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Driven by the need to inform evidence-based intervention strategies for performance and health promotion in esports, this thesis aimed to provide a starting point for future research on esports and, in particular, psychophysiological stress in esports. To this end, this work began by addressing why and how sport and exercise psychology could research esports. Following this, a systematic review of the literature on stress in non-competitive and competitive esports was performed. The results indicated that playing esports in competitive settings–in contrast to non-competitive settings–seems to be related to psychophysiological stress responses, and also highlighted a number of theoretical and methodological limitations with research in this area. To build on this initial understanding of stress in esports, a qualitative study was conducted that explored the subjective experiences of professional players. Here, a variety of stressors, perceived stress responses, and coping strategies were identified. To complete the work, a different perspective and approach was taken, using an online questionnaire to investigate perceived performance factors and stress management strategies utilized by sport psychologists and performance coaches in esports. Overall, this work provided a number of implications for future research and applied practice that are addressed in this thesis.:Table of Content Abstract I Zusammenfassung II General Comments III List of Own Articles IV Table of Tables V Table of Figures VI Table of Content VII 1 Introduction 1 2 Esports 3 2.1 Demands 6 2.1.1 Environmental Related Profile 6 2.1.2 Sport Psychology Profile 10 3 Psychophysiological Stress 15 3.1 Interaction, Transaction, and Relational Meaning 15 3.2 Stressors and Appraisal 16 3.3 Coping 17 3.4 Stress Response 18 3.5 Theoretical Models 19 4 Psychophysiological Stress in Esports 22 5 Research Program 24 6 Article I: The Potential Role of Sport and Exercise Psychology in Researching Esports 26 6.1 Abstract 27 6.2 Introduction 28 6.3 Why Sport and Exercise Psychology Could Research Esports 30 6.3.1 Effects of Playing Esports 30 6.3.2 Benefiting Theory and Human Expertise 31 6.3.3 Interdisciplinary Research 32 6.3.4 Informing Evidence-Based Interventions 32 6.3.5 Teaching 33 6.3.6 Not Chasing Research Funding 34 6.4 How Sport and Exercise Psychology Could Research Esports 34 6.6 Conclusion 38 6.7 References 40 7 Article II: State of Research on Psychophysiological Stress in Esports 48 7.1 Abstract 49 7.2 Introduction 50 7.2.1 Stress 51 7.2.2 Theoretical Models of Human Competition 51 7.2.3 Model of Neuroendocrine and Mood Responses To a Competitive Situation 52 7.2.4 Empirical Evidence 53 7.2.5 Purpose of the Study 54 7.3 Methods 56 7.3.1 Protocol and Eligibility Criteria 56 7.3.2 Information Sources and Search Strategy 57 7.3.3 Data Analysis 58 7.4 Results 58 7.4.1 Study Selection 58 7.4.2 Study Characteristics 59 7.4.3 Psychological Stress in Esports 63 7.4.4 Physiological Stress in Esports 64 7.4.5 Risk of Bias Within Studies 68 7.5 Discussion 76 7.5.1 Summary of Evidence 76 7.5.2 Is Playing Esports Games in Non-Competitive Settings Related To Psychological and/or Physiological Stress? 77 7.5.3 Is Playing Esports in Competitive Settings Related To Psychological and/or Physiological Stress? 78 7.5.4 Limitations 81 7.6 Conclusion 84 7.7 References 87 8 Article III: The Subjective Experience of Stress and Coping in Esports 100 8.1 Abstract 101 8.2 Introduction 102 8.2.1 Transactional Theory of Stress 102 8.2.2 Empirical Evidence 103 8.3 Method 106 8.3.1 Situating the Researchers 106 8.3.2 Participants 107 8.3.3 Procedures 107 8.3.4 Interview Guide 108 8.3.5 Data Analysis 109 8.4 Results 110 8.4.1 Stressors 110 8.4.2 Perceived Stress Responses 114 8.4.3 Coping Strategies 116 8.5 Discussion 119 8.5.1 Stressors 120 8.5.2 Perceived Stress Responses 120 8.5.3 Coping Strategies 122 8.5.4 Limitations 123 8.5.5 Future Research 124 8.5.6 Practical Implications 125 8.5.7 Conclusion 