O efeito bactericida de íons cobre é bem conhecido; no entanto a atividade inibitória depende diretamente da concentração desses íons no material base. Contudo, essa concentração deve ser controlada, pois o excesso destes íons pode ser tóxico e além disso, a implantação de cobre pode comprometer a resistência a corrosão do substrato metálico. A propriedade bactericida é desejável para aplicação em ligas metálicas empregadas em diversos setores, na assepsia de materiais que tenham contato direto com subprodutos que necessitam alta pureza e com baixíssimos índices de contaminação. O aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 304 é amplamente utilizado devido às suas propriedades mecânicas e de resistência à corrosão. Considerando isso, o aço AISI 304 é o foco do presente estudo, mesclando as características anticorrosivas naturais com a assepsia oligodinâmica proveniente da dopagem com íons de cobre. Nesse sentido, avaliou a resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável AISI 304 com diferentes doses de cobre implantado (1015 íons.cm-2 e 1016 íons.cm-2) por monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto e voltametria cíclica em uma solução eletrolítica de NaCl 3,5 % em peso. Através de simulações computacionais, previu-se que nos parâmetros escolhidos, a profundidade de implantação dos íons no substrato atingiu até 40 nm da superfície, com uma concentração de pico, maior teor de cobre, na profundidade de 12 nm. As amostras com doses de 1015 íons.cm-2 de cobre apresentaram o potencial de pites semelhante ao aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 304 sem implantação de Cu. Na análise de EDS observou-se que as áreas que não sofreram corrosão, apresentaram melhor distribuição dos elementos de liga e do cobre implantado em comparação com as regiões com maior incidência de pites. A maior intensidade de pites foi encontrada para a amostra com maior dose de cobre implantado (1016 íons.cm-2 de cobre). / The bactericidal effect of copper ions is well known; however, the inhibitory activity depends directly on the concentration of these ions in the base material. However, this concentration should be controlled because the excess of these ions can be toxic and the implantation of copper may compromise the corrosion resistance of the metal substrate. The bactericidal property is desirable for application in metal alloys used in the several sectors, in the asepsis of materials that have direct contact with by-products that require high purity and with very low contamination rates. The AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel is widely used because of its mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Considering this, the AISI 304 is the focus of the present study, mixing the natural anticorrosive characteristics with the oligodynamic aseptic from the copper ions doping. The corrosion resistance of AISI 304 stainless steel with different doses of implanted copper (1015 ions.cm-2 and 1016 ions.cm-2) was evaluated by monitoring the open circuit potential and cyclic voltammetry in an electrolytic solution of NaCl 3,5% by weight. Through computational simulations, it was predicted that in the chosen parameters, the implantation depth of the ions in the substrate reached up to 40 nm from the surface, with a peak concentration, higher copper content, at the depth of 12 nm. The samples with doses of 1015 ions.cm-2 of copper had the pit potential similar to the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 without implantation of Cu. In EDS analysis, it was observed that the areas that did not undergo corrosion had better distribution of the alloying elements and of the implanted copper compared to the regions with a higher incidence of pitting. The highest pitting intensity was found for the sample with the highest dose of implanted copper (1016 ions.cm-2 copper).

Text mining has become an established discipline both in research as in business intelligence. However, many existing text mining toolkits lack easy extensibility and provide only poor support for interacting with statistical computing environments. Therefore we propose a text mining framework for the statistical computing environment R which provides intelligent methods for corpora handling, meta data management, preprocessing, operations on documents, and data export. We present how well established text mining techniques can be applied in our framework and show how common text mining tasks can be performed utilizing our infrastructure. The second part in this thesis is dedicated to a set of realistic applications using our framework. The first application deals with the implementation of a sophisticated mailing list analysis, whereas the second example identifies the potential of text mining methods for business to consumer electronic commerce. The third application shows the benefits of text mining for law documents. Finally we present an application which deals with authorship attribution on the famous Wizard of Oz book series. (author's abstract)

