Microchannel process technology (MPT) offers several advantages to the field of nanomanufacturing: 1) improved process control over very short time intervals owing to shorter diffusional distances; and 2) reduced reactor size due to high surface area to volume ratios and enhanced heat and mass transfer. The objective of this thesis was to consider how nanomaterials, produced in part using MPT, could be used to solve problems associated with the fabrication of MPT devices. Specifically, many MPT devices are produced using transient liquid-phase brazing involving an electroplated interlayer consisting of a brazing alloy designed for melting temperature suppression. Unfortunately, these alloys can form brittle secondary phases which significantly reduce bond strength. In contrast, prior efforts have shown that it is possible to leverage the size-dependent properties of nanomaterials to suppress brazing temperatures. In this prior work, thin films of off-the-shelf elemental nanoparticles were used as interlayers yielding joints with improved mechanical properties. In the present investigation, efforts have been made to characterize the synthesis and deposition of various elemental nanoparticle suspensions for use in the transient liquid-phase brazing of aluminum and stainless steel. Advances were used to demonstrate the nanoparticle-assisted diffusion brazing of a microchannel array. In the first section, a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) interlayer was produced for the diffusion brazing of heat exchanger aluminum. Efforts are made to examine the effect of braze filler particle size (~5 nm and ~50 nm) and processing parameters (heating rate: 5ºC/min and 25ºC/min; brazing temperature: 550ºC and 570ºC) on thin coupons of diffusion-brazed 3003 Al. A tensile strength of 69.7 MPa was achieved for a sample brazed at 570°C for 30 min under 1 MPa with an interlayer thickness of approximately 7 μm. Further suppression of the brazing temperature to 500ºC was achieved by sputtering a 1 µm thick layer of Cu before depositing a 5 nm thick film of AgNPs resulting in a lap shear strength of 45.3±0.2 MPa. In the middle section of this thesis, several techniques are investigated for the synthesis of sub 10 nm diameter nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) to be used in the diffusion brazing of 316L stainless steel. The average NiNP size was varied from 9.2 nm to 3.9 nm based on the synthesis technique, solvent and reducing agent used. Conventional wet-chemical synthesis using NiCl₂.6H₂O in ethylene glycol (solvent) and N₂H₄.H₂O (reducing agent) resulted in the formation of 5.4 ± 0.9 nm NiNPs. Continuous flow synthesis using a microchannel T-mixer (barrel diameter of 521µm) and a 10 second residence time of reactants in a bath temperature of 130ºC resulted in a particle size of with 5.3 ± 1 nm. To make the synthesis safer and less energy intense, microwave heating was used along with less toxic Ni(CH₃CO₂)₂·4H₂O (nickel salt), propylene glycol (solvent) and NaPH₂O₂ (reducing agent) yielding 3.9 ± 0.8 nm diameter NiNPs. For the final section, nickel nanoparticles were synthesized using NiCl₂.6H₂O (nickel salt), de-ionized water (solvent), NaBH₄ (co-reducing agent), N₂H₄.H₂O (reducing agent) and polyvinylpyrolidone (capping agent) yielding 4.2 ± 0.6 nm NiNP. Several deposition techniques were investigated for controlling film thickness and uniformity in the diffusion brazing of 316L stainless steel (SS). Using in-house prepared NiNP and automated dispensing, a hermetic joint up to 70 psi (tested pressure) was obtained in 316L SS substrates under brazing conditions of 800ºC, 2 MPa and 30 min. Throughout the course of this thesis, techniques used for characterizing nanoparticles, films and joints included FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, EDS, EPMA, DSC, mass spectrometry, and lap-shear testing. / Graduation date: 2012

