Mit 3D-Netzmodellen werden Objekte der materiellen Welt oder unserer Vorstellung computergestützt abgebildet. In digitalen Produktentwicklungsprozessen werden mit ihnen sowohl die Objektgestalt als auch anwendungsspezifische Informationen von Objekten und von Prozessen definiert. Mit flächenhaften Netzen (z. B. Dreiecksnetze) wird die Oberfläche von Objekten in diskreter Form repräsentiert, mit volumenhaften Netzen (z. B. Tetraedernetze) zusätzlich das Objektinnere. 3D-Netzmodelle werden bei der Erzeugung und der Manipulation, der Analyse und der Validierung, in fertigungsvorbereitenden Prozessen sowie zur Präsentation digitaler 3D-Objekte angewandt.

Denna kandidatuppsats utfördes i samarbete med designteam från två svenska konfektionsföretag och riktas mot designteknik inom ämnesområdet textilteknologi. Studien syftar främst till att undersöka likheter och skillnader mellan 3D-avprovning och fysisk avprovning och vilka eventuella fördelar eller risker som 3D-avprovningar i så fall kan medföra i produktutvecklingen. Studien undersöker även, via uppföljningsintervju, designteamens upplevelser av att analysera 3D-avprovningar. Tidigare studier visar att företag i konfektionsbranschen använder 3D-avprovningar som verktyg för att bland annat reducera ledtiden i produktutvecklingen, genom att inte vara bundna till fysiska avprovningar och prototyper. Även om 3D-användning gör tidsbesparing möjlig så har fysisk avprovning en betydande faktor för produktens slutliga komfort och estetik. Respektive designteam, som inte hade erfarenhet av 3D, fick därför analysera och kommentera 5 stycken 3D-simulerade plagg. Dessa kommentarer jämfördes sedan med kommentarer från utförda designteamens fysiska avprovningar. Jämförelsen visade att designteamens önskade justeringar vid 3D-avprovning skulle medföra fler design- och mönsterändringar än vid fysisk avprovning. Detta tyder på att beslut som avgör plaggets passform och design inte bör utföras genom enbart 3D-avprovningar. Inga justeringar utfördes via beslut i 3D, endast fysiska avprovningar har legat som grund för designteamens eventuella vidare produktutveckling av plaggen. Hade designteamen däremot utfört justeringar baserat på 3D-avprovningar, parallellt med ändringar baserat på fysiska avprovningar, hade följande fysiska prototyper troligtvis medfört synliga skillnader i passform och design. Dock visade intervjuer med erfarna användare av 3D, samt uppföljningsintervjuerna med designteamen, att designteam kan använda 3D-teknik som kommunikationsverktyg, i ett tidigt skede i produktutvecklingen. Detta för att verifiera att designteamet har en gemensam uppfattning om plaggets generella utformning. / This bachelor’s thesis is written with a focus on design technology in the field of textile technology and was in a collaboration with design teams from two Swedish clothing companies. The study is primarily aimed to examine similarities and differences between 3D-fitting and physical fitting. The study also investigates what benefits or risks 3D-fitting might result in regarding the garment development. Further, the study examines each of the design team's individual experiences of analyzing 3D-fitting via follow-up interview. Previous studies show that companies in the clothing industry use 3D-fitting as a tool to reduced lead time in garment development, by not being tied to physical fitting and physical prototype. Although 3D use makes time saving possible, physical fitting is a significant factor for the comfort and aesthetics of the final garment. Each design team, having no prior experience in 3D, analyzed and commented on 5 pieces of 3D simulated garments. These comments were then compared with comments from the design teams’ physical fittings. The comparison showed that the design teams desired adjustments in 3D-fitting would result in more design and pattern changes than at the physical fitting. This indicates that decisions that effects deign or fit of the garment should not be performed only by decisions via 3D-fitting. No adjustments where done from decisions in 3D, only the physical fittings have been the basis for the design team's further product development of the garments. However, if the design team had made adjusted based on 3D fittings, in parallel with changes based on physical fittings, the following physical prototypes would likely show visible differences in fit and design. Interviews with experienced users of 3D, and follow-up interviews with the design teams, showed that design teams can use 3D technology as a communication tool, in the early stage of the garment development. This would be to verify that the design team has a common idea of garment's general design and fit.

