For cycling to be attractive, the infrastructure must be of high quality. Due to the high level of resources required to record it locally, the available data on the volume of cycling traffic has to date been patchy. At the moment, the most reliable and usable numbers seem to be derived from permanently installed automatic cycling traffic counters, already used by many local authorities. One disadvantage of these is that the number of data collection points is generally far too low to cover the entirety of a city or other municipality in a way that achieves truly meaningful results. The effect of side roads on cycling traffic is therefore only incompletely assessed. Furthermore, there is usually no data at all on other parameters, such as waiting times, route choices and cyclists’ speed. This gap might in future be filled by methods such as GPS route data, as is now possible by today’s widespread use of smartphones and the relevant tracking apps. The results of the project presented in this guide have been supported by the BMVI [Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure] within the framework of its 2020 National Cycling Plan. This research project seeks to investigate the usability of user data generated using a smartphone app for bicycle traffic planning by local authorities. In summary, it can be stated that, taking into account the factors described in this guide, GPS data are usable for bicycle traffic planning within certain limitations. (The GPS data evaluated in this case were provided by Strava Inc.) Nowadays it is already possible to assess where, when and how cyclists are moving around across the entire network. The data generated by the smartphone app could be most useful to local authorities as a supplement to existing permanent traffic counters. However, there are a few aspects that need to be considered when evaluating and interpreting the data, such as the rather fitness-oriented context of the routes surveyed in the examples examined. Moreover, some of the data is still provided as database or GIS files, although some online templates that are easier to use are being set up, and some can already be used in a basic initial form. This means that evaluation and interpretation still require specialist expertise as well as human resources. However, the need for these is expected to reduce in the future with the further development of web interfaces and supporting evaluation templates. For this to work, developers need to collaborate with local authorities to work out what parameters are needed as well as the most suitable formats. This research project carried out an approach to extrapolating cycling traffic volumes from random samples of GPS data over the whole network. This was also successfully verified in another municipality. Further research is still nevertheless required in the future, as well as adaptation to the needs of different localities. Evidence for the usability of GPS data in practice still needs to be acquired in the near future. The cities of Dresden, Leipzig and Mainz could be taken as examples for this, as they have all already taken their first steps in the use of GPS data in planning for and supporting cycling. These steps make sense in the light of the increasing digitisation of traffic and transport and the growing amount of data available as a result – despite the limitations on these data to date – so that administrative bodies can start early in building up the appropriate skills among their staff. The use of GPS data would yield benefits for bicycle traffic planning in the long run. In addition, the active involvement of cyclists opens up new possibilities in communication and citizen participation – even without requiring specialist knowledge. This guide delivers a practical introduction to the topic, giving a comprehensive overview of the opportunities, obstacles and potential offered by GPS data.

Fatigue is one of the critical design aspects with immense significance where thefatigue life of a material can be stated as the number of cycles that a componentcan withstand under a particular type of loading without failure. The design processhas to include fatigue analysis in order to predict failure due to fatigue. This helpsin maintenance and servicing of a component reducing the chance of failure duringoperation of the component. Increased efficiency of predictive maintenance improvesthe life of the component.This thesis aims to study the relationship between the experimental, analytical andnumerical solutions of two high strength aluminium alloys and one steel alloy fortheir life in aircraft applications covering the effects of geometrical irregularities. Italso aims to answer convergence between the numerical and the analytical methodwhen compared with each other. The simulations are carried out for three materialsamong many used in aircraft and industrial applications (Al 7050-T7451, Al 7075-T6 and AISI 4340 Steel) for a pre-defined set of geometries. The stress field andthe stress concentration factor variations are also studied to identify their effects onfatigue life.The results from this work forms a strong background for the future research alongside SAAB or any other industries using these materials for their structures to findout the failure or predicting it accurately. Also, integral structures can be analysedin detail using this thesis as a base.

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