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeilianeAO.pdf: 1040153 bytes, checksum: 7b51c6820dc4a457d8c742b3fc25c179 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The present work shows a contribution to the studies of development and solid sinterization of a metallic matrix composite MMC that has as starter materials 316L stainless steel atomized with water, and two different Tantalum Carbide TaC powders, with averages crystallite sizes of 13.78 nm and 40.66 nm. Aiming the metallic matrix s density and hardness increase was added different nanometric sizes of TaC by dispersion. The 316L stainless steel is an alloy largely used because it s high resistance to corrosion property. Although, its application is limited by the low wear resistance, consequence of its low hardness. Besides this, it shows low sinterability and it cannot be hardened by thermal treatments traditional methods because of the austenitic structure, face centered cubic, stabilized mainly in nickel presence. Steel samples added with TaC 3% wt (each sample with different type of carbide), following a mechanical milling route using conventional mill for 24 hours. Each one of the resulted samples, as well as the pure steel sample, were compacted at 700 MPa, room temperature, without any addictive, uniaxial tension, using a 5 mm diameter cylindrical mold, and quantity calculated to obtain compacted final average height of 5 mm. Subsequently, were sintered in vacuum atmosphere, temperature of 1290?C, heating rate of 20?C/min, using different soaking times of 30 and 60 min and cooled at room temperature. The sintered samples were submitted to density and micro-hardness analysis. The TaC reforced samples showed higher density values and an expressive hardness increase. The complementary analysis in optical microscope, scanning electronic microscope and X ray diffractometer, showed that the TaC, processed form, contributed with the hardness increase, by densification, itself hardness and grains growth control at the metallic matrix, segregating itself to the grain boarders / O presente trabalho apresenta uma contribui??o ao estudo do desenvolvimento e sinteriza??o s?lida de um Comp?sito de Matriz Met?lica CMM que tem como materiais de partida um a?o inoxid?vel 316L atomizado a ?gua, e duas partidas diferentes de Carbeto de T?ntalo TaC, com tamanhos m?dios de cristalitos de 13,78 nm e 40,66 nm. Objetivando aumentar a densidade e dureza da matriz met?lica foi adicionado, por dispers?o diferentes part?culas nanom?tricas de TaC. O a?o inoxid?vel 316L ? uma liga largamente utilizada pela sua propriedade de alta resist?ncia ? corros?o. Contudo, sua aplica??o ? limitada pela baixa resist?ncia ao desgaste, conseq??ncia da sua baixa dureza. Al?m disso, apresenta baixa sinterabilidade e n?o pode ser endurecido pelos m?todos tradicionais de tratamentos t?rmicos, devido a sua estrutura austen?tica, c?bica de face centrada, estabilizada principalmente pela presen?a do N?quel. Amostras de a?os adicionadas com 3% em peso de TaC (cada amostra com carbetos de partidas diferentes), seguiram uma rota de moagem mec?nica em moinho convencional por 24 horas. Cada uma das amostras resultantes, assim como amostras do a?o puro foram compactados a 700 MPa, a frio, sem nenhum aditivo, uniaxialmente, em uma matriz cil?ndrica de 5 mm de di?metro, em quantidade calculada para ter uma altura m?dia final do compactado de 5 mm. Posteriormente, foram sinterizadas em forno a v?cuo, em temperatura de at? 1290? C com incremento de 20 ?C por minuto, sendo mantidas neste patamar por 30 ou 60 minutos e resfriadas ? temperatura ambiente. As amostras sinterizadas foram submetidas aos ensaios para a medi??o da densidade e da micro-dureza. As amostras contendo o refor?o de TaC apresentaram maiores valores de densidade e um aumento significativo na sua dureza. As an?lises complementares no microsc?pio ?tico, no microsc?pio eletr?nico de varredura e no difrat?metro de raios-X, mostram que o TaC, na forma processada, contribuiu com o aumento da dureza, pela densifica??o, pela sua pr?pria dureza e pelo controle do crescimento dos gr?os da matriz met?lica, segregando-se nos seus contornos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcianoF.pdf: 4534279 bytes, checksum: c57f1201db2e0c16d64c992932b57fc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-28 / Metal powder sintering appears to be promising option to achieve new physical and mechanical properties combining raw material with new processing improvements. It interest over many years and continue to gain wide industrial application. Stainless steel is a widely accepted material because high corrosion resistance. However stainless