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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Where is the bottle? Cross-linguistic study on side assignment to objects and interpretation of static spatial relations by German, Polish, Italian and English native speakers

Stoltmann, Katarzyna 22 July 2021 (has links)
Das Ziel der Dissertation ist, den Gebrauch von sekundären Raumdeixes (‚vor‘, ‚hinter‘, ‚rechts / links von‘) und Referenzrahmen (absolut, intrinsisch, relativ) von deutschen, englischen, italienischen und polnischen Muttersparcher_innen für die Beschreibung von statischen Raumrelationen zu untersuchen. Zwei Experimente pro Sprache wurden durchgeführt. Das erste Experiment untersuchte Seitenzuweisung. Die Proband_innen sahen ein Objekt von der Vorderseite (kanonische Position) und Rückseite (nicht-kanonische Position). Das Ergebnis bestätigt, dass die Proband_innen der vier Sprachen die Außenperspektive für die Seitenzuweisung des kanonisch stehenden vis-à-vis Objektes meistens benutzen. Einige Variationen haben die Pol_innen und Italiener_innen gezeigt, vor allem bei der Zuweisung von der rechten und linken Seite. Dabei wiesen die Deutschen und Italiener_innen signifikante Unterschiede auf. Mit dem Mouse Tracking habe ich die Interpretation von statischen Raumrelationen von zwei Komplexitätsgraden untersucht. Die einfachen Raumrelationen enthielten entweder ein extrinsisches oder intrinsisches Referenzobjekt (belebt; unbelebt) und eine Flasche als lokalisiertes Objekt. Die komplexeren Raumrelationen wurden um einen Agenten ergänzt und mit der indirekten Rede eingebettet. Das erlaubte die Erforschung von Origo-Shift. In allen Raumrelationen wurden die Proband_innen gebeten, die Lokalisation von der Flasche zu beschreiben. Die Deutschen und Italiener_innen zeigten signifikante Unterschiede bei der Interpretation von einfachen belebten und unbelebten intrinsischen Raumrelationen. Bei der Interpretation von komplexeren intrinsischen Raumrelationen haben die polnischen Muttersprachler_innen die Origo am häufigsten zum Agenten verschoben und von seinem Blickwinkel bezüglich des relativen Bezugsrahmens die Relationen beschrieben. Im Allgemeinen, für die Interpretation von komplexeren Raumrelationen ist die Wahl des intrinsischen Bezugsrahmens im Vergleich zu einfacheren Raumrelationen signifikant gesunken. Das heißt, die meisten Proband_innen haben die Origo zum Agenten verschoben und von seinem Blickwinkel die Raumrelationen bezüglich der Spiegelstrategie interpretiert. / The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the use of reference frames (absolute, relative, intrinsic) and secondary local deixes (‘in front of’, ‘behind’, ‘to the right / left of’) by German, English, Italian, and Polish native speakers to describe static spatial relations. Two experiments per language were carried out. The first experiment investigated side assignment. Participants saw the object from the front (the canonical position) and the back (the noncanonical position). The results confirm that for side assignments to a canonical positioned vis-à-vis object most speakers of the four languages use the outside perspective. However, some variations occurred for Polish and Italian, especially while identifying the right and left sides showing significant differences between German and Italian. Using mouse tracking, I tested the interpretation of static spatial relations of two kinds of complexity. The simple spatial relations included either extrinsic or intrinsic reference objects (animate; inanimate) and a bottle as localized object. The complex spatial relations were supplemented by an agent and embedded by indirect speech. This allows the investigation of origo shift. In all situations, participants were asked to describe the location of the bottle. German and Italian showed significant differences in interpreting simple animate and inanimate intrinsic relations. Interpreting the intrinsic complex relations, Polish speakers shifted the origo to the agent most frequently and described the relations from his point of view. All in all, for the complex relations, the choice of the intrinsic reference frame decreased significantly compared to the simple relations. That is, most participants shifted the origo to agents’ point of view and interpreted the spatial relations applying the reflection strategy.
12

Experientially grounded language production: Advancing our understanding of semantic processing during lexical selection