126 8.6 References 128 9 Article IV: Insights on the Applied Sport Psychology in Esports 138 9.1 Abstract 139 9.2 Introduction 140 9.2.1 Sport Psychological Counselling 141 9.2.2 The Present Study 143 9.3 Method 143 9.3.1 Participants 144 9.3.2 Data Collection 145 9.3.3 Instrument 146 9.3.4 Data Analysis 147 9.4 Results 147 9.4.1 Factors Negatively Impacting Performance 147 9.4.2 Stress Management Strategies 148 9.5 Discussion 149 9.5.1 Factors Negatively Impacting Performance 149 9.5.2 Stress Management Strategies 150 9.5.3 Limitations 152 9.5.4 Future Research 153 9.5.5 Practical Implications 154 9.5.6 Conclusion 155 9.6 References 158 10 General Discussion 167 10.1 The Potential Role of Sport and Exercise Psychology in Researching Esports 167 10.2 Research on Psychophysiological Stress in Esports 169 10.2.1 Stressors 169 10.2.2 Coping Strategies 170 10.2.3 Psychological and Physiological Stress Responses 171 10.3 Limitations 173 10.4 Future Research 173 11 Conclusion 178 Acknowledgements 180 References 181 Curriculum Vitae XII Appendices XII Appendix A: Information and Consent Form XII Appendix B: Interview Guide XIV Appendix C: Online Questionnaire XVI Appendix D: Project on Psychophysiological Stress in Esports XVIII / Ausgehend von der Notwendigkeit evidenzbasierter Interventionsstrategien zur Leistungs- und Gesundheitsförderung im E-Sport, zielt diese Arbeit darauf ab, einen Ausgangspunkt für zukünftige Forschung im E-Sport und insbesondere zu psychophysiologischen Stress im E-Sport zu schaffen. In einem ersten Schritt wird deshalb untersucht, warum und wie die Sport- und Bewegungspsychologie den E-Sport erforschen kann. Des Weiteren wird mit Hilfe eines systematischen Literaturreviews die bisherige Forschung zu Stress im kompetitiven und nicht-kompetitiven E-Sport dargestellt. Während die Ergebnisse, entgegen des nicht-kompetitiven Spielens, auf eine Verbindung zwischen dem kompetitiven Spielen und psychophysiologischen Stressreaktionen hinweisen, werden theoretische und methodische Limitationen bisheriger Forschung diskutiert. Basierend auf diesem ersten Verständnis von Stress im E-Sport, wird durch semi-strukturierte Interviews das subjektive Erleben von professionellen Spielern untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich eine Vielzahl von Stressoren, wahrgenommenen Stressreaktionen und Bewältigungsstrategien. Schließlich wird mit Hilfe eines Online-Fragebogens eine weitere Perspektive berücksichtigt, um die wahrgenommenen Leistungsfaktoren und die von Sportpsychologen, Sportpsychologinnen und Performance Coaches angewandten Stressregulationstechniken zu identifizieren. Insgesamt werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine Reihe von Implikationen für zukünftige Forschung und die angewandte Praxis aufgezeigt.:Table of Content Abstract I Zusammenfassung II General Comments III List of Own Articles IV Table of Tables V Table of Figures VI Table of Content VII 1 Introduction 1 2 Esports 3 2.1 Demands 6 2.1.1 Environmental Related Profile 6 2.1.2 Sport Psychology Profile 10 3 Psychophysiological Stress 15 3.1 Interaction, Transaction, and Relational Meaning 15 3.2 Stressors and Appraisal 16 3.3 Coping 17 3.4 Stress Response 18 3.5 Theoretical Models 19 4 Psychophysiological Stress in Esports 22 5 Research Program 24 6 Article I: The Potential Role of Sport and Exercise Psychology in Researching Esports 26 6.1 Abstract 27 6.2 Introduction 28 6.3 Why Sport and Exercise Psychology Could Research Esports 30 6.3.1 Effects of Playing Esports 30 6.3.2 Benefiting Theory and Human Expertise 31 6.3.3 Interdisciplinary Research 32 6.3.4 Informing Evidence-Based Interventions 32 6.3.5 Teaching 33 6.3.6 Not Chasing Research Funding 34 6.4 How Sport and Exercise Psychology Could Research Esports 34 6.6 Conclusion 38 6.7 References 40 7 Article II: State of Research on Psychophysiological Stress in Esports 48 7.1 Abstract 49 7.2 Introduction 50 7.2.1 Stress 51 7.2.2 Theoretical Models of Human Competition 51 7.2.3 Model of Neuroendocrine and Mood Responses To a Competitive Situation 52 7.2.4 Empirical Evidence 53 7.2.5 Purpose of the Study 54 7.3 Methods 56 7.3.1 Protocol and Eligibility Criteria 56 7.3.2 Information Sources and Search Strategy 57 7.3.3 Data Analysis 58 7.4 Results 58 7.4.1 Study Selection 58 7.4.2 Study Characteristics 59 7.4.3 Psychological Stress in Esports 63 7.4.4 Physiological Stress in Esports 64 7.4.5 Risk of Bias Within Studies 68 7.5 Discussion 76 7.5.1 Summary of Evidence 76 7.5.2 Is Playing Esports Games in Non-Competitive Settings Related To Psychological and/or Physiological Stress? 