Broadly speaking, this study aims to refine the traditional interpretation of the term "marginal colony" in an effort to illustrate how economic developments in each of the Bahamas, the Caymans, Belize, Anguilla, and Barbuda during the last half century or so of formal slavery in the British Caribbean impacted upon the life and labour experiences of bondsmen and women in these territories. More specifically, the study attempts to define the "marginal slave experience" by examining the occupations of slaves in these territories, their living conditions and general treatment by their respective owners within the wider context of these experiences for slaves in the sugar colonies of the British West Indies. In so doing, the study seeks also to establish and account for the significant differences in the organisation of slavery in the marginal territories of the region arising from the different economic function of that institution in those terrorities from that which prevailed in the sugar colonies of the British Caribbean.

Τα Σύνθετα Υλικά χρησιμοποιούνται από την αρχαιότητα αλλά η ουσιαστική τους ανάπτυξη άρχισε από τον 20ο αιώνα. Είναι πολυφασικά υλικά τα οποία μπορούν να οριστούν ως ένας συνδυασμός από δύο ή περισσότερα υλικά που είναι ευδιάκριτα με φυσικό τρόπο και εύκολα διαχωρίσιμα με μηχανικό τρόπο. Ο συνδυασμός αυτός οδηγεί στη δημιουργία ενός υλικού με ανώτερες ιδιότητες από αυτές των διακριτών συστατικών. Τα επιμέρους συστατικά δεν είναι διαλυτά το ένα στο άλλο και μπορούν να αναμιχθούν μεταξύ τους με ελεγχόμενο τρόπο και με καθορισμένες αναλογίες. Τα σύνθετα υλικά αποτελούνται από δυο φάσεις: τη μήτρα και τη φάση ενίσχυσης ή φάση διασποράς ή έγκλεισμα. Η μήτρα είναι αυτή που δίνει στο υλικό την ακαμψία και το σχήμα του. Μεταφέρει, επίσης, τις μηχανικές τάσεις μέσα στο σύνθετο υλικό, διατηρεί τον προσανατολισμό των συστατικών και προστατεύει τα εγκλείσματα από τις περιβαλλοντικές συνθήκες. Τα εγκλείσματα διαφέρουν σε μέγεθος, γεωμετρία και σύσταση. Βρίσκονται σφηνωμένα στη μήτρα και είναι αυτά που προσδίδουν τις ιδιαίτερες ιδιότητες στο Σύνθετο Υλικό. Στη παρούσα εργασία γίνεται μια πειραματική διερεύνηση με ηλεκτρικές μεθόδους της επίδρασης νανοενισχύσεων στη μήτρα πολυμερών ινωδών σύνθετων υλικών συνεχούς ενίσχυσης. Για το σκοπό αυτό χρησιμοποιήθηκαν πολυμερή ινώδη σύνθετα υλικά με ενίσχυση υαλονημάτων, στη μήτρα των οποίων προσμίχθηκαν σε δύο περιπτώσεις πολυφλοιικοί νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα και πολύστρωτο γραφένιο σε συγκεντρώσεις της τάξης του 1%. Και τα δύο υλικά φημίζονται για τις εξαιρετικές ηλεκτρικές τους ιδιότητες. Στη συνέχεια διενεργήθηκαν τρεις τύποι ηλεκτρικών μετρήσεων. Αρχικά διενεργήθηκαν μετρήσεις της ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας των υλικών υπό συνεχές ρεύμα, έπειτα διενεργήθηκαν μετρήσεις ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας υπό την επίδραση εναλλασσόμενου ρεύματος και τέλος πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις κρουστικής υψηλής τάσης προκειμένου να ελεγχθεί η ικανότητα των πολυλειτουργικών νανοσύνθετων υλικών να φέρουν κεραυνικά ηλεκτρικά φορτία τα οποία επιφέρουν μεγάλα πλήγματα στη δομή των αεροπορικών κατασκευών. Για τις μετρήσεις της ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας συνεχούς ρεύματος DC χρησιμοποιήθηκε ένα ψηφιακό πολύμετρο “Keithley DMM 2002”. Για τις μετρήσεις ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας υπό εναλλασσόμενο ρεύμα χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μέθοδος της διηλεκτρικής φασματοσκοπίας. Ο ηλεκτρικός χαρακτηρισμός των δειγμάτων πραγματοποιήθηκε σε εύρος συχνοτήτων από 10-1Hz έως 107Hz, με χρήση της ηλεκτρικής γέφυρας Alpha-N Analyser (High resolution dielectric analyzer) της εταιρείας Novocontrol. Όλα τα εξετασθέντα δείγματα υποβλήθηκαν σε ισόθερμες σαρώσεις συχνοτήτων. Η κυψελίδα μετρήσεων που χρησιμοποιήθηκε ήταν η BDS 1200 της ίδιας εταιρείας. Τέλος, οι μετρήσεις κρουστικής υψηλής τάσης πραγματοποιήθηκαν στο Εργαστήριο Υψηλών Τάσεων με χρήση της διβάθμιας κρουστικής γεννήτριας HAEFELY. Από την πειραματική διαδικασία και τα αντίστοιχα αποτελέσματα, που παρουσιάζονται αναλυτικά