steels have poor sinterability and poor wear resistance due to their low hardness. Metal matrix composite (MMC) combining soft metallic matrix reinforced with carbides or oxides has attracted considerable attention for researchers to improve density and hardness in the bulk material. This thesis focuses on processing 316L stainless steel by addition of 3% wt niobium carbide to control grain growth and improve densification and hardness. The starting powder were water atomized stainless steel manufactured for H?gan?s (D 50 = 95.0 μm) and NbC produced in the UFRN and supplied by Aesar Alpha Johnson Matthey Company with medium crystallite size 16.39 nm and 80.35 nm respectively. Samples with addition up to 3% of each NbC were mixed and mechanically milled by 3 routes. The route1 (R1) milled in planetary by 2 hours. The routes 2 (R2) and 3 (R3) milled in a conventional mill by 24 and 48 hours. Each milled samples and pure sample were cold compacted uniaxially in a cylindrical steel die (? 5 .0 mm) at 700 MPa, carried out in a vacuum furnace, heated at 1290?C, heating rate 20?C stand by 30 and 60 minutes. The samples containing NbC present higher densities and hardness than those without reinforcement. The results show that nanosized NbC particles precipitate on grain boundary. Thus, promote densification eliminating pores, control grain growth and increase the hardness values / O presente trabalho apresenta uma contribui??o ao estudo da sinteriza??o s?lida de um a?o inoxid?vel 316L, com o objetivo de aumentar a sua densidade e dureza atrav?s da inclus?o de part?culas nanom?tricas de Carbeto de Ni?bio - NbC. O a?o inoxid?vel 316L ? uma liga largamente utilizada pela sua propriedade de alta resist?ncia ? corros?o. Contudo, sua aplica??o ? limitada pela baixa resist?ncia ao desgaste, conseq??ncia da sua baixa dureza. Al?m disso, apresenta baixa sinterabilidade e n?o pode ser endurecido pelos m?todos tradicionais de tratamentos t?rmicos, devido a sua estrutura austen?tica, c?bica de face centrada, estabilizada principalmente pela presen?a do N?quel. Os materiais de partida empregados neste trabalho foram o a?o inoxid?vel, austen?tico 316L atomizado a ?gua, com tamanho de part?culas (D50) equivalente a 95μm, e duas partidas diferentes de NbC, com tamanhos m?dios de cristalitos de 16,39 nm e 80,35 nm. Amostras de a?os adicionadas com 3% em peso de NbC (cada amostra com carbetos de partidas diferentes), seguiram rotas diferenciadas de moagem mec?nica. A rota 1 (R1) em um planet?rio por uma hora, a rota 2 (R2) e rota 3 (R3), em moinho convencional por 24 e 48 horas respectivamente. Cada uma das amostras resultantes, assim como amostras do a?o puro foram compactados a 700 MPa, a frio, sem nenhum aditivo, uniaxialmente, em uma matriz cil?ndrica de 5 mm de di?metro, em quantidade calculada para ter uma altura m?dia final do compactado de 5 mm. Posteriormente, foram sinterizadas em forno a v?cuo, em temperatura de at? 1290? C com incremento de 10 ?C por minuto, sendo mantidas neste patamar por 30 ou 60 minutos e resfriadas ? temperatura ambiente. As amostras sinterizadas foram submetidas aos ensaios para a medi??o da densidade e da micro-dureza. As amostras contendo o refor?o de NbC apresentaram maiores valores de densidade e um aumento significativo na sua dureza. As an?lises complementares no microsc?pio ?tico, no microsc?pio eletr?nico de varredura e no difrat?metro de raios-X, mostram que o NbC, na forma processada, contribuiu com o aumento da dureza, pela densifica??o, pela sua pr?pria dureza e pelo controle do crescimento dos gr?os da matriz met?lica, segregando-se nos seus contornos

A moldagem de pós por injeção (MPI) foi empregada neste trabalho para a fabricação de micro componentes de uma pinça de biópsia, através do desenvolvimento de misturas injetáveis. Utilizou-se a liga de aço inoxidável AISI 316L, liga reconhecidamente biocompatível, para obtenção dos micro componentes. Determinando a quantidade de 39% em volume para fração orgânica das quatro formulações de misturas injetáveis produzidas neste trabalho. Os polímeros estruturais empregados foram o PP, o PEBDL, o PEAD e o PMMA. Como material auxiliar de fluxo foi utilizada a parafina e para agente surfactante, o ácido esteárico. O desenvolvimento do sistema de extração química do