Change detection is one of the most essential processing steps for monitoring urban and forest areas using remote sensing data. Even though 2D data obtained from satellite images from different dates can already provide plenty of useful information, it is usually insufficient when dealing with changes in the vertical direction. Moreover, if only one class of changes, such as buildings or forest, is of interest, it is often difficult to distinguish between relevant and irrelevant changes. In such cases, the information provided by Digital Surface Models (DSMs) is crucial, as it provides additional height information, which can be indispensable when analyzing changes. This dissertation addresses the challenge of using DSMs generated by satellite stereo images for 3D change detection. DSM generation techniques based on stereo imagery from space have been improved continuously in recent years, enhancing the quality of the generated DSMs considerably. Nevertheless, up to now these DSMs have not been widely adopted for change detection methods. Available 3D change detection approaches prefer LiDAR data, which are more accurate but have the drawback of being more expensive and exhibit a comparatively low temporal repetition rate. The characteristic and quality of DSMs based on satellite stereo imagery have so far hardly been considered within 3D change detection procedures. Therefore, more in-depth investigations concerning the adoption of these DSMs for 3D change detection should be performed. In this dissertation, DSMs based on stereo imagery have been visually and numerically evaluated and subsequently analyzed for various land cover types. Taking into account the quality of DSMs generated with the described methods, three DSM-assisted change detection approaches are developed. The first method, called “DSM-assisted change localization”, describes a robust change difference map generation method followed by DSM denoising. The generated change map is refined using vegetation and shadow masks and finally shape feature are used to consolidate the results through distinguishing relevant from irrelevant objects. Concerning fusion-based change detection, two methods, feature fusion and decision fusion, are proposed. The proposed feature fusion methods make use of the fact that panchromatic images feature much sharper contours than DSMs. To alleviate the shortcomings of the DSMs, the designed region-based change detection framework extracts the original regions from the ortho-images. For this approach, a new robust region-merging strategy is proposed to combine segmentation maps from two dates. Regarding the uncertain information contained in the DSMs and spectral images, a decision fusion method is proposed as the second fusion-based change detection method. The extracted features are classified as change indicators and no-change indicators, while two steps of the Dempster-Shafer fusion model are implemented for the final change detection. Post-classification is a common DSM-assisted change detection method, since the DSM can be very helpful for building extraction. In this third approach, the changed building’s location is obtained by comparing the new building mask with existing (often outdated) building footprint information, e.g. from GIS databases. To extract the boundaries of newly built buildings, a robust building extraction method has been developed by also considering the quality of the DSM. These three approaches are evaluated experimentally using four representative data sets. Quantitative and qualitative experimental results obtained from each data set are analyzed in detail. The experimental results show that all of the proposed approaches are able to determine the change status of the objects of interest. The results achieved vary according to the DSM quality, the object of interest and the test area. Furthermore, it is shown experimentally that, by making proper use of DSMs in complex decision frameworks, both the efficiency and the accuracy of the change detection are improve in comparison to 2D change detection approaches. In addition, the developed approaches enable the rapid localization of changes concerning objects of interest, such as buildings and forest, which is valuable for many applications such as fast response systems after earthquake or other disasters.

The most important rights, which state such a balance between these two parties, are the rights of intellectual property. Thus, an important question is to what extent 3D-printing conflicts with intellectual property rights. In general, intellectual property balances the rights between the owners of genuine products and their use through third parties. On the one hand the intellectual property rights give exclusive rights to the genuine owners, on the other hand they give as well some important exceptions for the use of third parts material. Hence, the purpose of this work is to examine, which intellectual property rights are affected by the production of a 3D-printed object. In each of the following chapters I will look at the different categories of intellectual property rights. I will examine in how far the creators of a CAD, the uploaders who upload a CAD on a website for a free or commercial download, the website owners who facilitate that uploads and the printers, whether private or with a commercial purpose, may be in conflict with any intellectual property rights. The most important intellectual property rights, which could be affected, are copyright, patents, registered designs, trade marks and passing off. For the present investigation it will be necessary to have a closer look at the different steps of the developing process of a 3D-printed product. More precisely, we have to differentiate between the creation of the CAD, the uploading of a CAD and finally the home-printing or the printing on demand through a specialised company. The aim of this work is to show how these single steps conflict with intellectual property rights and how the different actors in this process are liable for any infringing activity and in how far their activity is covered by any exception. Furthermore, we will also examine whether current legislation and jurisdiction appropriately address issues brought about by this new technology. Because of the reason, that the issue of 3D-printing in relation to intellectual property is quite a new one, this work will occasionally have a look abroad to other jurisdiction how they already dealt with similar problems. With this in mind, especially the US, European and German jurisdiction and laws will be regarded.