στα κεφάλαια 8 και 9 προέκυψαν τα συμπεράσματα που περιγράφονται στο κεφάλαιο 10. Συνοπτικά σημειώνεται ότι σε τρεις διαφορετικές πειραματικές διαδικασίες και σε καθεστώς διαφορετικών συνθηκών (στατική φόρτιση, εναλλασσόμενη φόρτιση και επιβολή κρουστικών τάσεων) το υλικό 1% CNT παρουσίασε σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις αισθητά καλύτερη αγώγιμη συμπεριφορά. / The Composite materials have been used since ancient times but their actual development did not start till the 20th century. These are polyphase materials which can be identified as a combination of two or more components which are distinguishable in a natural way and easily separable in a mechanical way. This combination leads to the development of a material with superior qualifies to those of distinct components. The particular components are not dissolvable but they can mix with each other when under control and in specific proportions. The composite materials are composed by two phases. The matrix and the reinforcement phase. The matrix is the one responsible for the rigidness and the shape of the material. It also transfers the mechanical stretches within the composite material, it sustains orientation of the components and protects the reinforcement phase from environmental conditions. Particulates of the reinforcement phase differ in size, geometry and composition. They are firmly located in the matrix and they are the ones to add specific qualities to the Composite. This work aims to survey experimentally through electric methods the impact of the nano-reinforcements in the matrix of fiber polymers. For this purpose fibre polymer composites with fiberglass reinforcement were used. In the matrix of these materials multi-walled carbon nanotubes και multi-layer graphene in concentration of about 1% were blended. Both materials are known for their exceptional electrical properties. Then, three types of electric conductivity measurements were carried out. Initially measurements of electric conductivity of the material was performed under dc, then measurements of electric conductivity under ac and finally there were measurements of impulse high voltage in order to check the ability of multifunctional nano-composite material to conduct thunder electric charges which may gravely afflict aeroplanes. For the specific measurements of the electric conductivity under dc, a digital polymeter “Keithley DMM 2002” was used. For the measurements under ac the method of dielectric spectroscopy was used. The electric characterization of the materials was carried out in frequency range of 10-1Hz έως 107Hz, using the Alpha-N Analyser (high resolution dielectric analyzer) of Novocontrol company. All the materials were subjected to frequency scanning of constant temperature. For this experiment the BDS 1200 device of the same company was used. Finally, the impulse high voltage measurements were performed in High Voltage Lab using the HAEFELY two stage impulse generator. The results which occurred from the experimental procedure and the respective results and which are presented in chapters 8 & 9 are described in chapter 10. In summary, it is noted that in three different experimental procedures and different status conditions (DC, AC and impulse high voltage) the material 1% CNT showed in all cases significantly better conductive behavior.

El presente volumen es el resultado de las investigaciones realizadas entre 1997 y 2002 dentro del proyecto auspiciado por el Consejo Alemán de Investigación (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) con el tema "Interculturalidad y comunicación interdisciplinaria: Latinoamérica y la diversidad de los discursos". La realización del mismo se llevó a cabo bajo aspectos teórico-culturales, epistemológicos, políticos, sociológicos, filosóficos y estéticos, entre otros, teniendo como base común una reflexión transdisciplinaria sobre la constitución y circulación de discursos sobre Latinoamérica y sobre aspectos teóricos de diversa naturaleza relacionadas con el continente, particularmente sobre los de la "postmodernidad", la "postcolonialidad" y la "modernidad".

