Aliteracy defines those who can read adequately but who choose not to read for their own interest and pleasure. Adolescent aliteracy is an international issue (OECD, 2000, 2010a). Dissonance between what schools and students consider as ‘engaging reading’ is widening (Ivey & Broadhuss, 2001; Wilheilm & Smith, 2002). Recent evidence of poor literature knowledge amongst teachers and pre-service teachers (Cremin, Mottram, Bearne, & Goodwin, 2008; Nathanson, Pruslow, & Levit, 2008) highlights the need for pragmatic ways to empower adolescent students to address aliteracy for themselves. The aim of this thesis was to explore the conceptual basis for adolescent aliteracy in the 11-13 year old age groups alongside pedagogy to support currently aliterate adolescents. A mixed methods approach used 8 sets of data to explore reading preferences, reading motivations and self-selection behaviours in a mixed and stratifed sample of currently aliterate students over 6 months. The tools were: a reading preference survey, a Title Recognition Test (Cunningham & Stanovich, 1991), the Motivations for Reading Questionnaire, (Wigfield, Guthrie, & McGough, 1996), library observations, student and teacher interviews, library borrowing records and summative reading scores. Data analysis included thematic analysis, multiple regressions, Chi squared, Wilcoxon signed-ranked tests and Spearman’s correlations. Media based titles, magazines and SMS texting were cited as the most popular reading choices. Avid, poor and currently aliterate adolescent readers had significantly distinct motivational and cognitive reading profiles. Exploratory results with a stratified sample of currently aliterate students suggest that taught self-selection strategies significantly increased motivation to read for challenge and for curiosity and decreased motivation to read for reasons of compliance. Amongst currently aliterate adolescents, results suggest significant interaction between reading identity, reading challenge, reading stamina and reading interest.

No presente trabalho foi utilizada a microscopia eletroquímica de varredura (SECM) com o objetivo de adquirir informações sobre o processo de corrosão do aço inoxidável 304 em diferentes condições experimentais. Inicialmente, foram realizados ensaios de corrosão com a técnica de voltametria cíclica e acompanhamento do potencial de circuito aberto ao longo do tempo, obtendo-se informações sobre o potencial de circuito aberto e o potencial de pite. Nestes ensaios foram utilizadas soluções de NaCl 0,1 mol L-1 e 0,5 mol L-1 na ausência e presença de O2. Os experimentos com a microscopia eletroquímica de varredura (SECM) foram realizados nas mesmas condições experimentais, em um primeiro momento polarizando o substrato no potencial de circuito aberto específico obtido em cada solução e, em seguida, polarizando-o em 0,5 V (vs Ag/AgCl(KCl sat.)). Trabalhou-se em regiões nas quais havia indícios da formação de pites metaestáveis, monitorando-se o aparecimento de íons Fe(II). Para a realização destes experimentos, o microeletrodo foi polarizado em 0,6V, potencial onde a oxidação de Fe(II) a Fe(III) ocorre em larga extensão. A formação e o rompimento da camada de proteção foram observados de modo generalizado e local. A formação de pite metaestáveis para a solução de NaCl 0,5 mol L-1 também foi notada, sendo esse fato confirmado pela presença de tais pites numa imagem e subsequente desaparecimento na imagem seguinte. / Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used in order to acquire information on the corrosion process of stainless steel 304 at different experimental conditions. Corrosion tests were initially carried out with cyclic voltammetry technique and by monitoring the open circuit potential over time to obtain information about the corrosion potential and the pitting potential. Experiments were performed in 0.1 mol L-1 and 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl solutions, in the absence and presence of O2. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) experiments were performed under the same experimental conditions, by polarizing the substrate at specific open circuit potential of each solution and then polarizing it at 0.5V (vs. Ag / AgCl (KCl sat.)). Experiments were carried out at regions where there were indications of the formation of metastable pits, by monitoring the appearance of Fe(II) ions. The microelectrode was polarized at 0.6V, a potential value where the oxidation of Fe (II) to Fe (III) occurs to a large extent. The formation and the disruption of the protective layer were noticed widely and locally. The formation of metastable pits in 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl solutions was also noted by analysing such pits in an image and their further disappearance in the following image.