Vogt, Anne 05 April 2023 (has links)
Der Prozess der lexikalischen Selektion, d.h. die Auswahl der richtigen Wörter zur Übermittlung einer intendierten Botschaft, ist noch nicht hinreichend verstanden. Insbesondere wurde kaum erforscht, inwiefern Bedeutungsaspekte, welche in sensomotorischen Erfahrungen gründen, diesen Prozess der Sprachproduktion beeinflussen. Die Rolle dieser Bedeutungsaspekte wurde mit zwei Studien untersucht, in denen Probanden Sätze vervollständigten. In Studie 1 wurde der visuelle Eindruck der Satzfragmente manipuliert, so dass die Sätze auf- oder absteigend am Bildschirm erschienen. In Studie 2 mussten die Probanden Kopfbewegungen nach oben oder unten ausführen, während sie die Satzfragmente hörten. Wir untersuchten, ob räumliche Aspekte der produzierten Wörter durch die räumlichen Manipulationen sowie die räumlichen Eigenschaften der präsentierten Satzfragmente beeinflusst werden. Die vertikale visuelle Manipulation in Studie 1 wirkte sich nicht auf die räumlichen Attribute der produzierten Wörter aus. Die Kopfbewegungen in Studie 2 führten zu einem solchen Effekt – bei Kopfbewegungen nach oben waren die Referenten der produzierten Wörter weiter oben im Raum angesiedelt als nach Bewegungen nach unten (und anders herum). Darüber hinaus war dieser Effekt stärker, je ausgeprägter die interozeptive Sensibilität der Probanden war. Zudem beeinflussten die räumlichen Aspekte der Satzfragmente die räumlichen Eigenschaften der produzierten Wörter in beiden Studien. Somit zeigt diese Arbeit, dass in der Erfahrung basierende Bedeutungsanteile, welche entweder in Sprache eingebettet sind oder durch körperliche Aktivität reaktiviert werden, die Auswahl der Wörter beim Sprechen beeinflussen und dass interindividuelle Unterschiede diesen Effekt modulieren. Die Befunde werden in Bezug zu Theorien der Semantik gesetzt. Darüber hinaus wird das Methodenrepertoire erweitert, indem mit Studie 3 ein Ansatz für die Durchführung von Online-Sprachproduktionsexperimenten mit Bildbenennung vorgestellt wird. / The process of lexical selection, i.e. producing the right words to get an intended message across, is not well understood. Specifically, meaning aspects grounded in sensorimotor experiences and their role during lexical selection have not been investigated widely. Here, we investigated the role of experientially grounded meaning aspects with two studies in which participants had to produce a noun to complete sentences which described sceneries. In Study 1, the visual appearance of sentence fragments was manipulated and they seemed to move upwards or downwards on screen. In Study 2, participants moved their head up- or downwards while listening to sentence fragments. We investigated whether the spatial properties of the freely chosen nouns are influenced by the spatial manipulations as well as by the spatial properties of the sentences. The vertical visual manipulation used in Study 1 did not influence the spatial properties of the produced words. However, the body movements in Study 2 influenced participants’ lexical choices, i.e. after up-movements the referents of the produced words were higher up compared to after downward movements (and vice verse). Furthermore, there was an increased effect of movement on the spatial properties of the produced nouns with higher levels of participants’ interoceptive sensibility. Additionally, the spatial properties of the stimulus sentences influenced the spatial properties of the produced words in both studies. Thus, experientially grounded meaning aspects which are either embedded in text or reactivated via bodily manipulations may influence which words we chose when speaking, and interindividual differences may moderate these effects. The findings are related to current theories of semantics. Furthermore, this dissertation enhances the methodological repertoire of language production researchers by showing how language production studies with overt articulation in picture naming tasks can be run online (Study 3).
13

Platos Phaedrus: dialectic as the method of philosophical inquiry / O Fedro de Platão: dialética como o método de investigação filosófica