77 7.5.3 Is Playing Esports in Competitive Settings Related To Psychological and/or Physiological Stress? 78 7.5.4 Limitations 81 7.6 Conclusion 84 7.7 References 87 8 Article III: The Subjective Experience of Stress and Coping in Esports 100 8.1 Abstract 101 8.2 Introduction 102 8.2.1 Transactional Theory of Stress 102 8.2.2 Empirical Evidence 103 8.3 Method 106 8.3.1 Situating the Researchers 106 8.3.2 Participants 107 8.3.3 Procedures 107 8.3.4 Interview Guide 108 8.3.5 Data Analysis 109 8.4 Results 110 8.4.1 Stressors 110 8.4.2 Perceived Stress Responses 114 8.4.3 Coping Strategies 116 8.5 Discussion 119 8.5.1 Stressors 120 8.5.2 Perceived Stress Responses 120 8.5.3 Coping Strategies 122 8.5.4 Limitations 123 8.5.5 Future Research 124 8.5.6 Practical Implications 125 8.5.7 Conclusion 126 8.6 References 128 9 Article IV: Insights on the Applied Sport Psychology in Esports 138 9.1 Abstract 139 9.2 Introduction 140 9.2.1 Sport Psychological Counselling 141 9.2.2 The Present Study 143 9.3 Method 143 9.3.1 Participants 144 9.3.2 Data Collection 145 9.3.3 Instrument 146 9.3.4 Data Analysis 147 9.4 Results 147 9.4.1 Factors Negatively Impacting Performance 147 9.4.2 Stress Management Strategies 148 9.5 Discussion 149 9.5.1 Factors Negatively Impacting Performance 149 9.5.2 Stress Management Strategies 150 9.5.3 Limitations 152 9.5.4 Future Research 153 9.5.5 Practical Implications 154 9.5.6 Conclusion 155 9.6 References 158 10 General Discussion 167 10.1 The Potential Role of Sport and Exercise Psychology in Researching Esports 167 10.2 Research on Psychophysiological Stress in Esports 169 10.2.1 Stressors 169 10.2.2 Coping Strategies 170 10.2.3 Psychological and Physiological Stress Responses 171 10.3 Limitations 173 10.4 Future Research 173 11 Conclusion 178 Acknowledgements 180 References 181 Curriculum Vitae XII Appendices XII Appendix A: Information and Consent Form XII Appendix B: Interview Guide XIV Appendix C: Online Questionnaire XVI Appendix D: Project on Psychophysiological Stress in Esports XVIII

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As doping has tremendous negative consequences for athletes and the integrity of sports, the need for effective prevention programs is obvious. Primary prevention through education at an early age is key; however, educating young athletes about doping-related knowledge is deemed to be not sufficiently effective to minimize doping. An alternative educational approach which focuses on values, emotions and morality seems promising and is encouraged by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Hence, this PhD project aimed to promote the field of values-based doping prevention within the German speaking countries. To this end, empirical evidence on psychosocial variables related to doping was used a) to establish a number of validated German instruments to appropriately measure these variables, b) to provide further support for the nomological network of these variables, and c) to inform the development of a values-based doping prevention program which was then implemented in German and Austrian elite youth sport and evaluated regarding its effectiveness. In conclusion, this work contributes valid and reliable measurement instruments, gives further insights concerning the role of moral variables in regard to doping, and delivers comprehensive and evaluated material for values-based education that can be practically applied and complement traditional information-based approaches.