polímero auxiliar de fluxo com solvente e posterior extração térmica do ligante em forno convencional e em um reator a plasma foram testados, ainda se empregou estes para testes em sinterização a temperaturas 1200°C, 1250°C e 1300°C. A extração química foi realizada com hexano atingindo 2,41% em massa de material extraído das amostras, após seis horas em um sistema aquecido entre 60°C e 70°C e uma atmosfera de vácuo. As amostras foram testadas química, física, mecânica e eletroquimicamente. Obteve-se os melhores resultados em termos de densificação de 7,05 g/cm³ para as amostras extraídas a plasma e sinterizadas a 1300 °C à vácuo em forno tubular. Isso significa uma densificação de 88,96% comparada a densidade do material comercial cuja a densidade é 7,93 g/cm³. As microdurezas encontradas nas amostras sinterizadas a 1300 °C em um forno convencional obtiveram valores de 208HV se mostrando maiores do que os 165HV obtido de um material maciço fabricado pelo extrusão e comercialmente vendido. Encontrou-se a dureza de 55HRB nas amostras processadas a 1300 °C, devido a presença de poros em componentes sinterizados. Nos componentes maciços foram medidos a dureza de 88HRB que foi maior que os resultados das amostras sinterizadas. As análises metalográficas mostraram um tamanho de grão variando entre, 30 e 50μm, se comparado ao tamanho de partícula médio do D90 de foi de 8,59 μm, se estima que este aumento foi entorno de três vezes e meia. Os testes químicos revelaram que a extração térmica em reatores a plasma melhoram significativamente os níveis de C, N, H e S quando comparados ao processo de extração térmica em forno convencional. A redução dos níveis de carbono residual, resultaram em diminuição do carboneto de cromo nas amostras, provocando uma menor corrosão. As amostras sinterizadas a 1200 °C a plasma apresentaram os melhores resultados de corrosão. / The powders injection molding (PIM) was used in this research, with objective to manufacture micro component, for application in biopsy forceps being developed injectable mixtures . It was used the powder stainless steel AISI 316L alloy, material biocompatible, to obtain the micro components. Through tests was determining the amount optimal volume in 39 % for the organic fraction of the four formulations of injectable mixtures produced in this research. The structural polymers used were PP , LLDPE , HDPE and PMMA . The paraffin was used as auxiliary material flow, the surfactant agent employed that was stearic acid . The development of chemical debiding and the thermal extraction for binder system, was used the conventional furnace and in a plasma reactor were tested also be employed for these tests sintering temperature 1200 ° C , 1250 °C and 1300 °C. Chemical extraction was performed with hexane achieving 2.41 % by extracted mass of sample material, after six hours in a heated system between 60 °C and 70 °C and a vacuum atmosphere. The samples were tested analysis by chemical , physical , mechanical and electrochemical.If it obtained the best results in terms of densification of 7.05g/cm ³ for plasma samples extracted and sintering at 1300 °C in vacuum tube furnace . This means densification of 88.96 % compared to the density of commercial material whose density is 7.93 g/cm ³ . The microhardness found in the samples sintered at 1300°C in a conventional furnace obtained 208HV microhardness showing larger than the commercial 165HV. Found that the HRB hardness of 55 in the samples processed at 1300 °C, due to the presence of pores in sintered parts. In the extruded components were measured hardness of 88HRB which was higher than the results of the sintered samples. The metallographic analysis showing a grain size ranging between 30 and 50μm , compared to the average particle size D90 was 8,59 microns is estimated that this increase was around three and half times . The chemical tests revealed that the thermal plasma extraction reactor significantly improve the levels of C, N , H and S compared to the process heat extraction in a conventional furnace . The residual carbon levels significantly improved, which helps to avoid the formation of chromium carbides , which aumnetou corrosion resistance . The best results in terms of corrosion were found for the samples sintered at 1200 ° C the plasma.