Στην εργασία αυτή μελετήθηκε η μεταβολή της ειδικής ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας συναρτήσει της θερμοκρασίας για την πολυπυρρόλη, την πολυανιλίνη καθώς και συνθέτων αυτών εμπλουτισμένων με οξείδιο του ψευδαργύρου και ατμούς μεταλλικού ιωδίου με σκοπό την εφαρμογή των παραπάνω υλικών ως υποστρώματα σε φωτοβολταϊκές κυψελίδες (solar cells). Τα παραπάνω υλικά ανήκουν στην κατηγορία των οργανικών ημιαγωγών και αποτελούν τη λεγόμενη "τέταρτη γενιά" πολυμερών. / In this work the thermal aging of conducting polyaniline and polypyrrole and their blends with ZnO : (PPy/ZnO (x% w/w) with x =10, 20, 30, 40),PANI/ZnO (20% w/w) and iodine has been investigated for the application of these materials as substrates in photovoltaic cells. Today, research is focused on the organic solar cells, in which the electrical current flow is due to molecules, which play the role of donors or acceptors of electrical charge. Organic PV cells have the advantages of easy construction, low cost and they are friendly to the environment. Indium tin oxide is used as anode in organic PVs, which is characterized by high concentration of charge carriers and is used for the injection of positive charge carriers (holes) in the organic active layer. For all the samples conductivity followed one of the models: 1. FIT (Fluctuation Induced Tunneling), in the case that we have a granular metal structure, in which conductive grains are separated by insulating barriers. These insulating barriers are narrow enough for the carriers to tunnel through small areas where the grains are closest together and the conductivity is dominated by the thermal fluctuations of the carriers in these areas. The relationship σ=f(T) is given by σ=σ0 exp[-T1/T0+T]. From T1 and T0 the distance s between the grains can be determined. In this work the FIT model applied to the sample of pure polypyrrole throughout the duration of thermal degradation. 2. CELT (Charging Energy Limited Tunneling), in the case that we have a granular metal structure, through which the carriers move by tunneling effect. T0 is related directly to the ratio s/d, where s is the main separation and d is the mean diameter of the grains and can give informations about the shrinking of the grains during aging. The relationship between σ and T is given by: σ=σ0 exp[-(Τ0/Τ)γ] where σ0 and T0 are indepedent factors of the temperature and 0 < γ < 0,25. In this work the CELT model applied for the samples of pure polyaniline, PPy/ZnO (10% w/w), PPy/ZnO (20 %w/w), PANI/ZnO (20% w/w) and PPy/I throughout the duration of thermal degradation. 3. Mott (Variable range hopping model), in the case of heterogeneous structures of amorphous materials. The conductivity takes place by thermally activated electron hopping between localized states near Fermi energy. The localization is due to the randomly distributed atoms or molecules in the material. The relationship describing the change in conductivity with T is similar to that of the CELT model, with the exponent γ is roughly equal to 0,25. In this work the Mott model applied for the samples PPy/ZnO(40% w/w) and PPy/I (sublimation with iodine vapour for 24 h). The degreasing of conductivity σ, with thermal aging time t for a substance with a granular metal structure follows the law: σ=σαρχ exp[-(t/τ)0,5] where τ is the time which characterizes the aging. All our composites followed this relation, ensuring a granular metal structure. It also became apparent that heating greatly reduces the electrical conductivity of our composites. The thermal degradation of PANI at room temperature (300K) gives τ = (350 ± 50) h, though at 120 0C PANI gives τ = (18 ± 4) h, indicating a much faster degradation as it is expected. The characteristic parameter τ has been calculated for all the materials used in this work.

El presente volumen es el resultado de las investigaciones realizadas entre 1997 y 2002 dentro del proyecto auspiciado por el Consejo Alemán de Investigación (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) con el tema "Interculturalidad y comunicación interdisciplinaria: Latinoamérica y la diversidad de los discursos". La realización del mismo se llevó a cabo bajo aspectos teórico-culturales, epistemológicos, políticos, sociológicos, filosóficos y estéticos, entre otros, teniendo como base común una reflexión transdisciplinaria sobre la constitución y circulación de discursos sobre Latinoamérica y sobre aspectos teóricos de diversa naturaleza relacionadas con el continente, particularmente sobre los de la "postmodernidad", la "postcolonialidad" y la "modernidad".