Madriñan Molina, Adriana 13 December 2017 (has links)
Plato thought that dialectic is the method of philosophical inquiry. Yet there is no agreement between scholars regarding Plato\'s view of dialectic. The dominant interpretation, dating back to Robinson\'s Plato\'s Earlier Dialectic, which I call the \"discontinuous\" interpretation (DI), assumes a significant gap between Plato\'s account of dialectic as it is presented in the course of the dialogues. As such, although Plato considered dialectic as the method of philosophical inquiry, the term \'Dialectic\' is just a façon de parler conveying the method he deemed most suitable at different moments. One should note that (DI) entails the following trilemma: Plato\'s dialectic, as the method of philosophical inquiry, must be identified with either Elenchus (E), Hypothesis (H) or Collection & Division (C&D). For example, Irwin (1988:7) argues that one should identify dialectic with (E) while Benson (2015:238) argues that one should identify dialectic with (H). In contrast with (DI), the goal of this dissertation is to defend a \"continuous\" interpretation (CI): Plato introduced a unified view of dialectic as the method of philosophical inquiry in the Phaedrus. My argument supporting (CI) relies on three main premises: (1) The so-called three methods, (E), (H) and (C&D), are three different procedures of one διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη; (2) Plato\'s διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη is both a method of communication and a method of discovering truth; and (3) The Phaedrus (261a-266b) contains Plato\'s unified view of διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη, conceived as an amalgam of (E), (H) and (C&D), and a method of communication and a method of discovering truth. / Platão pensou que a dialética é o método de investigação filosófica. No entanto, não há consenso entre os estudiosos a respeito da sua visão da dialética. A interpretação dominante, que se remonta ao trabalho de Robinson Plato\'s Earlier Dialectic, que eu chamo de interpretação \"descontínua\" (ID), pressupõe que há uma ruptura na visão de Platão sobre a dialética no decorrer dos seus diálogos. Isto significa que ele considerou a dialética como o método de investigação filosófica, mas o termo \'dialética\' é apenas uma façon de parler para se referir ao método que considerou mais adequado em diferentes momentos. Portanto, (ID) implica o seguinte trilema: Devese identificar a visão de Platão sobre a dialética, enquanto o método de investigação filosófica, com o Elenchus (E), com a Hypotesis (H), ou com a Coleção & Divisão (C&D)? Por exemplo, Irwin (1988: 7) afirma que a dialética deve ser identificada com (E), enquanto Benson (2015: 238) afirma que a dialética deve ser identificada com (H). Em contraste com (ID), o objetivo do presente trabalho é defender uma interpretação \"contínua\" (IC): No Fedro Platão introduz uma visão unificada da dialética como método de investigação filosófica. Meu argumento para defender (IC) está baseado em três premissas: (1) os chamados três métodos, (E), (H) e (C&D) são realmente três procedimentos diferentes de uma διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη; (2) a τέχνη διαλεκτικὴ de Platão é o método de comunicação e descoberta da verdade; e (3) o Fedro (261a-266b) contém a visão unificada de Platão sobre a διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη, concebida como uma amálgama de (E), (H) e (C e D), e o método de comunicação e descoberta da verdade.
14

Platos Phaedrus: dialectic as the method of philosophical inquiry / O Fedro de Platão: dialética como o método de investigação filosófica

Adriana Madriñan Molina 13 December 2017 (has links)
Plato thought that dialectic is the method of philosophical inquiry. Yet there is no agreement between scholars regarding Plato\'s view of dialectic. The dominant interpretation, dating back to Robinson\'s Plato\'s Earlier Dialectic, which I call the \"discontinuous\" interpretation (DI), assumes a significant gap between Plato\'s account of dialectic as it is presented in the course of the dialogues. As such, although Plato considered dialectic as the method of philosophical inquiry, the term \'Dialectic\' is just a façon de parler conveying the method he deemed most suitable at different moments. One should note that (DI) entails the following trilemma: Plato\'s dialectic, as the method of philosophical inquiry, must be identified with either Elenchus (E), Hypothesis (H) or Collection & Division (C&D). For example, Irwin (1988:7) argues that one should identify dialectic with (E) while Benson (2015:238) argues that one should identify dialectic with (H). In contrast with (DI), the goal of this dissertation is to defend a \"continuous\" interpretation (CI): Plato introduced a unified view of dialectic as the method of philosophical inquiry in the Phaedrus. My argument supporting (CI) relies on three main premises: (1) The so-called three methods, (E), (H) and (C&D), are three different procedures of one διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη; (2) Plato\'s διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη is both a method of communication and a method of discovering truth; and (3) The Phaedrus (261a-266b) contains Plato\'s unified view of διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη, conceived as an amalgam of (E), (H) and (C&D), and a method of communication and a method of discovering truth. / Platão pensou que a dialética é o método de investigação filosófica. No entanto, não há consenso entre os estudiosos a respeito da sua visão da dialética. A interpretação dominante, que se remonta ao trabalho de Robinson Plato\'s Earlier Dialectic, que eu chamo de interpretação \"descontínua\" (ID), pressupõe que há uma ruptura na visão de Platão sobre a dialética no decorrer dos seus diálogos. Isto significa que ele considerou a dialética como o método de investigação filosófica, mas o termo \'dialética\' é apenas uma façon de parler para se referir ao método que considerou mais adequado em diferentes momentos. Portanto, (ID) implica o seguinte trilema: Devese identificar a visão de Platão sobre a dialética, enquanto o método de investigação filosófica, com o Elenchus (E), com a Hypotesis (H), ou com a Coleção & Divisão (C&D)? Por exemplo, Irwin (1988: 7) afirma que a dialética deve ser identificada com (E), enquanto Benson (2015: 238) afirma que a dialética deve ser identificada com (H). Em contraste com (ID), o objetivo do presente trabalho é defender uma interpretação \"contínua\" (IC): No Fedro Platão introduz uma visão unificada da dialética como método de investigação filosófica. Meu argumento para defender (IC) está baseado em três premissas: (1) os chamados três métodos, (E), (H) e (C&D) são realmente três procedimentos diferentes de uma διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη; (2) a τέχνη διαλεκτικὴ de Platão é o método de comunicação e descoberta da verdade; e (3) o Fedro (261a-266b) contém a visão unificada de Platão sobre a διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη, concebida como uma amálgama de (E), (H) e (C e D), e o método de comunicação e descoberta da verdade.
15