Selective laser melting (SLM) of metallic powders is an additive manufacturing technique that is widely employed to produce 3D components, and is fast becoming an important method for manufacturing near-net shape and complex metallic parts. In this thesis, a comprehensive investigation on the effect of SLM on the mechanical and corrosion properties of the Al-12Si (AS), 316L stainless steel (SS), and 18(Ni)-300 grade managing steel (MS) is investigated, with particular emphasis on the developing (micro- as well as mesa-)structure -property correlations. Detailed microstructural characterization combined with quasi-static tensile, fracture toughness, fatigue crack growth, and unmatched fatigue tests were conducted. The effect of post-SLM heat treatment as well as the scanning strategy (linear vs. checker board hatch style) was examined and the results are compared with those of conventionally manufactured (CM) counterparts. The SLM alloys exhibit a mesostructured, in addition to the fine cellular structure along the boundaries. In a case of SLM-AS, the fine cellular structure imparts higher strength at the cost of ductility, while the mesostructured, which arises due to the laser track hatching, causes the crack path to be tortuous, and in turn leads to substantial increase in fracture toughness. This imparts significant anisotropy to the toughness while tensile properties are nearly-isotropic. The experimental results of SLM-SS also show that higher tensile strengths properties with a marked reduction ductility. In spite of these, the fracture toughness, which ranges between 63 and 87 MPa.m0.5, of the SLM-SS is good, which is a result of the mesostructured induced crack tortuousity.Both tensile and toughness properties of SLM-SS were found to be anisotropic in nature. Upon aging SLM-MS, nanoscale precipitation of intermetallic compounds occurs within the cells that, in turn, lead in marked improvements in tensile strengths properties, but substantial reductions in ductility and fracture toughness. Overall, the mechanical performance, except ductility, of the SLM-MS after aging is found to be similar to that of CM-MS. Importantly, the lack of ductility does not lead to a reduction in toughness. Although the SLM-MS alloy possesses a mesostructured, no significant anisotropy in the mechanical behaviour is observed. The unnoticed studies on SLM-AS, -SS, and -MS reveal that the tensile residual stresses, gas-pores, and unmelted powder particles, can degrade the unmatched highest fatigue properties considerably and hence need be eliminated for high fatigue strength. Room temperature, electrochemical corrosion resistances (CRs) of SLM-AS, -SS and -MS in 0.1M NaCl solution were also evaluated and compared with those CM counterparts. While SLM improves CRs of AS and SS, it degrades that of MS. The results are discussed in terms of microstructural refinement and porosity that are common in SLM alloys.

A moldagem de pós por injeção (MPI) foi empregada neste trabalho para a fabricação de micro componentes de uma pinça de biópsia, através do desenvolvimento de misturas injetáveis. Utilizou-se a liga de aço inoxidável AISI 316L, liga reconhecidamente biocompatível, para obtenção dos micro componentes. Determinando a quantidade de 39% em volume para fração orgânica das quatro formulações de misturas injetáveis produzidas neste trabalho. Os polímeros estruturais empregados foram o PP, o PEBDL, o PEAD e o PMMA. Como material auxiliar de fluxo foi utilizada a parafina e para agente surfactante, o ácido esteárico. O desenvolvimento do sistema de extração química do polímero auxiliar de fluxo com solvente e posterior extração térmica do ligante em forno convencional e em um reator a plasma foram testados, ainda se empregou estes para testes em sinterização a temperaturas 1200°C, 1250°C e 1300°C. A extração química foi realizada com hexano atingindo 2,41% em massa de material extraído das amostras, após seis horas em um sistema aquecido entre 60°C e 70°C e uma atmosfera de vácuo. As amostras foram testadas química, física, mecânica e eletroquimicamente. Obteve-se os melhores resultados em termos de densificação de 7,05 g/cm³ para as amostras extraídas a plasma e sinterizadas a 1300 °C à vácuo em forno tubular. Isso significa uma densificação de 88,96% comparada a densidade do material comercial cuja a densidade é 7,93 g/cm³. As microdurezas encontradas nas amostras sinterizadas a 1300 °C em um forno convencional obtiveram valores de 208HV se mostrando maiores do que os 165HV obtido de um material maciço fabricado pelo extrusão e comercialmente vendido. Encontrou-se a dureza de 55HRB nas amostras processadas a 1300 °C, devido a presença de poros em componentes sinterizados. Nos componentes maciços foram medidos a dureza de 88HRB que foi maior que os resultados das amostras sinterizadas. As análises metalográficas mostraram um tamanho de grão variando entre, 30 e 50μm, se comparado ao tamanho de partícula médio do D90 de foi de 8,59 μm, se estima que este aumento foi entorno de três vezes