An Arbeiten zur personalen Dimension der Kriminalitätsfurcht – gemessen an der Furcht im Umkreis der Wohnung – mangelt es nicht. Die anhaltende Diskussion um Ergebnisse zum Kriminalitätsfurchtparadox, Kontroversen um die Methodik, Vulnerabilität, Copingfähigkeiten usw. belegen ein komplexes Bemühen in diesem Forschungskontext, um die Ursachen der Kriminalitätsfurcht genauer zu bestimmen. Kaum theoretische Beachtung dagegen findet die soziale Dimension der Kriminalitätsfurcht, die zuweilen sogar mit der personalen Dimension gleichgesetzt wird. Möglicherweise sind es die "dramatischeren" Werte der sozialen Dimension, welche eine gewisse Anziehungskraft, z. B. auf mediale Präsentationen, ausüben. Neben dem Anliegen einer grundsätzlichen Klärung der Aussagekraft dieses Konstrukts im wissenschaftlichen Disput sollte auch beachtet werden, dass immer mehr Kommunen Sicherheitsbefragungen durchführen lassen und bestrebt sind, daraus Rückschlüsse für die Kommunalpolitik zu ziehen. Auch deshalb scheint eine Klärung, welches Konstrukt worüber Auskunft geben kann, dringend geboten. Immerhin erhält gerade die Kriminalitätsfurcht bzw. das Sicherheitsempfinden eine öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit, wie sie für Ergebnisse sozialwissenschaftlicher Forschungen nicht gerade typisch ist. Gerade weil damit aber die Verkürzung eines komplexen sozialen Sachverhalts auf eine Zahl geschieht, ist eine genaue Bestimmung dessen erforderlich, welche Zahl was ausdrückt. Darüber hinaus ist eine Positionierung der personalen und sozialen Dimensionen der Kriminalitätsfurcht dahingehend geboten, dass sie keine demonstrativen (Wettbewerbs-)Items darstellen, sondern als Instrumente für die Analyse von Mechanismen der Kriminalitätsverarbeitung in der Bevölkerung zu verstehen sind. Gerade in Bezug auf eine kommunalpolitische Aufmerksamkeit gegenüber dem gemessenen Sicherheitsempfinden zeichnen sich Tendenzen ab, entweder Ergebnisse zur Intensität der Kriminalitätsfurcht nicht ernst zu nehmen (im Sinne einer subjektiv verzerrten Wahrnehmung, der man durch "Aufklärung" begegnen kann) oder sie überzubewerten, indem sie zur Begründung restriktiver Maßnahmen herangezogen werden (umfassendere Maßnahmen für die öffentliche Sicherheit anzustreben). Im Zusammenhang mit der Unterscheidung zwischen personaler und sozialer Kriminalitätsfurcht soll der Einfluss von der Medienrezeption bestimmt werden.

Some of the most interesting objects in the Universe are Active Galactic Nuclei. In the centre of an active galaxy is a supermassive black hole that accretes matter from the surrounding galaxy. In the process, not yet fully understood, some of the matter is ejected in two jets, perpendicular to the plane of the galaxy. The energy of the particles in the jets are extremely high, sometimes over 1019 eV. The features of an active galaxy can be very different depending on from which angle it is viewed. This means that some astronomical objects that earlier seemed to be very heterogeneous might be only different manifestations of the same type of object, namely active galactic nuclei. This thesis introduces some of these different objects. The unifying theory is described. Ways of detecting the high-energy radiation and two important instruments, H.E.S.S. and Fermi-LAT are described. Three studies of the BL Lac PKS 2155-304, an active galactic nucleus that points its jet almost straight at Earth, are made using Fermi-LAT data. The conclusion of the studies is that the source is variable at least in the time scale of days and that in order to gather further information about these objects simultaneous multi-wavelength surveys have to be done.

Η παρούσα μελέτη επιχειρεί να συνδέσει πτυχές του εργασιακού περιβάλλοντος που θεωρούνται ιδιαίτερα διαδεδομένες στον δημόσιο τομέα με συγκεκριμένα χαρακτηριστικά εργασίας τα οποία επηρεάζουν σε σημαντικό βαθμό την εργασιακή ικανοποίηση. Συγκεκριμένα λαμβάνει υπ’ όψην τρε ις μεταβλητές του εργασιακού περιβάλλοντος : τη σαφήνεια οργανωσιακών στόχων, τους διαδικαστικούς περιορισμούς και τη σύγκρουση οργανωσιακών στόχων ενώ από την πλευρά των χαρακτηριστικών εργασίας εξετάζονται τέσσερις μεταβλητές : η σαφήνεια εργασιακού ρόλο υ, η επαναπληροφόρηση,η ποικιλία δραστηριοτήτων και η ανάπτυξη ανθρωπίνου δυναμικού. Τα παραπάνω θα εφαρμοστούν προκειμένου να προσδιοριστεί η εργασιακή ικανοποίηση στην Πολεμική Αεροπορία και συγκεκριμένα στην 116 Πτέρυγα Μάχης / Work Satisfaction at the 116 Combat Wing of Hellenic Air Force.