Neuroplasticity of word learning

Rossi, Sonja 21 September 2018 (has links)
Das Wortlernen begleitet unser Leben von der Kindheit bis ins Alter. Kleinkinder lernen ihre Muttersprache(n), aber auch Erwachsene lernen neue Wörter, z.B. beim Fremdspracherwerb. Unter gewissen Umständen muss eine neue Sprache wieder erlernen werden, wie z.B. nach einer Gehirnläsion. Wie meistert unser Gehirn diese herausfordernden Wortlernsituationen? Um die Neuroplastizität des Wortlernens zu untersuchen, wurden unterschiedliche neurowissenschaftliche Methoden (Elektroenzephalographie, funktionelle Nahinfrarotspektroskopie, voxel-basierte Läsion-Verhalten/EEG Mapping), teilweise in Kombination, bei Kleinkindern, Kindern und Erwachsenen sowie Patienten mit einer Gehirnläsion im Vergleich zu älteren Kontrollprobanden angewendet. 5 Experimente untersuchten die neuronale Verarbeitung von Pseudowörtern, welche mutter- und fremdsprachlichen phonotaktischen Regeln (d.h. die Kombination von verschiedenen Phonemen) folgten, in unterschiedlichen Lernsettings bei monolingualen Teilnehmern. Gesunde Erwachsene aber auch 6monatige und ältere Teilnehmer und Patienten konnten diese Regeln differenzieren. Beteiligte Gehirnareale umfassten ein links-hemisphärisches fronto-temporales Netzwerk. Die Verarbeitung universeller Spracheigenschaften, andererseits, zeigte sich in parietalen Regionen. Während Erwachsene eine klare Dominanz der linken Hemisphäre aufwiesen, nutzten 6monatige noch beide Gehirnhälften. Unterschiedliche Sprachtrainings (semantische Trainings oder Passives Zuhören) an drei aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen veränderten auch die Gehirnaktivität der Kleinkinder und der Erwachsenen und wiesen auf eine erhöhte Lernflexibilität hin. Im 6. Experiment lernten 5jährige bilinguale Kinder anhand pragmatischer Eigenschaften neue Adjektive und zeigten effizientere neuronale Mechanismen als Monolinguale. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Wichtigkeit multi-methodologischer Ansätze, um genauere Einblicke in die komplexen Mechanismen der Neuroplastizität zu erlangen. / Word learning accompanies our everyday life from infancy to advanced age. Infants have to learn the native language(s) but also during adulthood word learning can take place, for example if we learn a new foreign language. Sometimes people are confronted with a situation in which they have to re-learn a language because of a brain lesion. How does the brain master these challenging word learning settings? To assess neuroplasticity of word learning several neuroscientific methods (electroencephalography, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, voxel-based lesion-behavior/EEG mapping), partially in combination, were used in infants, children, and adults as well as in patients suffering from a brain lesion compared to matched elderly controls. In 5 experiments neuronal processing of pseudowords corresponding to native and non-native phonotactic rules (i.e., the combination of different phonemes) was investigated under different learning conditions in monolingual participants. Healthy adults but also 6-month-old infants and elderly subjects and patients were able to differentiate these rules. Involved brain areas included a left-hemispheric network of fronto-temporal regions. When processing universal linguistic features, however, more parietal regions were involved. While adults revealed a clear left-dominant network, 6-month-olds still recruited bilateral brain areas. Differential language trainings (semantic or passive listening trainings) over three consecutive days also modulated brain activation in both infants and adults suggesting a high flexibility for learning native and non-native linguistic regularities. In a 6th experiment, bilingual 5-year-old children learned novel adjectives by means of pragmatic cues and revealed more efficient neuronal mechanisms compared to monolingual children. Findings underline the importance of multi-methodological approaches to get clearer insights into the complex machinery of neuroplasticity.
16