This thesis looks at the people of Nueva Vizcaya's history of resistance to incorporation into the state during the colonial age, and how this history is connected to the contemporary context in the Sierra Tarahumara. To do this, I use and frame the concepts of community, resistance, violence, ethnogenesis, territory and history as intertwined in such a way that the Sierra Tarahumara and its inhabitants cannot be completely disassociated one from another. By looking at the engagements between colonizers and native people of the colonial North of the Nueva España –Tarahumara and other native indigenous people of the Sierra Madre Occidental– in history, and frame the narratives about these historical encounters, drawing colonial accounts, modern narratives and other sources, I contest in this work, allows to frame indigenous societies agency in history. In addition, this thesis endeavors to engage with the broader discussion about ethnogenesis, indigenous resistance to colonialism, native community and ecological conflicts in Nueva Vizcaya and in the Sierra Tarahumara. Finally, this research wants to make sense of the contemporary conflicts over land rights that indigenous communities of the Sierra Tarahumara face today, and connect them with the history of the colonial encounters of the people of the Nueva Vizcaya. I propose that these encounters, in the colonial time of the conquest of the Nueva Vizcaya, and in the national period, are largely a consequence of a colonial process of ethnogenesis that taxonomically indexed native people in categories related to colonial labor needs and control over the territory, which I frame as tarahumarizacíon and raramurización.

Le travail de thèse est consacré à la synthèse, l’élaboration et à l’étude des propriétés physiques d’une famille d’oxydes semi-conducteurs BiVO4 sous formes de nanostructures et de films minces incluant un dopage métallique (Metal = Cu, Mo et Ag) dans le but de réaliser des photocatalyseurs efficaces sous irradiation en lumière visible. La synthèse de nanopoudres dopées a ainsi été effectuée par la technique de broyage planétaire à haute énergie ainsi que par la méthode sol-gel. Les matériaux obtenus et les effets de dopage ont été étudiés sur les caractéristiques structurales, électroniques et optiques. En conjuguant des études par XPS, Raman et RPE, nous avons montré que le dopage substitutionnel est effectivement réalisé pour les ions (Cu, Mo) localisés dans les sites cristallins des ions vanadium alors que le dopage par l’élément Ag contribue à former des clusters métalliques localisés à la surface de nanoparticules de BiVO4 formant ainsi des nanocomposites. Les réactions photocatalytiques ont été étudiées par la dégradation de colorants organiques (Acide bleu 113, méthyle orange (MO)) dans des solutions faiblement concentrées. Parmi les ions dopants substitués dans les matrices hôtes, le dopage au cuivre (Cu2+) a montré de meilleures performances en raison d'une augmentation de la densité de charges photo-générées et de la conductivité électrique par rapport au cas du dopage au molybdène. Pour le dopage à l’argent, la formation de clusters métalliques donnent lieu à des effets de résonances plasmoniques qui améliorent l'efficacité photocatlytique à un niveau équivalent à celui du dopage substitutionnel au cuivre. La deuxième contribution de ce travail a porté sur la réalisation par pulvérisation cathodique rf-magnétron de films minces BiVO4 dopés par des éléments Mo et Cu dans des conditions définies par l'atmosphère de dépôt à base de pressions partielles d’un gaz Ar ou d’un mélange Ar / O2 et des températures de substrats variables jusqu'à 450 ° C. Les paramètres optimaux de dépôt ont été identifiés pour réaliser des films cristallins à faible rugosité de surfaces ou à morphologies en nano-îlots. Des études photocatalytiques utilisant des films minces dopés ont été effectuées par la dégradation des colorants organiques (MO) sous rayonnement visible. Ces études montrent que la morphologie des films avec des surfaces spécifiques importante est aussi un facteur d’amplification des performances photocatalytiques des films minces dopés Me-BiVO4. / The thesis work is devoted to the synthesis and investigations of the physical properties of a family of semiconducting oxides based on BiVO4 as nanostructures or thin films including a metal doping (Metal = Cu, Mo and Ag) in order to achieve effective photocatalysts under visible light irradiation. The synthesis of doped nanopowders was carried out by the techniques of high-energy ball milling and sol-gel. The resulting materials and doping effects were characterized on the structural, electronic and optical properties. By combining XPS, Raman and EPR studies, it was shown that the substitutional doping is achieved for the doping ions (Cu, Mo) being located in the lattice sites of the vanadium ions. Oppositely, Ag doping contributes to form Ag metal clusters located on the surface of nanoparticles of BiVO4 thereby forming nanocomposites. Photocatalytic reactions were studied by the degradation of organic dyes (Acid Blue 113, methyl orange (MO)) in low concentrated solutions. Among the doping ions substituted in the host matrices, Cu2+ showed better photocatalytic performances because of an increase in the density of photo-generated charges and similar effect on the electrical conductivity compared to the case of Mo doping. In the Ag based nanocomposites, the formation of metal clusters seems to induce surface resonance plasmonic effects that improve the efficiency of photocatalytic reactions with respect to the activity demonstrated for substitutional doping. The second contribution of the thesis work was devoted to BiVO4 thin films deposition by rf sputtering process with Mo and Cu doping under defined synthesis conditions such as the partial pressures of Ar gas or an Ar / O2 mixture and varying the substrate temperatures up to 450 ° C. The optimal deposition parameters have been identified to achieve crystalline films with low roughness surface or alternatively with nano-islands morphologies. Photocatalytic studies using doped thin films were carried out through the degradation of organic dyes (MO) under visible light irradiation. The performed measurements show that the film morphology with high specific surface is also a key factor in the amplification of photocatalytic reactions in metal doped thin films.

