The aim with this research essay is to examine how Muslims and Arabs are depicted in aselection of four American newspapers following the terror attack on the World Trade Center andthe Pentagon. In order to examine my two main question, I have two theories in which myresearch is based on and they are the framing theory and the postcolonial theory. Said’s theorieson orientalism are also big part of this research essay. For my method, I have chosen a qualitativecontent analysis. This form of method gives me the opportunity to study the newspaper in depthand to identify the framework in which the newspaper operates in. It is my aim to showcase howMuslims and Arabs are seen by the American media landscape and how news media can shapeour understanding of the world we live in. Be using word such as terrorism, Middle Easternbased when writing about Muslims and Arabs, the general public will associate Islam withterrorism. How we interpret the news is largely due to how we view the world around us, and byusing hidden codes news media can shape one’s perspective on the world.

Abstract: Some criminal bodies are so saturated with social and political meaning; they achieve an afterlife of symbolic desecration that is both public and celebratory. While the West has a legacy of public execution and bodily display as spectacle, these events were typically meant to be sombre platforms for redemption and moral instruction. Indeed, the abolishment of public execution occurred within the rhetoric of a civilising, modern Western society that purports to treat any death as a sacred event. The announcement of Osama Bin Laden’s death was followed by spontaneous public celebration, official narratives about his death and the management of his body and vivid reproductions of his body in popular culture. This paper explores the public afterlife of Osama Bin Laden in relation to nationalism and political effigy and cultural ambivalence and taboos surrounding the dead body in the West.

Terrorattentet mot World Trade Center i New York den 11 september betraktas som en avgörande händelse för hur vi förstår världen idag. Själva datumet har blivit synonymt med händelsen. Francis Fukoyama (1989) kallar tiden före 9/11 och efter kommunistblockets fall i början av 90-talet för historiens slut. Den stora kampen mellan olika ideologier är utkämpad och den liberala demokratiska kapitalismen har segrat. Världen har landat i en jämvikt. Om kommunistblockets fall är historiens slut så är 9/11 historiens återkomst där en ny kamp och nya skiljelinjer inträder. Men för personer födda i början av 90-talet är den tiden inte slutet utan början och 9/11 är deras introduktion till världen och historien. För många av dem är det den första nyheten de minns.   Denna studie undersöker formativa nyhetserfarenheters betydelse genom att analysera 90-talisters berättelser om 9/11. Analysen utgår ifrån ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv, närmare bestämt Erving Goffmans framing-teori, genom en kombinerad tematisk och narrativ analysmetod.   Studien visar hur fem svenska personer födda mellan 1990 och 1995 ramar in 9/11 och deras inramning skiljer sig från den initiala mediala inramningen av händelsen.   Syftet med studien är att genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie undersöka hur individer ramar in sitt första nyhetsminne och hur detta avviker från den mediala inramningen.

On September 11, 2001 United States faced the most massive terrorist attack in the history, one that killed nearly 3000 people. A tragedy followed by enormous consequences considering the collapse of the World Trade Center, as two hijacked planes crashed into the twin towers in New York City, one plane crashed into Pentagon and another domestic scheduled passenger flight, that crashed into a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. This qualitative case study will examine whether the attacks on 9/11 was a backlash to U.S. political dominance globally. This study will also examine to what extent the policy making executed by the Bush administration post 9/11, was a demonstration of hegemony and political dominance based on offensive realism. The conclusion of this study was that to a large extent, the attacks on 9/11 was a backlash to U.S. political dominance and to a large extent the Bush administration's response to 9/11 can be defined as hegemony based on offensive realism.

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The State of Northern Ireland has been home to a significant amount of violence between a minority of Catholic Irish nationalists and a majority of Protestant British unionists. As a result, violence has plagued the region, with the loss of over three thousand five hundred lives during the course of three decades, colloquially known as "the troubles." In 1998, the Belfast or "Good Friday" Agreement was signed by officials from The United Kingdom and The Republic of Ireland to ensure a diplomatic means of cooperation amongst the various political parties of Northern Ireland, and disarmament of paramilitary groups. However, the desire for nationalists to unify the island and to seek total independence from the United Kingdom still endures. In spite of a significant decrease in violence, dissident republicans continue to target the Police Service of Northern Ireland, with the intent to disrupt the peace process; the people of Northern Ireland are still polarized regarding their political and national standings, which decrease the chances of Irish reunification in the near future. The intent of this thesis is to explore the feasibility of Irish reunification in the 21st century, and its reasons why a united Ireland will not be obtained. By examining the global policy towards terrorism after September 11th 2001, the recent net-immigration to Ireland preceded by the "Celtic Tiger" period in The Republic of Ireland's economic boon, and the complexities of the perceived identities in Northern Ireland, the unlikelihood of reunifying Ireland under one government, independent from the United Kingdom will be reiterated.

This research project will determine whether or not Arab Americans are portrayed as members of an out-group, in-group, or victim following the events of 9/11. This study improves upon previous research by analyzing the content of newspaper articles in USA Today, The New York Times, and The Washington Post pertaining to Arab Americans. Since the majority of research indicated the mass media has a tendency to perpetuate a negative stereotype of minorities and of Arabs, it was expected that the media would portray a negative stereotype of Arab Americans as well. The content analysis addressed the coverage of Arab Americans in the five years before and the five years after 9/11 in order to determine to what extent Arab Americans were depicted as members of an in-group, out-group, or victim following that date. A total of 1379 articles were analyzed placed into the social categories of in-group, out-group, or victim utilizing a clearly defined coding method. Findings showed that overall Arab Americans were depicted as members of an out-group more than they were depicted as members of an in-group or victim. Since the total number of articles dramatically increased following 9/11, the number of articles placing Arab Americans as members of an in-group, out-group, or victim increased accordingly. However, approximately three years after 9/11, the number of articles pertaining to Arab Americans began returning to pre-9/11 levels. While the number of articles placing Arab Americans as members of an in-group or victim increased immediately following 9/11, articles in both social categories steadily declined following 9/11. While the number of articles placing Arab Americans as members of an out-group decreased in the year immediately following 9/11, the number of articles placing Arab Americans as members of an out-group steadily increased following 9/11.

The undergraduate thesis began with the research question of whether the Islamic community is being profiled by the use of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. At the beginning of the project, the researcher's hypothesis was that Muslim community had fallen victim to profiling through the use of electronic surveillance conducted by the American government. The research presented reveals a pattern of profiling and injustices against many different groups of Americans throughout the history of United States surveillance laws starting with the illegal alcohol producers in the 1920's. Amendments to FISA have set necessary modern electronic surveillance regulations back 30 years. The researcher brings to light the injustices the Islamic community has endured out of the panic caused by the attacks on 9/11. The research presented was achieved by using empirical legal studies techniques of incorporating a mix-methods approach to utilize both quantitative and qualitative research components. The researcher developed a spreadsheet that included all published federal opinions of prosecutions involving FISA since its enactment in 1978. Statistical data was analyzed using frequency and average software, known as Stata, and the results of study suggest an extreme increase in the amount of prosecutions involving the Islamic community since 9/11 compared to prior.

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