This thesis examines the complex role and presence of a range of images and ideas of architecture, as well as cruelty, in the work of Antonin Artaud, Jean Genet, and Samuel Beckett. It argues that the obsessive and varied presence of these ideas offers a substantial connection between the thought and drama of the three writers, and that it is linked to major issues in the political and cultural history of the time. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the thesis and places architecture and cruelty in the literary and creative culture of post-war France. Chapter 2 examines the urgency of these terms within the specific, historical framework of post-liberation France. Chapter 3 focuses on Artaud and issues of fragmentation, occupation, and resistance in his oeuvre between 1940 and 1948. Chapter 4 focuses on issues of imprisonment, aesthetics, and revolution in the work of Jean Genet. Chapter 5 examines issues of architecture, resistance, and fragmentation in the late plays of Samuel Beckett. In this chapter we will also examine the vital role Beckett's wartime resistance activity played in informing the architecture of the late drama. All of our subjects explore architecture and cruelty in their different and personal ways: Genet in terms of prisons; Beckett in terms of extreme personal states that can be linked to the resistance; and Artaud through a system of revised revolt and personal resistance. In the introduction and at a number of points in the thesis I explore both the connections and differences between the uses of architecture and cruelty by the three writers, and the range of ways in which these uses relate to the politics and philosophies of the era. The thesis argues in its conclusion that architecture and cruelty, used in both literal and metaphorical senses, can be seen to unite the work of Artaud, Genet, and Beckett more closely than has hitherto been acknowledged. The thesis has also proposed ways in which we can see the plays of Genet and Beckett as a form of cruel theatre, in a sense that serves to define and extend Artaud's notoriously complex and ambiguous ideas of theatrical 'cruaute'.

Meine Dissertation handelt davon, welchen Einfluss das Stanislawski-System auf die realistischen Inszenierungen am Volkskunsttheater Beijing der 1950-60er Jahre ausübte. Die Studie ist chronologisch in drei Kapitel gegliedert: in erstem Kapitel beschäftige ich mich hauptsächlich mit der Diskrepanz zwischen der Xinxiang-Theorie von Jiao Juyin und dem Stanislawski-System während der Phase des Erlernens des Systems in China. Die Produktion von Der Drachenbartkanal, im Jahre 1951, dient als Beispiel. In zweitem Kapitel konzentriere ich mich auf die Proben von Maxim Gorkis Yegor Bulichov und die Anderen, 1955-1956, um die Frage zu klären, wie und welche Teile des Verstehens des Stanislawski-Systems unter der Führung des sowjetischen Experten Boris Grigoryevich Kulnev korrigiert wurden. Im dritten Kapitel erkunde ich am Beispiel der Inszenierung von Lao Shes Das Teehaus 1958 und Guo Moruo Wu Zetian 1962 einerseits, wie die Korrektur Kulnevs die späteren Proben am Volkskunsttheater Beijing beeinflusste; andererseits, wie Jiao Juyin das System variierte, und im Weiteren dessen Schwäche als Ausgangspunkt für seine Versuche mit einem Sprechtheater chinesischer Prägung aufnahm.

