The figure of the cannibal has been central in the development of European colonial discourses on Latin America. It has functioned as a locus for coming to grips with otherness and as a crucial marker for differentiating between the "civilised" and the "savage" in European discourses. While there is an extensive academic body of work on the figure of the Latin American cannibal in written texts, a study dedicated exclusively to the images of Latin American cannibals is lacking. The present dissertation addresses this gap by looking at the role that printed images of cannibalism played in the construction of European discourses on Latin American otherness during the colonial period of the region (1500-ca. 1750). It focuses on a corpus consisting mainly of woodcuts and copperplates that illustrated the main European travel narratives, New World compendiums, maps and atlases of the period. Centrally, this work proposes that visual representations of the cannibal functioned as discursive sites for the deployment of strategic othering at the service of European colonialism in the Americas. The theoretical framework for this study is based on Foucault's work on discourse and the impact that particular systems of power/knowledge had on the representational regimes of the period. Further theoretical references include postcolonial theory through figures such as Said, Bhabha and Mignolo, as well as current debates on visual culture and visuality. In terms of methodology, the thesis locates the shifts in European forms of discursive othering over time and space by following a Foucauldian method of discourse analysis based on archaeological and genealogical analyses of the corpus. It also addresses the intertextual and interdiscursive threads that connect these printed images of Latin American cannibals to their accompanying texts and surrounding discourses.

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As a societal phenomenon, festivals and planned events are discussed in a wide policy context. They have entered a broader discussion with regard to sustainability in which the factors that contribute to being sustainable are part of a new paradigm of responsibility for festivals and events. Recognition that this includes responsibility for socio-cultural impacts has gained traction in the academic literature. However, only minor attention has been given to the dynamics and competencies affecting the decision making of festivals and events leadership as it influences these. As the needs of festival stakeholder are changing, so too consideration of new competencies and new platforms for transformation are required. This critical appraisal provides a significant consideration of my research in this subject area. At the core of the appraisal are nine peer-reviewed journal papers, two peer-reviewed research book chapters and one peer-reviewed conference paper. These reveal the contribution over the last ten years made to the body of knowledge in the research area of leadership, futures and sustainable development of festivals and events. The pragmatist paradigm that had guided the work, and the integration of research methods germane to the stage of the research cycle and the layering of knowledge is discussed. A principal tenet of the research is creation of knowledge which is both academically rigorous and socially useful. The contribution of my work to knowledge and understanding is established in three key theme areas of festivals and events leadership values and influences; festivals and events context and stakeholders; and festivals and events futures. For both academic and the festival and event providers, practical benefits of extending the capacity of leadership competencies and awareness – and the obstructions to this – are shown, with methodologies for future visioning and future proofing observed and discussed. Limitations of the work and future research proposals conclude the work.

F. Bitter. / "February 1, 1962." "Reprinted from Applied Optics, vol.1, page 1, January 1962." / Army Signal Corps Contract No. W-36-039-sc-78108 Dept. of the Army Task 3-99-20-001 and Project 3-99-00-000.

This thesis uses insight drawn from fieldwork among people developing a civic parade in Manchester over 2011-12 to analyse what happens in the translation of ideas into entities for display. It argues for creativity as an adaptive process, a responsive, dynamic activity manifested by parade makers, as they sought to realise the imagined event. It traces the roles that underpinned parade production and how people made sense and use of allocated responsibilities, while working within and through organisational boundaries. It situates the parade as an ‘art object’ (Gell 1998), constituted of assemblages at different scales (De Landa 2006), each embedded in a web of relationships to show how: a civic attempt to bring a public into being provides insight on the constituting organisational structures; the operational style of the arts organisation commissioned to produce the parade, led to imagining it into existence; and how two community groups responded to the parade parameters according to their own social dynamics. The thesis builds on ethnographic analyses of collaborative activities to consider how organisational shapes combine and how their constitutions substantially affect evolving entities. Situating creativity as an adaptive process separates creative activities from art practices by emphasising how supporting people to respond productively to changing circumstances encourages them to be creative. This thesis makes an original contribution to anthropology by showing through ethnography how creativity is a process, enacted through purposeful adaptation to circumstances in order to realise something tangible. It also encourages the development of a comparative framework for contemplating the extent to which different cultural contexts enable adaptive endeavours.

Au Vietnam, sous l’effet d’une internationalisation de la société, la consommation de vin semble commencer à se substituer à celle d’une partie d’autres boissons alcoolisées. Ce travail explore les motivations et l’appréciation des consommateurs. Dans la première partie, les motivations des consommateurs ont été examinées, en rapport avec les caractéristiques socioculturelles. Pour faire émerger l’impact de l’environnement culturel, nous avons comparé les motivations de la consommation du vin au Vietnam avec celles de la France. Les consommateurs français de vin constituent un exemple de consommateurs « traditionnels ». Six groupes focus ont été conduits pour explorer les motivations au Vietnam et en France. À partir de ces groupes focus, un questionnaire a été élaboré et proposé à 1317 participants dans les deux pays. L’impact de l’environnement culturel et du degré de connaissance du consommateur ont été mis en évidence. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons étudié l’influence des habitudes alimentaires sur les préférences des consommateurs vietnamiens ayant des habitudes alimentaires différentes. Ainsi, dans le Sud, la consommation per capita de sucre est plus importante que dans le Nord. Ces différentes habitudes de consommation entraînent-elles une différence de perception d’intensité et d’appréciation des saveurs sucrée, acide, amère et salée en général et dans le vin en particulier ? Des tests de psycho-physique et de préférences ont été menés pour comparer la perception et l’appréciation des consommateurs de ces deux régions. Nos résultats ont montré que la «fréquence de consommation» a un effet plus important que la «région d’origine» des participants. / Wine consumption in Vietnam has been on the rise for the last few years... Due to westernization and health awareness, consumers living in towns tend to be interested in wine. We are doing research in understanding how such a cultural context affects the motivations for wine drinking and wine appreciation. In the first part, everyday thinking patterns in Vietnam related to wine are explored within the theoretical framework of motivations. We used focus group techniques to explore consumers’ representations of wine and motivations in two cities in Vietnam and compared them with the ones of consumers from France. Based on items generated by focus groups results a questionnaire was then designed and administered among about 1317 Vietnamese and French participants. The effect of culture and the one of consumer’s degree of involvement were discussed. In the second part, the impact of food habits on Vietnamese consumer’s taste preferences were examined in the South and the North of Vietnam. These two regions appear to have different food habits. For example, recent surveys showed that the consumption per capita of sugar in the South is higher than in the North. Do these different food habits lead to differences in liking for a new food or beverage? Do consumers from the South prefer wine to be sweeter than consumers from the North? To address this question, psycho-physique tests and a wine consumer test were conducted in Hochiminh city in the South and Hanoi in the North of Vietnam. Our results suggest that the “frequency of consumption” matters more than the “region of origin” of the participants.

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