No presente trabalho foi utilizada a microscopia eletroquímica de varredura (SECM) com o objetivo de adquirir informações sobre o processo de corrosão do aço inoxidável 304 em diferentes condições experimentais. Inicialmente, foram realizados ensaios de corrosão com a técnica de voltametria cíclica e acompanhamento do potencial de circuito aberto ao longo do tempo, obtendo-se informações sobre o potencial de circuito aberto e o potencial de pite. Nestes ensaios foram utilizadas soluções de NaCl 0,1 mol L-1 e 0,5 mol L-1 na ausência e presença de O2. Os experimentos com a microscopia eletroquímica de varredura (SECM) foram realizados nas mesmas condições experimentais, em um primeiro momento polarizando o substrato no potencial de circuito aberto específico obtido em cada solução e, em seguida, polarizando-o em 0,5 V (vs Ag/AgCl(KCl sat.)). Trabalhou-se em regiões nas quais havia indícios da formação de pites metaestáveis, monitorando-se o aparecimento de íons Fe(II). Para a realização destes experimentos, o microeletrodo foi polarizado em 0,6V, potencial onde a oxidação de Fe(II) a Fe(III) ocorre em larga extensão. A formação e o rompimento da camada de proteção foram observados de modo generalizado e local. A formação de pite metaestáveis para a solução de NaCl 0,5 mol L-1 também foi notada, sendo esse fato confirmado pela presença de tais pites numa imagem e subsequente desaparecimento na imagem seguinte. / Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used in order to acquire information on the corrosion process of stainless steel 304 at different experimental conditions. Corrosion tests were initially carried out with cyclic voltammetry technique and by monitoring the open circuit potential over time to obtain information about the corrosion potential and the pitting potential. Experiments were performed in 0.1 mol L-1 and 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl solutions, in the absence and presence of O2. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) experiments were performed under the same experimental conditions, by polarizing the substrate at specific open circuit potential of each solution and then polarizing it at 0.5V (vs. Ag / AgCl (KCl sat.)). Experiments were carried out at regions where there were indications of the formation of metastable pits, by monitoring the appearance of Fe(II) ions. The microelectrode was polarized at 0.6V, a potential value where the oxidation of Fe (II) to Fe (III) occurs to a large extent. The formation and the disruption of the protective layer were noticed widely and locally. The formation of metastable pits in 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl solutions was also noted by analysing such pits in an image and their further disappearance in the following image.

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Le vieillissement des personnes en situation de handicap est devenu, au cours des quarante dernières années, une problématique prégnante non seulement du secteur médico-social mais aussi de notre société. L’allongement de la durée de la vie est un phénomène positif, résultat des efforts de professionnalisation des accompagnements des personnes en situation de handicap. Le vieillissement est un processus, certes irréversible, mais naturel. Si quelques personnes en sont les rares témoins, dans les années 1980, le phénomène prend de l’ampleur avec le temps et devient un phénomène démographique. Pour le démographe, la notion de vieillissement concerne une population et non des individus. L’observation de ce processus permet de prévoir la tendance de l’évolution des besoins d’une population dans les domaines sanitaires, sociaux et médico-sociaux, mais n’indique rien quant aux besoins de la personne vieillissante. Les populations évoluent, de nouvelles apparaissent et notre système sociétal doit s’adapter à de nouveaux besoins. L’approche socio-démographique du vieillissement des personnes en situation de handicap proposée ici tend à étudier les spécificités de la population avançant en âge au sein des établissements et services médico-sociaux de la région Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Travailler sur ce sujet implique de comprendre, mais aussi de mesurer l’ampleur de la problématique. / The aging of people with disabilities has become, in the last forty years, a significant issue in the medico-social sector and also in our society. The lengthening of life is a positive phenomenon, a result of the efforts to professionalize the accompaniment of people with disabilities. Aging is a process, certainly irreversible, but natural. If a few people are the rare witnesses, in the 1980s, the phenomenon grows with time and becomes a demographic phenomenon. For the demographer, the notion of aging applies to a population and not to individuals. The observation of this process makes it possible to predict the trend of the changing needs of a population in the health, social and medico-social fields, but does not indicate anything about the needs of the aging person. Populations are changing, new ones are emerging and our societal system needs to adapt to new needs. The socio-demographic approach of the aging of people with disabilities proposed here tends to study the specificities of the aging population within medical and social services and institutions in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Working on this subject implies understanding but also measuring the extent of the problem.

