Paralleling with development of computer technology, Computer-Aided Design (CAD) has been researched and introduced into industry since the 1960s. Until the mid-1980s, CAD means Computer-Aided Drafting in architectural field because the majority of practicing architects originally used computer as an electronic drafting tool to produce construction drawings. However, now computer 3D visualization technology as a design aided tool is impacting the architectural design process. In this research, a review of architectural representation in the early design phases is given. Additionally, a literature review of CAD development is presented as well. As a focus of this research, computer 3D visualization technology has been researched as a design aid. The emerging use of computer 3D visualization technology in some educational settings is also reviewed. Within this research, three Case Studies are presented to provide insights of how computer 3D visualization technology may impact architectural design process, design service quality, and client-architect?s relationship.

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archives@tulane.edu / For decades, histopathology and cytology have provided the reference standard for cancer diagnosis, prognosis prediction and treatment decisions. However, they are limited to 2D slices, which are created via cutting and/or smearing, thus not faithfully representing the true 3D structures of the cellular or tissue material. Multiple imaging methods have been utilized for non-destructive histologic imaging of tissues, but are usually limited by varying combinations of low resolution, low penetration depth, or a relatively slow imaging speed, and all suffer from anisotropic resolution, which could distort 3D tissue architectural renderings and thus hinder new work to analyze and quantify 3D tissue microarchitecture. Therefore, there is a clear need for a non-destructive imaging tool that can accurately represent the 3D structures of the tissue or cellular architecture, with comparable qualities and features as traditional histopathology. In this work, dual-view inverted selective plane illumination microscopy (diSPIM) has been customized and optimized for fast, 3D imaging of large biospecimens. Imaging contrast of highly scattering samples has been further improved by adding confocal detection and/or structured illumination (SI) as additional optional imaging modes. A pipeline of dual-view imaging and processing has also been developed to achieve more isotropic 3D resolution, specifically on DRAQ5 and eosin (D&E) stained large (millimeter to centimeter size) biopsies. To determine the impact of 3D, high-resolution imaging on clinical diagnostic endpoints, multiple prostate cancer (PCa) biopsies have been collected, imaged with diSPIM, and evaluated by pathologists. It has been found that the pathologist is “equally” confident on the PCa diagnosis from viewing 3D volumes and 2D slices, and the diagnostic agreement between 3D volumes is significantly higher than 2D slices. The high-resolution and large-volume coverage of diSPIM may also help verify results from other lower-resolution modalities by serving as a 3D histology surrogate. Tissue correlations have been found between images acquired by diSPIM and photo-acoustic imaging, or by diSPIM and biodynamic imaging, proving diSPIM as a useful tool to aid in validation of lower-resolution imaging tools. The potential of diSPIM imaging has also been demonstrated in other applications, such as in the study of in-vitro neural models. / 1 / Bihe Hu

Knowledge of the three dimensional shape of the human foot is important in the design of shoes to facilitate correct fit. Currently only the static shape of the foot is considered despite the fact that the foot undergoes changes in its shape, particularly in athletic pursuits, due to associated movements and loadings. Attempts, presented in research, have been made to measure dynamic foot shape. However, to date, measurements have been limited in detail as well as restricted to walking gait, as a result of the method. The work of this thesis aimed to develop a methodology that would be capable of measuring the three dimensional shape of the human foot during the stance phase of gait, in locomotion speeds associated with running.