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This thesis investigated communicational processes of text interaction between the so called novela das oito (lit. eight o’clock soap opera) or the prime-time Brazilian soap opera – also known as telenovela or simply novela – and different groups of viewers, for the purposes of informing communication theory, on the one hand, and critical literacy practices, on the other. The investigated groups of viewers continually consumed this highly popular genre of serialised fiction, whilst also participating in online communities about novelas from a pioneering social network service called Orkut. Selected social theories of language and communication were used to investigate the primary text genre (i.e. the prime-time Brazilian telenovela) and the context where it originates, in relation the secondary communicational genres (i.e. selected Orkut communities about telenovelas) and the respective context where they emerged out of these intertextual interactions. To conduct this investigation, specific notions of text and genre were established in terms of their affordances and limitations, as discussed in Kress and Van Leeuwen (2001) and in Kress (2003, 2010) with respect to textual modes of representation, and as developed in English (2011) with respect to genre itself. As such, novelas and online discussions about novelas were analysed here in terms of the specific ways in which genre afforded as well as it limited not only the design, the production and the distribution of both primary and secondary texts, but also their reception (i.e. consumption). For this, an adapted version of English’s analytical framework (ibid.) was developed and employed, with these multimodal texts and genres found to be oriented in specific terms with regard to their social aspects (contextually and discursively), on the one hand, and their material aspects (thematically and semiotically), on the other hand. As a result, a detailed understanding was provided, not only in terms of the specific ways in which these popular texts and genres oriented interactions, but also in terms of the specific ways in which these interactions oriented these texts and genres in turn. As these crucial points were carefully laid out, this research was able to suggest that the secondary texts and genres arising in the form of spontaneous interactions with widely popular television programmes, such as novelas, appeared to demonstrate, in practical terms, their potential to foster critical literacy practices – defined here as the progressive ability to interact with and make sense of different texts and contexts, discourses and genres, and their representational modes used through the means of different media. The research is therefore original at two levels. Firstly, by providing a detailed exploration of the prime-time Brazilian telenovela in relation to some dimensions of its reception – at the same time also seen as dimensions of (re)design and (re)production of secondary texts and genres from a multimodal social semiotic perspective – it offers a multidisciplinary approach through an attempt at combining Media and Communications with Applied Language Studies. It is in this sense that the extension and subsequent employment of a multimodal analytical framework inform and contribute to communication theory. Secondly, by considering the implications of this empirical study in terms of how we learn and improve our abilities to communicate more effectively for a multitude of purposes, this research promotes a wider notion of literacy in practical terms. This is also seen as representing an original contribution towards critical approaches to pedagogy in specific terms.

Drawing on extensive primary research into John Ford’s early films, from the silent era up until the late 1920s, the thesis charts the evolution of what has become known as the ‘Fordian sensibility’ through a close textual analysis of the director’s extant silent films, taking into account the implications of the auteur theory as applied to Ford’s work. A major part of the research process has been devoted to the appropriation of the director’s surviving early titles, in order that all existing film materials relevant to the thesis can be included. Prior to examining Ford’s silent film output, the thesis covers the evolution of the auteur theory, and the nature of the ‘Fordian sensibility’. This chapter also discusses key thematic and visual motifs that have been identified by various film scholars over the years, along with a number of other patterns discerned by the author of this thesis, through a close examination of all of Ford’s sound films, from The Black Watch (1929) through to 7 Women (1966). The main text of the thesis considers whether the identified key thematic and visual motifs can be detected in the director’s early work, and how these themes and motifs evolved chronologically into fully formed components of the ‘Fordian sensibility’. The four main chapters of the thesis cover the following periods: Pre-directing career 1914 – 1917; Apprenticeship at Universal 1917 – 1921; Early 1920s work at Fox 1921 – 1926; Late silent period at Fox 1927 – 1930. This examination of the director’s work analyses how John Ford, the man and the director, became ’John Ford’, the brand, and the label. Using the director’s early silent work as a case study, it questions how the idea of ‘authorship’ is formed and studies how Ford’s style and aesthetic evolved during the silent period due to the influence of other artists; biographical factors; technological innovations; and institutional, cultural and social issues.

The problem of self-consciousness and recognition is one of the most crucial and central issues in Hegel&rsquo / s Phenomenology of Spirit. The purpose of this study is to expose and investigate this problem in accordance with the unity of Phenomenology through which Hegel examines the experience of consciousness in terms of its own criterion. The emergence of self-consciousness as an explicit issue becomes the truth of movement of consciousness, and self-consciousness essentially takes the form of desire. In this process, self-consciousness evolves from the natural desire to desire for recognition, and recognition by the other arises as the condition of self-consciousness. Besides, the only form of recognition that makes the satisfaction of self-consciousness or desire possible is the reciprocal recognition. Hegel exposes consciousness&rsquo / experience of recognition as the struggle for recognition and the dialectic of master and slave. On the other hand, the process of recognition in the Phenomenology does not culminate in the master-slave dialectic or in the liberation of slave. Rather, the servile consciousness takes another shape that emerges from its contradictory nature and it changes into the freedom of thought. That is, Hegel&rsquo / s concept of recognition cannot be reduced to the master-slave dialectic / the process of recognition persists in the subsequent movement of consciousness and it evolves into certain recognitive relations in the &lsquo / Spirit&rsquo / . For this reason, the problem of self-consciousness and recognition has a determining or constitutive role through the whole movement of consciousness in the Phenomenology.