Les avancées dans le domaine des NUIs (interfaces utilisateur naturelles) permettent aux concepteurs de développer de nouvelles techniques efficaces et faciles à utiliser pour l'interaction 3D. Dans ce contexte, les interfaces mobiles attirent beaucoup d'attention sur la conception de techniques d'interaction 3D pour une utilisation ubiquitaire. Nos travaux de recherche se focalisent sur la proposition de nouvelles techniques d’interaction pour faciliter la sélection et la manipulation d'objets dans des environnements virtuels s’exécutant sur des interfaces mobiles. En effet, l'efficacité et la précision de la sélection des l'objets sont fortement affectés par la taille de la cible et la densité de l’environnement virtuel. Pour surmonter le problème d'occlusion du bout des doigts sur les Smartphones, nous avons conçu deux techniques de sélection reposant sur le toucher. Nous avons également conçu deux techniques hybrides à main levée pour la sélection à distance de petits objets. Pour effectuer une manipulation d’objets contraints sur les Tablet-PC, nous avons proposé une technique bimanuelle basée sur un modèle asymétrique. Les deux mains peuvent être utilisés en collaboration, afin de spécifier la contrainte, déterminer le mode de manipulation et de contrôler la transformation. Nous avons également proposé deux autres techniques de manipulation à une seule main en utilisant les points de contacts identifiés. Les évaluations de nos techniques démontrent qu'ils peuvent améliorer l'expérience des interactions utilisateurs sur des interfaces mobiles. Nos résultats permettent aussi de donner quelques lignes directrices pour améliorer la conception de techniques d'interactions 3D sur des interfaces mobiles. / The advances in the field of NUIs (Natural User Interfaces) can provide more and more guidelines for designers to develop efficient and easy-to-use techniques for 3D interaction. In this context, mobile devices attract much attention to design 3D interaction techniques for ubiquitous usage. Our research work focuses on proposing new techniques to facilitate object selection and manipulation in virtual environments on mobile devices. Indeed, the efficiency and accuracy of object selection are highly affected by the target size and the cluster density. To overcome the fingertip occlusion issue on Smartphones, we have designed two touch-based selection techniques. We have also designed two freehand hybrid techniques for selection of small objects displayed at a distance. To perform constrained manipulation on Tablet-PCs, we have proposed a bimanual technique based on the asymmetrical model. Both hands can be used in collaboration, in order to specify the constraint, determine the manipulation mode, and control the transformation. We have also proposed two other single-hand manipulation techniques using identified touch inputs. The evaluations of our techniques demonstrate that they can improve the users’ interaction experience on mobile devices. Our results permit also to give some guidelines to improve the design of 3D interactions techniques on mobile devices.

The object of this diploma thesis is surveying and creation of 3D model of the church of st. Peter of Alcantara in Karviná. In the introduction this thesis is focused on history and localization of the church. In the next part is a description of data collection, computational work and graphic processing. The final results of the thesis are the wired model, which is created in MicroStation PowerDraft V8i, and the textured 3D model made in AutoCAD 2018.