e meia. Os testes químicos revelaram que a extração térmica em reatores a plasma melhoram significativamente os níveis de C, N, H e S quando comparados ao processo de extração térmica em forno convencional. A redução dos níveis de carbono residual, resultaram em diminuição do carboneto de cromo nas amostras, provocando uma menor corrosão. As amostras sinterizadas a 1200 °C a plasma apresentaram os melhores resultados de corrosão. / The powders injection molding (PIM) was used in this research, with objective to manufacture micro component, for application in biopsy forceps being developed injectable mixtures . It was used the powder stainless steel AISI 316L alloy, material biocompatible, to obtain the micro components. Through tests was determining the amount optimal volume in 39 % for the organic fraction of the four formulations of injectable mixtures produced in this research. The structural polymers used were PP , LLDPE , HDPE and PMMA . The paraffin was used as auxiliary material flow, the surfactant agent employed that was stearic acid . The development of chemical debiding and the thermal extraction for binder system, was used the conventional furnace and in a plasma reactor were tested also be employed for these tests sintering temperature 1200 ° C , 1250 °C and 1300 °C. Chemical extraction was performed with hexane achieving 2.41 % by extracted mass of sample material, after six hours in a heated system between 60 °C and 70 °C and a vacuum atmosphere. The samples were tested analysis by chemical , physical , mechanical and electrochemical.If it obtained the best results in terms of densification of 7.05g/cm ³ for plasma samples extracted and sintering at 1300 °C in vacuum tube furnace . This means densification of 88.96 % compared to the density of commercial material whose density is 7.93 g/cm ³ . The microhardness found in the samples sintered at 1300°C in a conventional furnace obtained 208HV microhardness showing larger than the commercial 165HV. Found that the HRB hardness of 55 in the samples processed at 1300 °C, due to the presence of pores in sintered parts. In the extruded components were measured hardness of 88HRB which was higher than the results of the sintered samples. The metallographic analysis showing a grain size ranging between 30 and 50μm , compared to the average particle size D90 was 8,59 microns is estimated that this increase was around three and half times . The chemical tests revealed that the thermal plasma extraction reactor significantly improve the levels of C, N , H and S compared to the process heat extraction in a conventional furnace . The residual carbon levels significantly improved, which helps to avoid the formation of chromium carbides , which aumnetou corrosion resistance . The best results in terms of corrosion were found for the samples sintered at 1200 ° C the plasma.

A moldagem de pós por injeção (MPI) foi empregada neste trabalho para a fabricação de micro componentes de uma pinça de biópsia, através do desenvolvimento de misturas injetáveis. Utilizou-se a liga de aço inoxidável AISI 316L, liga reconhecidamente biocompatível, para obtenção dos micro componentes. Determinando a quantidade de 39% em volume para fração orgânica das quatro formulações de misturas injetáveis produzidas neste trabalho. Os polímeros estruturais empregados foram o PP, o PEBDL, o PEAD e o PMMA. Como material auxiliar de fluxo foi utilizada a parafina e para agente surfactante, o ácido esteárico. O desenvolvimento do sistema de extração química do polímero auxiliar de fluxo com solvente e posterior extração térmica do ligante em forno convencional e em um reator a plasma foram testados, ainda se empregou estes para testes em sinterização a temperaturas 1200°C, 1250°C e 1300°C. A extração química foi realizada com hexano atingindo 2,41% em massa de material extraído das amostras, após seis horas em um sistema aquecido entre 60°C e 70°C e uma atmosfera de vácuo. As amostras foram testadas química, física, mecânica e eletroquimicamente. Obteve-se os melhores resultados em termos de densificação de 7,05 g/cm³ para as amostras extraídas a plasma e sinterizadas a 1300 °C à vácuo em forno tubular. Isso significa uma densificação de 88,96% comparada a densidade do material comercial cuja a densidade é 7,93 g/cm³. As microdurezas encontradas nas amostras sinterizadas a 1300 °C em um forno convencional obtiveram valores de 208HV se mostrando maiores do que os 165HV obtido de um material maciço fabricado pelo extrusão e comercialmente vendido. Encontrou-se a dureza de 55HRB nas amostras processadas a 1300 °C, devido a presença de poros em componentes sinterizados. Nos componentes maciços foram medidos a dureza de 88HRB que foi maior que os resultados das amostras sinterizadas. As análises metalográficas mostraram um tamanho de grão variando entre, 30 e 50μm, se comparado ao tamanho de partícula médio do D90 de foi de 8,59 μm, se estima que este aumento foi entorno de três vezes e meia. Os testes químicos revelaram que a extração térmica em reatores