utsätts för subjektiva bedömningar vid värdering och nedskrivningsprövning. I denna uppsats analyserasbörsnoterade bolags texter kring goodwill i deras årsredovisningar för att undersöka om det finns några skillnader mellan bolag i hur de kommunicerar kring goodwill. Dessutom undersöks om bolagens kommunikation kring goodwill förändras när de genomför en nedskrivning av goodwill. Studiens resultat baseras på innehållsanalyser av 14 bolagsårsredovisningar över tre efterföljande år. Resultatet från innehållsanalyserna visar att mängden text i årsredovisningarna som behandlar goodwill skiljer sig mellan bolagen och att den främsta skillnaden som observerades kunde hänföras till text som berör bolagsspecifikinformation om goodwill. Vidare visar resultatet att mängden text som berör nedskrivning av goodwill ökar när bolagen genomför en nedskrivning av goodwill. / Goodwill is a discussed and complex asset in the balance sheet which is exposed to subjective judgements on valuation and impairment testing. This study analyzes publicly listed companies’ texts about goodwill in their annual reports to examine if there are any differences between how companies communicates about goodwill. Furthermore, the study examines if the companies’ communication about goodwill changes when a goodwill impairment is reported. The results of the study are based on the content analysis of 14 companies’ annual reports from three following years. The results from the content analysis shows that the amount of text in the annual reports regarding goodwill differs between companies and that the prime difference which was observed could refer to company specific information about goodwill. Further on the result shows that the amount of text that about goodwill impairment increases when the company reports an impairment of goodwill. This paper is written in Swedish.

Comprendre la diversité morphologique des fleurs passe par l'étude de son origine moléculaire et développementale et de ses conséquences fonctionnelles et écologiques. Le périanthe est composé d'organes stériles, sépales et pétales, qui jouent un rôle majeur dans le succès reproducteur des plantes pollinisées par les animaux du fait de leur fonction d'attraction.Cette thèse propose une approche multidisciplinaire visant à comprendre l'origine génétique et moléculaire de la diversité morphologique du périanthe et sa signification évolutive, à l'aide du modèle Nigella damascena L. Cette Renonculacée présente un dimorphisme spontané. La forme probablement ancestrale, trouvée en populations naturelles, a un périanthe bipartite composé de cinq sépales pétaloïdes et huit pétales nectarifères. Dans la forme variante, cultivée à des fins d'horticulture, les pétales sont remplacés par un nombre élevé d'organes allant d'une forme proche des sépales à une forme proche des étamines.La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de l'origine développementale, génétique et moléculaire du dimorphisme, par la caractérisation détaillée de la morphologie florale et de son développement dans les deux morphes dans le cadre d'une approche gène candidat. Par analyse d'expression et validation fonctionnelle, nous avons montré que le gène NdAP3-3 est responsable de l'ensemble des aspects du dimorphisme floral de N. damascena, ce qui suggère que ce gène joue un rôle dans l'identité du pétale mais aussi dans l'architecture du méristème, potentiellement via la régulation du nombre d'organes et de la frontière entre périanthe et étamines.La seconde partie de cette thèse concerne l'impact du dimorphisme floral sur le mode de reproduction des deux morphes et leur maintien potentiel. Nous avons caractérisé les stratégies reproductives et la valeur sélective des deux morphes en conditions naturelles dans des populations expérimentales. Le variant sans pétale est peu visité par les pollinisateurs, et se reproduit majoritairement en autogamie. L'analyse de la vigueur de ses descendants suggère une dépression de consanguinité. Par ailleurs, dans notre matériel, il semble que l'allèle donnant le phénotype sans pétale soit lié à un allèle augmentant la valeur sélective. A la lumière de nos résultats, nous discutons les conditions du maintien de ce polymorphisme. / Understanding flower diversity requires on one hand the study of the molecular and developmental origin of floral architecture, and on the other the study of the functional and ecological consequences of flower morphology. A great deal of that diversity can be found at the perianth level which comprises the sepals and petals, sterile and versatile organs that play a major role in the reproductive success of animal pollinated flowering plants through their attractive characteristics.This thesis is the result of a multidisciplinary effort to understand the genetic and molecular origin as well as the evolutionary significance of perianth diversity, using the Nigella damascena L. as a model. This Ranunculaceae species presents a rare naturally occurring floral dimorphism affecting perianth architecture. The putatively ancestral form found in natural populations has a well differentiated bipartite perianth composed of five petaloid sepals and eight nectariferous petals, while the perianth in the alternative apetalous mutant, cultivated for horticultural purpose, has no petals and but is instead composed of numerous organs showing a continuum of forms from outer sepal-like to inner stamen-like.The first part of this thesis was dedicated to the study of the developmental, genetic and molecular origin of this dimorphism, via a detailed characterization of floral morphology and development in both morphs, which laid a foundation for the interpretation of the results of a candidate gene approach. Using expression analysis and functional validation we showed that NdAP3-3 is fully responsible for the complex N. damascena floral dimorphism, suggesting that it plays a role not only in petal identity but also in meristem patterning, possibly through the regulation of perianth organ number and perianth-stamen boundary.The second half of this thesis focused on the impact of the floral dimorphism on the reproduction mode and evolutionary maintenance of the two morphs. We assessed reproduction strategies and reproductive success in the two morphs by studying a polymorphic experimental population in natural conditions. The absence of petals in the mutant form was associated with a qualitative drop in pollinator visitation which resulted in a shift towards selfing. The study of their progeny suggests that selfing had a negative effect on the descendant’s vigor via inbreeding depression. Additionally, in our material, the allele responsible for the apetalous phenotype seems to be linked to a favorable allele increasing fitness. We discuss the mechanisms of the dimorphism maintenance in light of these results.

Studiens syfte är att beskriva och jämföra pojkars respektive flickors matematiska mindset i årskurserna 2 och 3. Detta görs genom att beskriva vad pojkarna respektive flickorna anser utmärka personer som är matematiskt duktiga, vad gemene man behöver göra för att bli matematiskt duktig, samt deras syn på sin egen förmåga i matematikämnet. För att studera detta har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med tolv elever, sex pojkar och sex flickor. Resultatet visar att eleverna har en samstämmig syn på hur de matematiska kunskaperna kan förbättras och menade att det sker genom övning och träning. Flickorna ansåg att de var duktiga i matematik, men pojkarna hade inte samma tilltro till sin matematiska förmåga. Övriga slutsatser som dras är att det kvarligger stereotyp syn hos pojkarna, vilka ansåg att män är mer matematiska än kvinnor. Detta synsätt återfanns inte hos flickorna. / The aim of the study is to describe and compare the mathematical mindset of boys and girls in grades 2 and 3. This is done by describing what the boys and girls think distinguish people who are mathematically proficient, what they think one needs to do to become mathematically proficient, and their beliefs about their own mathematical ability. To receive answers on these research questions semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve students, six boys and six girls. The result indicates that the students have a consistent view of how mathematical knowledge can be improved and meant that this is done through practice. The girls thought they were good at mathematics, but the boys did not have the same confidence in their own mathematical ability. Other conclusions drawn are that the boys seem to have a more stereotypical approach than the girls as they considered that men are more mathematical than women. This view was not found for the girls.