It is a high demand of land in the society today, especially in urbanized areas. Values of land are increasing, and the cities get more complex constructions and relations between ownership.Since the 1st of January 2004 it is possible to form real properties that are limited both horizontally and vertically. This is called three-dimensional real properties a property spaces and is defined in the Swedish Land Code and the Real Property Act. The purpose is to separate land and buildings with different functions on different levels to achieve a more efficient use of land.The aim in this thesis is to investigate current legislation and recommendations for presentation of 3D real properties and their rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) and how these are presented in cadastral dossiers today. Further, the thesis addresses the question of how a 3D cadastral model should be visualized, which level of detail should be implemented in the model and which input data is required. The thesis has been conducted by studying literature, documents and laws, creating a 3D model and by study and evaluate cadastral dossiers for 3D property formation.The current legislation for property formation declares that if a property boundary cannot be marked in the ground, it should be presented by “enough accuracy” in maps and drawings. As a complement to this there are also a textual description of the vertical and horizontal extent of the property. The results of the study show that the intelligibility of the 3D extension in cadastral dossiers for 3D property formation can be improved. One way to improve this is to use standardized 3D models which can make it easier to interpret the relations between real property boundaries, RRRs, the construction and other features of interest. But to create a 3D model that presents the accurate cadastral relationships can be very time consuming and requires a lot of data. To solve this, a concept for standardized 3D models in three levels of detail is proposed. The concept covers a general, schematic and detailed model. The models require different types and amount of data and need different amount of work to create. A general visualization concept for these models are also proposed.A conclusion that can be drawn, is that standards and requirements for presentation of the extent of 3D real properties and RRRs is are missing today. It is hard to interpret the legal situation in current cadastral dossiers for 3D property formation, if this could be presented in a better way it could lead to more efficient processes and better understanding by both professionals and laymen. Another conclusion is that how 3D real properties and RRRs are formed varies a lot, from simple volumes to more complex situation related to construction details. This makes it hard to create one type of 3D cadastral model that covers all types of 3D real property situations. / Efterfrågan på mark är hög i samhället idag, speciellt i urbaniserade områden. Som en följd av att värdet på mark stiger skapas allt mer komplexa byggnader, konstruktioner och ägandeförhållanden i städerna. Sedan den 1a januari 2004 är det möjligt att bilda 3D-fastigheter i Sverige, dessa har både en horisontal och vertikal avgränsning. Definitionen av vad en 3D-fastighet är och hur den bildas är beskrivit i Jordabalken och Fastighetsbildningslagen. Syftet med att införa möjligheten för 3D fastighetsbildning var att separera mark och byggnader med olika funktioner för att effektivisera markanvändningen.Målet med det här arbetet är att undersöka gällande lagstiftning och rekommendationer för redovisning av 3D-fastigheter och deras rättigheter, skyldigheter och ansvar samt hur dessa är redovisade i dagens förrättningsakter. Vidare så undersöks det hur en fastighetsmodell i 3D skulle kunna visualiseras, vilken detaljeringsnivå modellen bör ha samt vilka data som krävs för att skapa modellen. För att svara på frågeställningarna har en litteraturstudie genomförts där tidigare studier, lagar, rekommendationer och dokument har studerats. Det har också genomförts en analys och utvärdering av ett antal existerande förrättningsakter som behandlare 3D fastighetsbildning. Utöver detta har en fastighetsmodell i 3D skapats.Den gällande lagstiftningen för fastighetsbildning slår fast att om en fastighetsgräns inte kan markeras på marken så måste den presenteras med tillräcklignoggrannhet i kartor och ritningar i en förrättningsakt. Detta underlag kompletteras också med en text som beskriver horisontell och vertikal utbredning verbalt. Resultatet av studien visar att det finns mycket förbättringspotential för redovisning av 3D fastighetsbildning i förrättningsakter. Ett sätt att förbättra detta är genom att använda standardiserade 3D modeller vilket kan göra det lättare att tolka förhållanden mellan fastighetsgränser, rättigheter, byggnader och andra anläggningar som kan vara av intresse. Men att skapa en 3D modell som redovisar det exakta rättsliga förhållandena kan vara väldigt tidskrävande och sätter höga krav på tillgängliga data. För att lösa detta har ett koncept för 3D fastighetsmodeller i tre olika detaljeringsnivåer tagits fram. Konceptet innefattar en generell, en schematisk och en detaljerad modell. Modellerna kräver olika mycket data och arbetstid för att skapa. Ett generellt visualiseringskoncept är också förslaget som för modellerna.Slutsatserna som kom fram under arbetets gång är att tydliga standarder och kravställningar för hur utbredning av 3D-fastigheter och rättigheter redovisas saknas idag. Det är svårt att tolka de rättsliga förhållandena i förrättningsakter för 3D fastighetsbildning. Bättre och mer entydiga redovisningar av fastighetsinformation i 3D skulle kunna leda till mer effektiva processer och bättre förståelse från både fackmän och lekmän. En annan slutsats är att hur fastighetsförrättningar för 3D fastigheter och dess rättigheter är utformade idag varierar mycket; allt från simpla volymer till mer komplexa situationer i relation till konstruktionsdetaljer. Detta gör det svårt att skapa en typ av 3D-fastighetsmodell som fungerar bra för alla typer av 3D fastighetsbildningar.