a plasma melhoram significativamente os níveis de C, N, H e S quando comparados ao processo de extração térmica em forno convencional. A redução dos níveis de carbono residual, resultaram em diminuição do carboneto de cromo nas amostras, provocando uma menor corrosão. As amostras sinterizadas a 1200 °C a plasma apresentaram os melhores resultados de corrosão. / The powders injection molding (PIM) was used in this research, with objective to manufacture micro component, for application in biopsy forceps being developed injectable mixtures . It was used the powder stainless steel AISI 316L alloy, material biocompatible, to obtain the micro components. Through tests was determining the amount optimal volume in 39 % for the organic fraction of the four formulations of injectable mixtures produced in this research. The structural polymers used were PP , LLDPE , HDPE and PMMA . The paraffin was used as auxiliary material flow, the surfactant agent employed that was stearic acid . The development of chemical debiding and the thermal extraction for binder system, was used the conventional furnace and in a plasma reactor were tested also be employed for these tests sintering temperature 1200 ° C , 1250 °C and 1300 °C. Chemical extraction was performed with hexane achieving 2.41 % by extracted mass of sample material, after six hours in a heated system between 60 °C and 70 °C and a vacuum atmosphere. The samples were tested analysis by chemical , physical , mechanical and electrochemical.If it obtained the best results in terms of densification of 7.05g/cm ³ for plasma samples extracted and sintering at 1300 °C in vacuum tube furnace . This means densification of 88.96 % compared to the density of commercial material whose density is 7.93 g/cm ³ . The microhardness found in the samples sintered at 1300°C in a conventional furnace obtained 208HV microhardness showing larger than the commercial 165HV. Found that the HRB hardness of 55 in the samples processed at 1300 °C, due to the presence of pores in sintered parts. In the extruded components were measured hardness of 88HRB which was higher than the results of the sintered samples. The metallographic analysis showing a grain size ranging between 30 and 50μm , compared to the average particle size D90 was 8,59 microns is estimated that this increase was around three and half times . The chemical tests revealed that the thermal plasma extraction reactor significantly improve the levels of C, N , H and S compared to the process heat extraction in a conventional furnace . The residual carbon levels significantly improved, which helps to avoid the formation of chromium carbides , which aumnetou corrosion resistance . The best results in terms of corrosion were found for the samples sintered at 1200 ° C the plasma.

Metalurgia do pó é o uso de metais na forma de pó para a manufatura de produtos. Pós metálicos são combinados (misturados) e compactados em um molde. O material compactado recebe um tratamento térmico ou é sinterizado em um ambiente controlado para a união das partículas para formar um produto denso e resistente. Injeção de pós metálicos tem se destacado mundialmente na produção de componentes de pequenas dimensões e formas complexas em substituição a fundição sob pressão e a sinterização convencional. Atualmente a injeção de pós metálicos está se tornando uma opção competitiva relativamente à peças fundidas, forjadas, usinadas e estampadas. O presente trabalho revisa as técnicas de injeção de pós metálicos e aplica o processo de injeção à baixa pressão utilizando pó de aço inoxidável 316L com granulometria fina (15 &#956m). Os produtos injetados, uma vez extraídos o VO e sinterizados, foram submetidos à ensaios de tração, dureza e micrográficos. Os resultados obtidos são apresentados e discutidos. O trabalho, para a sua viabilização, incluiu a reforma de uma injetora de bancada à baixa pressão e a construção de moldes de injeção. / Powder metallurgy is the use of metals in the powder form for the manufacture of products. Metallic powders are combined (mixed) and compacted in a die. The compacted material receives a thermal treatment or it is sintered in an controlled atmosphere for the particle binding to form a dense and resistant product. lnjection of metallic powders has if globally highlighted in the production of components of small dimensions and complex forms in substitution the pressure casting and the conventional sintering. Nowadays the injection of metallic powders is becoming relatively a competitive option than casting, forging, machining and stamping. The present work revises the techniques of injection of metallic powders and it applies the injection process to the low pressure using powder of stainless steel 316L with fine granulation (15 &#956m). The injected products, once debinded and sintered, were submitted to tensile test, hardness and micrography. The results are presented and discussed. In this work, included the reform of a low pressure injection machine and construction of injection dies.