La thèse analyse, dans une perspective historique et comparative, le parcours suivi vers la citoyenneté sociale par les populations afro-descendantes d’Amérique centrale entre 1948 et 1966. Avec le système esclavagiste puis son abolition comme points de départ de la réflexion, les Africains et les Afro-descendants du monde entier ont commencé à systématiser leurs réflexions, leurs luttes et leur organisation, notamment au travers de personnalités comme Marcus Garvey ou d’organisations comme le Mouvement panafricaniste, afin de rejeter la stigmatisation apportée par l’invention coloniale de la « race noire ». Ce processus s’est initié entre la Première Guerre mondiale et l’émergence du système des Nations unies, qui a fourni la base d’un nouvel ordre international, se traduisant notamment par la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme et le début de la décolonisation en Afrique. Après les indépendances centraméricaines au début du XIXe siècle et au cours des processus de construction républicaine à l’oeuvre dans chacun des pays de la région, le développement national au Guatemala, au Honduras, au Nicaragua, au Costa Rica et au Panama a toutefois été marqué par l’empreinte identitaire laissée par la Couronne espagnole dans la région ainsi que par des politiques de métissage et/ou de blanchiment de la population. À partir de la deuxième partie du XIXe siècle, la vague d’immigration d’origine africaine en provenance des Caraïbes a remis en question cet imaginaire collectif et l’idée de citoyenneté portée par les élites de chaque pays. Si la question normative de la citoyenneté afro-descendante en Amérique centrale s’est donc longtemps inscrite dans un contexte international d’exclusion raciale, qui renvoie notamment au système de ségrégation aux États-Unis, le développement progressif de dispositifs légaux dans chaque pays a ouvert une nouvelle ère d’intégration citoyenne après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, faisant écho aux nouveaux instruments juridiques internationaux et à la Charte internationale des droits de l’homme. / The thesis analyzes, through comparative and historical perspectives, the path followed by theAfrodescendant populations in Central America, between 1948 and 1966, towards social citizenship. Having theslavery system and its latter abolition as a starting point, the African and Afrodescendant populations around theworld systematized their thoughts, battles and organization, especially through personalities such as Marcus Garveyand the Pan Africanist Movement; as means to counteract the burden created by the colonial invention of the “blackrace”. This process had place when the World War I and the United Nations System provided the base for a newinternational order; which after World War II, turned into creating the Organization of United Nations, the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights and the beginning of decolonization in Africa. In addition, after the Central AmericanIndependence and in the middle of their republican construction, the differentiated national development followed byGuatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, took over the identity footprint institutionalized by theSpanish crown in the region; which afterwards turned into the miscegenation and/or population whitening. However,the wave of Caribbean Afrodescendant immigration from the second half of the nineteenth century, confronted thecollective imaginary as well as the citizen profile chosen by each of these country elites. Therefore, the singularnormative and social citizenship progress of the Afrodescendant populations in Central America, fell within theinternational racial exclusion context, such as United States’ racial segregation; as well as the paradoxicalrefinement of civil matters legal provisions in each country, and the strengthening of national measures restrictingimmigration; all of the above as part of a new human rights era, with its international legal instruments and theInternational Bill of Human Rights.