The utilisation of 3D digitisation and visualisation has grown considerably since 2008 and is becoming an increasingly useful tool for the digital documentation and metric analysis of archaeological artefacts and skeletal remains. It provides public access to rare and fragile specimens of palaeontological and palaeopathological importance whilst reducing the physical impact on these remains. Research in engineering and computer vision provides some insight into the impact of surface properties such as colour, specularity, reflectance and shape on the quality of the recorded 3D image, but within the archaeological and palaeontological disciplines comparable work has not yet been developed. If archaeology and anthropology are to provide long term reliable data from archaeological and palaeontological specimens in a way that doesn’t require repeated re-digitisation, we need to understand the impacts that the taphonomic histories of such samples have on our ability to 3D record them. Understanding the relationship of these taphonomic histories and the surface and optical properties will promote informed choices about the suitability of recording techniques. This thesis considers the taphonomic processes that affect the preservation of bone over archaeological, forensic and palaeontological timescales and the effect this has on the quality of 3D digital models. The digital refit of fragmentary bone samples is considered in relation to the effect of taphonomic alterations to bone. Conclusions regarding the key taphonomic factors and 3D digital model quality are drawn and areas of further work are identified.

The utilisation of 3D digitisation and visualisation has grown considerably since 2008 and is becoming an increasingly useful tool for the digital documentation and metric analysis of archaeological artefacts and skeletal remains. It provides public access to rare and fragile specimens of palaeontological and palaeopathological importance whilst reducing the physical impact on these remains. Research in engineering and computer vision provides some insight into the impact of surface properties such as colour, specularity, reflectance and shape on the quality of the recorded 3D image, but within the archaeological and palaeontological disciplines comparable work has not yet been developed. If archaeology and anthropology are to provide long term reliable data from archaeological and palaeontological specimens in a way that doesn’t require repeated re-digitisation, we need to understand the impacts that the taphonomic histories of such samples have on our ability to 3D record them. Understanding the relationship of these taphonomic histories and the surface and optical properties will promote informed choices about the suitability of recording techniques. This thesis considers the taphonomic processes that affect the preservation of bone over archaeological, forensic and palaeontological timescales and the effect this has on the quality of 3D digital models. The digital refit of fragmentary bone samples is considered in relation to the effect of taphonomic alterations to bone. Conclusions regarding the key taphonomic factors and 3D digital model quality are drawn and areas of further work are identified. / Arts and Humanities Research Council

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T20:07:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 29 / Nenhuma,Comunidade Virtual de Aprendizagem da Rede de Instituições Católicas de Ensino Superior / Esta dissertação consiste no estudo teórico embasado, principalmente, na Teoria da Biologia do Conhecer da autoria de Humberto Maturana na articulação com o viver e conviver no Metaverso Second Life, tanto dos sujeitos que compõe a amostra da pesquisa quanto da própria pesquisadora. Deste modo, foram realizadas observações no contexto de dois processos formativos desenvolvidos pelo Grupo de Pesquisa em Educação Digital GPe-du UNISINOS/CNPq para a Rede de Instituições Católicas de Ensino Superior – RICESU, o desenvolvimento de uma atividade complementar intitulada “Educação Online em Mundos Digitais Virtuais em 3D – MDV3D: possibilidade ou realidade?” no contexto do Programa de Aprendizagem “Ensino e Aprendizagem no Mundo Educação Digital” parte do currículo do curso de Pedagogia da UNISINOS e a aplicação de questionários, bem como entrevistas com os sujeitos dos diferentes domínios investigativos que compõe a pesquisa. O foco principal da investigação foi compreender de que forma a (re)criação(?) de identidad / This dissertation is a theoretical study chiefly based on Humberto Maturana’s Biology of Knowledge in linking with living in and living with Second Life metaverse by both subjects in the research sample and the very researcher. Thus, we have observed two formative processes the Digital Education Research Group GPe-du UNISINOS/CNPq developed for the Catholic Network of Higher Education Institutions (RICESU): first the development of a complementary activity entitled ‘Online Education in 3D Digital-Virtual Worlds — MDV3: possibility or reality’ in the Learning Programme ‘Teaching and Learning in the Digital Education World’, which is part of the Pedagogy course at UNISINOS; and last but not least, administering questionnaires and interviews with subjects in different investigating areas making up the research. The central focus for the investigation was to understand how (re)creating (?) digital-virtual identities for interaction in Three-Dimensional Digital-Virtual Worlds might help to ameliorate paradigms as