Striving for increased productivity while maintaining hole quality and high process robustness when drilling requires knowledge about the working principles of heat generation, mechanics and a proper cutting fluid that aids in cooling, lubricating and evacuating chips from the cutting zone. If the heat generated in the tool-workpiece and tool-chip interfaces does not exit the cutting zone adequately through the chips, the workpiece material or the redistribution of coolant the hole quality can be impacted negatively and breakdowns may occur which reduces overall productivity. During product testing, a sudden type of drill failure was observed when machining 316L stainless steel. When modifying the coolant design this was avoided which led to the assumption that the failure was caused by a large amount of heat being generated due to poor conductivity in the material combined with insuffcient cooling. However, this theory couldn't be investigated because of a lack of an existing method. To evaluate, three modifications of the CoroDrill 870 with dimensions Ø16mm and length 3xD were designed using Siemens NX 12 to observe whether coolant design choices have a significant impact on heat generation when drilling. To examine this a testing methodology was developed which utilizes IR-thermography and a combination of type K and J thermocouples inserted into the workpiece and onto the back surface, which measures its temperature in the cutting zone. Several tests were conducted with the developed setup to gather a larger data set to reduce impact from random error and to perform further analysis. Although the experiment setup is promising due to being simple and applicable to different materials there are large sources of variation associated with the placement of thermocouples. The results indicate some difference in registered temperature between the modifications however it is diffcult to draw conclusions based on the relatively few trustworthy measurements made. / För att förbättra produktiviteten vid borrning utan att kompromissa på hålkvalité och processäkerhet krävs bakomliggande kunskaper inom områden som, värmebildning, skärförlopp, och kylvätska vilket kyler, smörjer, och transporterar spånor från skärzonen. Om värmen som bildas i ytorna mellan verktyg-ämne och verktyg-spåna inte lämnar skärzonen på ett tillförlitligt sätt genom spånor, ämnet eller genom kylvätskans cirkulation kan hålkvalitén påverkas eller haverier kan orsakas vilket minskar produktivitet. Under en testning som genomfördes där 316L rostfritt stål borrades upptäcktes en ny typ av abrupt brott. När borrens kyllösning modiferades kunde detta fel undvikas varpå man drog slutsatsen att haveriet var en konsekvens av den stora temperaturgradient som bildas då materialets värmeledningsförmåga är relativt dålig. Dessvärre kunde denna teori inte prövas då det saknades en befintlig testmetodik. För att undersöka detta utvecklades tre modifikationer av CoroDrill 870 med dimension Ø16mm och längd 3xD i Siemens NX 12 i syfte att observera huruvida en signifikant temperaturskillnad skulle uppstå. För att utreda detta skapades en testuppställning som kombinerar IR-termografi med termoelement av typ K och typ J, fästa i ämnet respektive påämnets baksida vilket mäter materialets temperatur i skärzon. Ett flertal tester genomfördes med denna uppställning för att samla en större mängd data för fortsatt analys samt för att minska inverkan av slumpmässiga fel.Även om metoden är lovande då den är relativt enkel och tillämpbar på olika material så finns det stora potentiella källor till variation kopplade till mänsklig faktor och placering av termoelement. Resultatet som analyserats antyder att det finns en viss temperaturskillnad mellan modifikationerna men för att göra välgrundade slutsatser skulle fler mätningar behöva genomföras.

In this thesis an investigation of the effect of preload on the fatigue behaviour of additively manufactured (AM) 316L stainless steel parts with less than 5 % porosity, for both horizontal and vertical build direction, is presented. The specimens used were manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) and cut by EDM. Preloads at two different magnitudes were used, below and above the yield strength of the material, and fatigue tests were performed on the specimens with and without the preloads. In addition, microstructural analysis was carried out in order to illustrate/quantify the defects and to realize the corresponding effect of the preload by use of white light interferometry (WLI), SEM and FEM modeling. It was found that the fatigue life and the fatigue limit clearly increase with increasing the preloads in both build directions, although the preload significance might be varied for different directions. This was attributed to the imposed compressive residual stresses and blunting of sharp defects after preloading. / I detta examensarbete presenteras en undersökning på effekten av förbelastning på utmattningsbeteendet hos additivt tillverkade (AM) komponenter av 316L rostfritt stål med mindre än 5 % porositet, för både horisontell och vertikal byggriktning. Provstavarana tillverkades genom selektiv lasersmältning (SLM) och skars ut med trådgnist (EDM). Förspänningar i två olika storlekar användes, under och över materialets sträckgräns, och utmattningstester utfördes på provstavarna med och utan förspänningarna. Dessutom genomfördes mikrostrukturella analyser för att illustrera / kvantifiera defekterna och effekten av förspänningen med användning av vitt ljusinterferometri (WLI), SEM och FEM-modellering. Det visade sig att utmattningslivslängden och utmattningsgränsen tydligt ökar med ökad förspänning i båda byggriktningarna, även om förspänningens betydelse kan variera för olika riktningar. Denna positiva effekt på utmattningen kommer från de kompressiva restspänningarna och avstumpningen av skarpa defekter som uppstår efter förbelastningen.