Klimawandelbedingte bzw. potenziell klimawandelbedingte Umweltmigration ist ein sehr komplexes und breites Feld. Es existiert eine Fülle von Studien, die sich in ihrer Herangehensweise unterscheiden, weshalb hier ein Systematisierungsvorschlag aufgezeigt wird. Mittels einer an den Richtlinien der Grounded Theory orientierten Analyse wurden Studien auf zentrale gemeinsame Kategorien hin untersucht und als Modell präsentiert. Dieses stellt jedoch kein abgeschlossenes System dar, sondern dient durch seine Offenheit als Gerüst, das mit Ergebnissen aus weiteren Fallstudien gefestigt werden kann. / (Potentially) climate change-induced migration constitutes a complex and broad field of research. A multitude of studies exists with different approaches to the topic. Within this range of approaches, it is the aim of this research to make a proposal for a systematisation of the topic. By carrying out a Grounded Theory-oriented analysis, we screened case studies for common categories to provide a conceptual model. The result of the investigation is a framework which can be extended by findings of other case studies.

[by] M.W.P. Strandberg ... [et al.]. / "May 10, 1955." "Reprinted from the Review of scientific instruments, vol. 27, no. 8, 596-605, August, 1956." / Includes bibliographical references. / Army Signal Corps Contract No. DA36-039 sc-64637, Project 102B. Dept. of the Army Project No. 3-99-10-022.

The aim of this work is to question the notion of space that underlies the claimed ‘spatial turn’ in geographical and social theory. Section 1 examines this theoretical literature, drawing heavily on Soja as the self declared taxonomist of the genre, and also seeks parallels with more populist texts on cities and space, to suggest, following Williams, that there is a new ‘structure of feeling’ towards space. Section 1 introduces two foundational concepts. The first, derived from Soja’s misunderstanding of Borges’ story The Aleph, argues for an ‘alephic vision’, an imposition of a de-materialized and revelatory understanding of space. This is related to the second, an ‘ecstatic vision’, which describes the tendency, illustrated through the work of Koolhaas and recent exhibitions on the experience of cities, to treat spatial and material experience in hyperbolic and hallucinatory terms. Section 2 offers a series of theoretical reconstructions which seek to draw out parallels between the work of key theorists of what I term the ‘respatialization’ literature (Harvey, Giddens, Foucault and Lefebvre) and the work of Hillier et al in the Space Syntax school. A series of empirical studies demonstrate that the approach to the material realm offered by Space Syntax is not only theoretically compatible but can also help to explain ‘real world’ phenomena. However, the elision with wider theoretical positions points to the need for a reworking of elements of Space Syntax, and steps towards this goal are offered in section 3. In the final ‘speculative epilogue’ I reopen the philosophical debates about the nature of space, deliberately suppressed from the beginning, and suggest that perhaps the apparent theoretical and empirical versatility of Space Syntax, based upon a configurational approach to space as a complex relational system, may offer an alternative approach to these enduring metaphysical debates.

This study focuses on the demographic history of the island of Paros in the period 1894-1998. Two main villages of Paros, namely Naoussa and Kostos, have been chosen as a case study for a more insightful investigation of the demographic behaviour of the island population. The method of family reconstitution has been applied to civil and parish registers of Naoussa and Kostos in order to study in depth issues related to the demographic transition in the island. Moreover, the thesis, by means of aggregate analysis based on official statistics dated back to 1860 and on primary data collected on the field, constitutes a comparative study in four administrative levels: at the level of the nation (Greece), the district (the Cyclades), the prefecture (Paros) and the community (Naoussa and Kostos). In every case the results of the analysis of all levels are compared with each other and especially with that of Greece, placing the island populations in a national context and drawing some conclusions concerning the differences and similarities between island populations and their metropolis. The main findings showed that marital fertility in Paros was natural up to the late 1920s. The level of fertility at the beginning of the twentieth century, however, was rather moderate, mainly due to a relatively prolonged period of breast-feeding. Infant and childhood mortality were lower than the national average in the first decades of the twentieth century, but the difference diminished, or even reversed around 1950. The marriage pattern, which up to the 1980s demonstrated certain characteristics of the Mediterranean pattern, cannot be characterised as typically Mediterranean because of the moderately high levels of permanent celibacy that were exhibited throughout most of the study period. Migration was the main regulatory factor of the demographic equilibrium in the island.