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-26T13:50:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LisianeMachado.pdf: 2700271 bytes, checksum: daa16317d86ca19329e47209f7d8c6a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-26T13:50:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LisianeMachado.pdf: 2700271 bytes, checksum: daa16317d86ca19329e47209f7d8c6a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O estudo teve como objetivo identificar se, e de que modo, os mundos virtuais tridimensionais (MDV3D) podem ser utilizados como um ambiente para o desenvolvimento de competências interculturais no Ensino de Pós-graduação stricto sensu. O método de pesquisa empregado foi o Design Research, usado para criar um artefato no formato de um método de capacitação para o desenvolvimento de competência intercultural, consistindo em um conjunto de atividades para a promoção de um Intercâmbio Intercultural Digital Virtual no MDV3D Second Life, com alunos do Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa - ISEG, de Portugal, e os alunos Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos - UNISINOS, do Brasil, matriculados em diferentes cursos de Mestrado O artefato (método) desenvolvido era composto por instrumentos de diagnóstico, ambientes modelados no MDV3D Second Life, treinamento para o uso do MDV3D, atividades de intercâmbio (encontro geral de abertura do intercâmbio, reuniões em grupo, palestra e encontro geral de encerramento das atividade do intercâmbio) e avaliação final. Para avaliar o processo de desenvolvimento de competências interculturais no MDV3D, adotou-se instrumentos de autoavaliação (aplicados antes e após o Intercâmbio Digital Virtual), questionários e também a Técnica de Incidentes Críticos para selecionar, com base na observação direta (filmagens), situações e acontecimentos em que foi possível identificar evidências do desenvolvimento de competências interculturais. Os principais resultados indicam que os MDV3D podem ser utilizados como um ambiente para o desenvolvimento da competência intercultural, especialmente devido às affordances de interação social, produção de conteúdo e compartilhamento de conhecimento. Os alunos envolvidos no Intercâmbio Intercultural Digital Virtual dentro do SL tiveram que praticar um conjunto de atitudes e habilidades, tais como habilidades comunicacionais; conhecimento de especificidades culturais; compreender a visão de mundo de outras pessoas; habilidades para analisar, avaliar e relacionar-se; habilidades para ouvir, observar e interpretar; respeito, abertura; tolerância a ambiguidades, entre outros, que são todos atributos da competência intercultural. / The study is aimed to identify whether and how the tridimensional digital virtual world (3DDVW) could be used as an environment for development of intercultural competences in the Post Graduate Programs. We used Design Research as a research method to create an artifact, in the format of a method of capacitation for the development of intercultural competences, composed by several activities during one Intercultural Digital Virtual Internship in 3DDVW Second Life, with students from The Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa – ISEG, in Portugal, and the Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos – UNISINOS, in Brazil, who were registered in different master courses. The artifact (method) developed was based on diagnostical instruments, shaped environments in the 3DDVW Second Life, training for the usage of 3DDVW, internship activities (opening meetings, group meetings, lecture and closing meetings) and final evaluation. In order to evaluate the process of development of intercultural competences in the 3DVW, we adopted self assessment instruments (applied before and after the virtual exchange), questionnaires, and also the Critical Incidents Technique to select, based on direct observation (video recording), situations and events where it was possible to identify evidences of intercultural competence development. The main results indicate that the 3DVW can be used as an environment for the development of intercultural competence especially due to the affordances of social interaction, content production and knowledge sharing. The students involved in the virtual exchange inside Second Life had to practice a set of attitudes and skills such as communication skills; culturespecific knowledge; understanding others' worldviews; skills to analyze, evaluate, and relate; skills to listen, observe and interpret; respect; openness; tolerance for ambiguity, among other, that are all attributes of intercultural competence.