Wiederholungen in Texten

Golcher, Felix 16 December 2013 (has links)
Diese Arbeit untersucht vollständige Zeichenkettenfrequenzverteilungen natürlichsprachiger Texte auf ihren linguistischen und anwendungsbezogenen Gehalt. Im ersten Teil wird auf dieser Datengrundlage ein unüberwachtes Lernverfahren entwickelt, das Texte in Morpheme zerlegt. Die Zerlegung geht von der Satzebene aus und verwendet jegliche vorhandene Kontextinformation. Es ergibt sich ein sprachunabhängiger Algorithmus, der die gefundenen Morpheme teilweise zu Baumstrukturen zusammenordnet. Die Evaluation der Ergebnisse mit Hilfe statistischer Modelle ermöglicht die Identifizierung auch kleiner Performanzunterschiede. Diese sind einer linguistischen Interpretation zugänglich. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit besteht aus stilometrischen Untersuchungen anhand eines Textähnlichkeitsmaßes, das ebenfalls auf vollständigen Zeichenkettenfrequenzen beruht. Das Textähnlichkeitsmaß wird in verschiedenen Varianten definiert und anhand vielfältiger stilometrischer Fragestellungen und auf Grundlage unterschiedlicher Korpora ausgewertet. Dabei ist ein wiederholter Vergleich mit der Performanz bisheriger Forschungsansäzte möglich. Die Performanz moderner Maschinenlernverfahren kann mit dem hier vorgestellten konzeptuell einfacheren Verfahren reproduziert werden. Während die Segmentierung in Morpheme ein lokaler Vorgang ist, besteht Stilometrie im globalen Vergleich von Texten. Daher bietet die Untersuchung dieser zwei unverbunden scheinenden Fragestellungen sich gegenseitig ergänzende Perspektiven auf die untersuchten Häufigkeitsdaten. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Diskussion der rezipierten Literatur zu beiden Themen ihre Verbindungen durch verwandte Konzepte und Denkansätze auf. Aus der Gesamtheit der empirischen Untersuchungen zu beiden Fragestellungen kann abgeleitet werden, dass den längeren und damit selteneren Zeichenketten wesentlich mehr Informationsgehalt innewohnt, als in der bisherigen Forschung gemeinhin angenommen wird. / This thesis investigates the linguistic and application specific content of complete character substring frequency distributions of natural language texts. The first part develops on this basis an unsupervised learning algorithm for segmenting text into morphemes. The segmentation starts from the sentence level and uses all available context information. The result is a language independent algorithm which arranges the found morphemes partly into tree like structures. The evaluation of the output using advanced statistical modelling allows for identifying even very small performance differences. These are accessible to linguistic interpretation. The second part of the thesis consists of stylometric investigations by means of a text similarity measure also rooted in complete substring frequency statistics. The similarity measure is defined in different variants and evaluated for various stylometric tasks and on the basis of diverse corpora. In most of the case studies the presented method can be compared with publicly available performance figures of previous research. The high performance of modern machine learning methods is reproduced by the considerably simpler algorithm developed in this thesis. While the segmentation into morphemes is a local process, stylometry consists in the global comparison of texts. For this reason investigating of these two seemingly unconnected problems offers complementary perspectives on the explored frequency data. The discussion of the recieved litarature concerning both subjects additionally shows their connectedness by related concepts and approaches. It can be deduced from the totality of the empirical studies on text segmentation and stylometry conducted in this thesis that the long and rare character sequences contain considerably more information then assumed in previous research.

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