The paper examines the extent to which the prestige value of a retiree’s former occupation increases the likelihood that they will make a transition into volunteering after retirement. Following social production function theory, we assume that when a person retires, the prestige value attached to their former occupation fades. The fact that volunteering has the character of a collective good provides the opportunity to gain social prestige to offset the loss of occupational prestige. However, the extent of the incentive to volunteer will be distributed unequally across occupations: the higher the former occupational prestige value, the higher the perceived loss of prestige after retirement. Thus, doing a job with high prestige value increases the incentive to volunteer in retirement. This assumption is tested, using data taken from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) 1992-2013. The sample contains 1,631 workers and 589 retirees, 278 of whom transitioned into volunteering during the observation window. Based on Kaplan-Meier-Failure-Estimates and complementary log-log hazard models, findings show a positive effect of occupational prestige on the transition into volunteering. Thus, the loss of high occupational prestige can be compensated by the social prestige associated with volunteering. Formal volunteering in retirement follows, albeit to a lesser extent, the logic of the occupational social strata.

This research uses nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves to characterize stress corrosion cracking (SCC) damage in sensitized 304 Stainless Steel (304 SS). 304 SS is widely used in reactor pressure vessels and fuel pipelines, where a corrosive environment in combination with applied stress due to high internal pressures can cause SCC. SCC poses great risk to these structures as it initiates cracks late in the lifetime and often unexpectedly. The initiated microcracks grow and accumulate very quickly to form macroscopic cracks that lead to material failure. Welds and the nearby heat affected zones (HAZ) in the vessels and pipework are particularly affected by SCC as welding induces sensitization in the material. SCC damage results in microstructural changes such as dislocation movement and microcrack initiation that in the long term lead to reduced structural integrity and material failure. Therefore, the early detection of SCC is crucial to ensure safe operation. It has been shown that the microstructural changes caused by SCC can generate higher harmonic waves when excited harmonically. This research considers different levels of SCC damage induced in samples of sensitized 304 SS by applying stress to a specimen held in a corrosive medium (Sodium Thiosulfate). Nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves are introduced in the material and the fundamental and the second harmonic waves are measured. The nonlinearity parameter that relates the fundamental and the second harmonic amplitudes, is computed to quantify the SCC damage in each sample. The results obtained are used to demonstrate the feasibility of using nonlinear Rayleigh waves to characterize SCC damage.

O efeito bactericida de íons cobre é bem conhecido; no entanto a atividade inibitória depende diretamente da concentração desses íons no material base. Contudo, essa concentração deve ser controlada, pois o excesso destes íons pode ser tóxico e além disso, a implantação de cobre pode comprometer a resistência a corrosão do substrato metálico. A propriedade bactericida é desejável para aplicação em ligas metálicas empregadas em diversos setores, na assepsia de materiais que tenham contato direto com subprodutos que necessitam alta pureza e com baixíssimos índices de contaminação. O aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 304 é amplamente utilizado devido às suas propriedades mecânicas e de resistência à corrosão. Considerando isso, o aço AISI 304 é o foco do presente estudo, mesclando as características anticorrosivas naturais com a assepsia oligodinâmica proveniente da dopagem com íons de cobre. Nesse sentido, avaliou a resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável AISI 304 com diferentes doses de cobre implantado (1015 íons.cm-2 e 1016 íons.cm-2) por monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto e voltametria cíclica em uma solução eletrolítica de NaCl 3,5 % em peso. Através de simulações computacionais, previu-se que nos parâmetros escolhidos, a profundidade de implantação dos íons no substrato atingiu até 40 nm da superfície, com uma concentração de pico, maior teor de cobre, na profundidade de 12 nm. As amostras com doses de 1015 íons.cm-2 de cobre apresentaram o potencial de pites semelhante ao aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 304 sem implantação de Cu. Na análise de EDS observou-se que as áreas que não sofreram corrosão, apresentaram melhor distribuição dos elementos de liga e do cobre implantado em comparação com as regiões com maior incidência de pites. A maior intensidade de pites foi encontrada para a amostra com maior dose de cobre implantado (1016 íons.cm-2 de cobre). / The bactericidal effect of copper ions is well known; however, the inhibitory activity depends directly on the concentration of these ions in the base material. However, this concentration should be controlled because the excess of these ions can be toxic and the implantation of copper may compromise the corrosion resistance of the metal substrate. The bactericidal property is desirable for application in metal alloys used in the several sectors, in the asepsis of materials that have direct contact with by-products that require high purity and with very low contamination rates. The AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel is widely used because of its mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Considering this, the AISI 304 is the focus of the present study, mixing the natural anticorrosive characteristics with the oligodynamic aseptic from the copper ions doping. The corrosion resistance of AISI 304 stainless steel with different doses of implanted copper (1015 ions.cm-2 and 1016 ions.cm-2) was evaluated by monitoring the open circuit potential and cyclic voltammetry in an electrolytic solution of NaCl 3,5% by weight. Through computational simulations, it was predicted that in the chosen parameters, the implantation depth of the ions in the substrate reached up to 40 nm from the surface, with a peak concentration, higher copper content, at the depth of 12 nm. The samples with doses of 1015 ions.cm-2 of copper had the pit potential similar to the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 without implantation of Cu. In EDS analysis, it was observed that the areas that did not undergo corrosion had better distribution of the alloying elements and of the implanted copper compared to the regions with a higher incidence of pitting. The highest pitting intensity was found for the sample with the highest dose of implanted copper (1016 ions.cm-2 copper).