Les procédures orales (juicios verbales) et les conciliations qui firent irruption sur la scène judiciaire, après la promulgation de la Constitution espagnole de 1812, ont constitué, pendant de longues décennies, le dernier échelon du système judiciaire mexicain. Soumises à des adaptations diverses après l'indépendance du pays, leurs caractéristiques essentielles ont toutefois été conservées par la suite : l’ensemble de ces procédures fut fondamentalement attribué à des juges locaux qui n'étaient pas tenus d'avoir une formation juridique et qui ne recevaient aucune rémunération, exerçant un service obligatoire au bénéfice de la collectivité (carga concejil). Cette justice municipale avec ses juges «profanes» représente l'un des nombreux éléments qui autorise à qualifier le XIXe siècle mexicain de période de transition juridique. À Guadalajara, deux types de juges sont intervenus dans l’administration de justice par des procès verbaux au cours de la première moitié du XIXe siècle : les alcaldes constitucionales et les commissaires de police. Leurs tribunaux étaient les institutions judiciaires ordinaires les plus proches des justiciables où étaient résolus divers conflits du quotidien, principalement de caractère civil, mais aussi criminels. Bien que chacun eût incarné une justice paternelle, peu répressive et caractérisée par sa simplicité procédurale, les tribunaux des commissaires de police étaient des espaces moins coercitifs encore, plus souples et ouverts à la négociation. S’il est vrai que ces derniers avaient certes moins d’attributions en matière de sanctions, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’ils gardaient une plus grande proximité avec les justiciables. / The oral trials (juicios verbales) and conciliation which emerged in the judicial domain following the declaration of the 1812 Spanish Constitution, represented for many decades the lowest level of the Mexican judicial system. Although subjected to a number of modifications after the country’s independence, their essential characteristics were preserved: both processes were primarily attributed to local judges who required no legal training and received no remuneration. These judges performed an obligatory service for the benefit of the community (carga concejil). Such municipal justice, embodying judges from among the laypeople, is one of a number of elements that supports the description of the Mexican nineteenth century as a period of legal transition. In Guadalajara, two types of judge exist in oral trial judicial administration during the first half of the nineteenth century: alcaldes constitucionales and police officers (comisarios de policía). Their courts were the ordinary judicial institutions closest to the litigants in which various everyday conflicts were resolved, chiefly civil ones, but also criminal. While both categories of judge represented a paternal type of justice, minimally repressive and simple in its process, the police officers’ courts were less coercive and more open to negotiation. While these latter courts certainly possessed fewer powers than the alcaldes constitucionales regarding sanctions, in certain respects they nevertheless were more accessible to the litigants.

Unique to nineteenth-century Spain and Central America, the pronunciamiento can be interpreted as an act of insubordination against ruling authorities, which included a written document with a list of complaints or demands. The practice was almost always carried out by members of the army, but usually involved heavy participation by political and civilian sectors of society as well. The pronunciamiento more often than not contained a threat of military violence if the grievances of the pronunciados were not listened to; as a result, it carried with it the implicit consequence of armed revolt. The pronunciamiento was responsible for major political changes in early nineteenth-century Mexico and Yucatán, and was also one of the most powerful forces of political and societal destabilisation during this period. Indeed, the pronunciamiento was responsible for the establishment of federalist and centralist systems, changes of constitutions, and constant overthrows of presidents. This was also true on a smaller scale in Yucatán, as the pronunciamiento was not only used to depose governors and administrations, but was the key negotiatory mechanism between the Yucatecan and Mexican administrations; yucatecos resorted to the pronunciamiento to realise their secessions from and reunifications to Mexico throughout the early nineteenth century. The aim of this thesis is to expose the dynamic of the Yucatecan pronunciamiento. It will challenge the present depiction of the pronunciamiento as military exercise of destabilization, and will instead concentrate on exposing it as a highly intricate process of political representation and negotiation, at both local and national levels. This will not only contribute toward a greater understanding of pronunciamiento culture on a local and more general scale, but will also reveal a more comprehensive analysis of the socio-political and economic circumstances of nineteenth-century Yucatán. This in turn will aid in re-defining early nineteenth-century Mexico, questioning its traditional depiction as an age of “chaos”, and instead exposing it as one dominated by political and ideological forces and factions, who used the pronunciamiento to express their beliefs and to negotiate for change.