Complex 3D digital objects are used in many domains such as animation films, scientific visualization, medical imaging and computer vision. These objects are usually represented by triangular meshes with many triangles. The simplification of those objects in order to keep them as close as possible to the original has received a lot of attention in the recent years. In this context, we propose a simplification algorithm which is focused on the accuracy of the simplifications. The mesh simplification uses edges collapses with vertex relocation by minimizing an error metric. Accuracy is obtained with the two error metrics we use: the Accurate Measure of Quadratic Error (AMQE) and the Symmetric Measure of Quadratic Error (SMQE). AMQE is computed as the weighted sum of squared distances between the simplified mesh and the original one. Accuracy of the measure of the geometric deviation introduced in the mesh by an edge collapse is given by the distances between surfaces. The distances are computed in between sample points of the simplified mesh and the faces of the original one. SMQE is similar to the AMQE method but computed in the both, direct and reverse directions, i.e. simplified to original and original to simplified meshes. The SMQE approach is computationnaly more expensive than the AMQE but the advantage of computing the AMQE in a reverse fashion results in the preservation of boundaries, sharp features and isolated regions of the mesh. For both measures we obtain better results than methods proposed in the literature.

La question de l’incertitude dans la représentation de l’architecture n’est pas nouvelle. Des figurations anciennes montrent des différences de traitement des structures existantes et des éléments disparus. L'émergence des outils numériques et l’utilisation de la 3D en archéologie du bâti depuis 1990 ont offert aux archéologues de nouvelles possibilités de représentation de l’incertitude. Mais les restitutions 3D n’expriment pas toujours l’authenticité historique. Des règles ont été écrites, fondées sur la transparence et la traçabilité du processus d’étude et de construction de la représentation 3D. Les recherches dans ce domaine ont porté sur l'expression et la perception de l’incertitude avec, notamment, le développement de dispositifs visuels qui traduisent l’état des connaissances. Qu’il s’agisse de systèmes d’informations liant représentations 3D et sources documentaires ou de l’application de variables visuelles aux représentations, les propositions apportent des réponses étudiées dans ce travail de thèse. Certaines approches ont été appliquées à la chartreuse de Villeneuve lez Avignon (Gard) et l’abbaye Saint-Michel de Cuxa (Pyrénées-Orientales). A partir des sources documentaires, études archéologiques et relevés numériques, des modèles 3D ont été construits. Nos recherches nous ont poussées à nous interroger sur les incertitudes de ces informations et sur les moyens de les visualiser. Les approches et méthodologies mises en place dans cette thèse soulignent le caractère pluridisciplinaire du travail, mêlant connaissances archéologiques et exploitation des instruments numériques pour l’acquisition, le traitement et la visualisation des données en 3D. / The item of uncertainty into the architecture representation is not new. The ancient figurations showed differences in visual processing between existing structures and missing elements. Since the 1990’s, the emergence of digital tools and the use of 3D in virtual archaeology have offered to the archaeologists new possibilities to represent the uncertainty. But the 3D restitution is not always express the historical authenticity. This is in this context that rules were written, based on the transparency and the traceability of the process of study and the construction the three-dimensional representation. Researches in the domain of the uncertainty representation have concerned the modalities of expression and perception of the uncertainty with, especially, the development of devices able to translate the state of the knowledge. Whether information systems linking 3D representations and documentary sources or application of visual variables, the different propositions on the definition of uncertainty and its representation modes allowed to experiment some of these approaches to the charterhouse of Villeneuve lez Avignon (Gard, France) and the benedictin abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa (Pyrénées-Orientales, France). From the documentary sources, archaeological studies and digital data, 3D models have been built. But our researches led us to think about the uncertainties of those information and on ways to visualize them.The approaches and methodologies produced in this thesis underline the multidisciplinary of the work, mixing archaeological knowledge and the exploitation of the digital instruments for the acquisition, the treatment and the visualization of data in 3D.