O efeito bactericida de íons cobre é bem conhecido; no entanto a atividade inibitória depende diretamente da concentração desses íons no material base. Contudo, essa concentração deve ser controlada, pois o excesso destes íons pode ser tóxico e além disso, a implantação de cobre pode comprometer a resistência a corrosão do substrato metálico. A propriedade bactericida é desejável para aplicação em ligas metálicas empregadas em diversos setores, na assepsia de materiais que tenham contato direto com subprodutos que necessitam alta pureza e com baixíssimos índices de contaminação. O aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 304 é amplamente utilizado devido às suas propriedades mecânicas e de resistência à corrosão. Considerando isso, o aço AISI 304 é o foco do presente estudo, mesclando as características anticorrosivas naturais com a assepsia oligodinâmica proveniente da dopagem com íons de cobre. Nesse sentido, avaliou a resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável AISI 304 com diferentes doses de cobre implantado (1015 íons.cm-2 e 1016 íons.cm-2) por monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto e voltametria cíclica em uma solução eletrolítica de NaCl 3,5 % em peso. Através de simulações computacionais, previu-se que nos parâmetros escolhidos, a profundidade de implantação dos íons no substrato atingiu até 40 nm da superfície, com uma concentração de pico, maior teor de cobre, na profundidade de 12 nm. As amostras com doses de 1015 íons.cm-2 de cobre apresentaram o potencial de pites semelhante ao aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 304 sem implantação de Cu. Na análise de EDS observou-se que as áreas que não sofreram corrosão, apresentaram melhor distribuição dos elementos de liga e do cobre implantado em comparação com as regiões com maior incidência de pites. A maior intensidade de pites foi encontrada para a amostra com maior dose de cobre implantado (1016 íons.cm-2 de cobre). / The bactericidal effect of copper ions is well known; however, the inhibitory activity depends directly on the concentration of these ions in the base material. However, this concentration should be controlled because the excess of these ions can be toxic and the implantation of copper may compromise the corrosion resistance of the metal substrate. The bactericidal property is desirable for application in metal alloys used in the several sectors, in the asepsis of materials that have direct contact with by-products that require high purity and with very low contamination rates. The AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel is widely used because of its mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Considering this, the AISI 304 is the focus of the present study, mixing the natural anticorrosive characteristics with the oligodynamic aseptic from the copper ions doping. The corrosion resistance of AISI 304 stainless steel with different doses of implanted copper (1015 ions.cm-2 and 1016 ions.cm-2) was evaluated by monitoring the open circuit potential and cyclic voltammetry in an electrolytic solution of NaCl 3,5% by weight. Through computational simulations, it was predicted that in the chosen parameters, the implantation depth of the ions in the substrate reached up to 40 nm from the surface, with a peak concentration, higher copper content, at the depth of 12 nm. The samples with doses of 1015 ions.cm-2 of copper had the pit potential similar to the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 without implantation of Cu. In EDS analysis, it was observed that the areas that did not undergo corrosion had better distribution of the alloying elements and of the implanted copper compared to the regions with a higher incidence of pitting. The highest pitting intensity was found for the sample with the highest dose of implanted copper (1016 ions.cm-2 copper).

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