Le cancer du col de l’utérus, le quatrième cancer le plus répandu chez la femme, affecte principalement les régions à faible et moyen revenu. Alors que les taux d’incidence et de mortalité sont les plus élevés dans les pays en développement, l’accessibilité aux systèmes de dépistage et traitement y est limitée. La curiethérapie (BT) à haut débit de dose (HDR) fait partie du traitement standard recommandé pour les cancers du col de l’utérus en stade localement avancé IIIB-IVA. Les applicateurs commerciaux pour les traitements de BT combinés intracavitaire et interstitiel (IC/IS) sont très chers et n’offrent que des positions et orientations fixes pour les aiguilles IS. L’applicateur à demi anneaux Montréal (MSR) propose la modification d’un applicateur IC commercial par l’ajout de capuchons Adaptiiv, imprimés 3D à faible coût avec la technologie de photopolymérisation (SLA) en résine stérilisable et biocompatible, permettant l’intégration et l’optimisation d’un maximum de 10 trajectoires IS. Dans cette étude, une nouvelle génération de capuchons réduit le diamètre de l’applicateur MSR d’au plus 8.4 mm et introduit quatre positions d’aiguilles IS additionnelles à l’intérieur du demi anneau (SR), deux positions par SR. Ces capuchons sont imprimés avec la résine BioMed Clear sur l’imprimante SLA Form3B (Formlabs Inc., Massachusetts, États-Unis) et accommodent des angles d’aiguilles IS allant jusqu’à 45°. Les erreurs sur les trajectoires des aiguilles IS de l’applicateur MSR avec les nouveaux capuchons sont évaluées dans un fantôme gynécologique (GYN), développé dans le cadre de ce projet, et comparées dans une analyse statistique aux performances de l’applicateur Venezia (Elekta, Stockholm, Suède). Le fantôme GYN développé comprend une masse implantable en silicone, dont la texture est optimisée avec l’expérience clinique de deux radio-oncologistes spécialisées en BT GYN pour simuler l’insertion d’implants cliniques, pouvant supporter un grand nombre d’aiguilles IS. L’étude sur ce fantôme a démontré que la performance de l’un des capuchons de la nouvelle génération ne présente pas de différence statistiquement et cliniquement significative avec l’applicateur Venezia. Les performances de ce capuchon sont reproductibles dans les différents milieux en silicone et en utilisant différents types d’aiguilles IS. / Cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer in women, mainly affects low- and middleincome regions. While incidence and mortality rates are highest in developing countries, the accessibility to screening and treatments is limited in those regions. High dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy (BT) is part of the standard of care recommended for locally advanced cervical cancer. Commercial applicators for combined intracavitary-interstitial (IC/IS) BT treatments are very expensive and only offer fixed IS needle positions and orientations. The Montreal split ring (MSR) applicator modifies the CT/MR split-ring IC applicator by the addition of Adaptiiv caps, 3D printed at low cost with stereolithography apparatus (SLA) technology in biocompatible and sterilizable resin in order to allow integration and optimization of up to 10 IS trajectories. In this study, a new generation of caps reduces the diameter of the MSR applicator by at most 8.4 mm and introduces four additional IS needle positions inside the split ring (SR), two positions per SR. These caps are 3D printed using BioMed Clear resin on the Form3B (Formlabs Inc., Massachusetts, USA) SLA printer and accommodate up to 45° IS needle angles. The errors on the IS needle trajectories of the MSR applicator with the new caps are evaluated in a gynecological (GYN) phantom, developed within the framework of this project, and compared in a statistical analysis to the performance of the Venezia applicator (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden). The developed GYN phantom includes an implantable silicone structure, optimized according to the feedback of two radiation oncologists specialized in GYN BT to simulate clinical implants insertion, which can support a large number of IS needles. The study on this phantom showed that the performance of one of the caps from the new generation does not present a statistically and clinically significant difference with the Venezia applicator. The performance of this cap is reproducible in different silicone media and using different IS needle types.

Die hier gezeigte Skulptur als Minimodel aus dem 3D-Drucker (aus Polyamid, im Maßstab 1 : 20) ist eine freie Fantasie innerhalb einer Werkserie über mögliche Objekte, die ich NOBJECTS nenne. Diese wechseln zwischen geo-, bio- und technomorpher Gestaltung. In diesem konkreten Beispiel habe ich unter Nutzung der 3D-Gestaltungssoftware “Zbrush“ das skulpturale Objekt aus einem schlichten Quadrat abgeleitet, aus dem ein Obelisk als tragende Säule hervorwächst, die in die vier Himmelrichtungen weist.

In this thesis, a 3-D vision system is established to conduct the real-time measurement task for intelligent-open-die forging center. This system consists of a CCD camera, a slit alaser projector and a Kawasaki JS 6-axis robot all interfaced to a PC for image processing. The linear structured light technique is employed for data acquisition. An optical filtering algorithm for laser stripe segmentation is developed to locate the stripe peak positions to sub-pixel accuracy. A new calibration method is proposed to determine the mapping correspondence from 2-D image pixels to 3-D reference points. A cylindrical scanning scheme is applied to gather data about the 3-D shape of parts, so that the overlap problem is easily avoided. Finally, the cross-section at any place along the height of a workpiece is reconstructed so as to detect shape error for adaptive control of automated open-die forging. This vision system is low-cost, accurate and reliable. A cylinder shape has been successfully reconstructed and measured with it. The experimental results illustrating its performance are reported and discussed. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)