The difficulties of system design are persistentlyincreasing due to the integration of more functionality on asystem, time-to-market pressure, productivity gap, andperformance requirements. To address the system designproblems, design methodologies build system models at higherabstraction level. However, the design task to map an abstractfunctional model on a system architecture is nontrivial becausethe architecture contains a wide variety of system componentsand interconnection topology, and a given functionality can berealized in various ways depending on cost-performancetradeoffs. Therefore, a system design methodology must provideadequate design steps to map the abstract functionality on adetailed architecture. MASIC—Maths to ASIC—is a system design methodologytargeting DSP applications. In MASIC, we begin with afunctional model of the system. Next, the architecturaldecisions are captured to map the functionality on the systemarchitecture. We present a systematic approach to classify thearchitectural decisions in two categories: system leveldecisions (SLDs) and implementation level decisions (ILDs). Asa result of this categorization, we only need to consider asubset of the decisions at once. To capture these decisions inan abstract way, we present three transaction level models(TLMs) in the context of DSP systems. These TLMs capture thedesign decisions using abstract transactions where timing ismodeled only to describe the major synchronization events. As aresult the functionality can be mapped to the systemarchitecture without meticulous details. Also, the artifacts ofthe design decisions in terms of delay can be simulatedquickly. Thus the MASIC approach saves both modeling andsimulation time. It also facilitates the reuse of predesignedhardware and software components. To capture and inject the architectural decisionsefficiently, we present the grammar based language of MASIC.This language effectively helps us to implement the stepspertaining to the methodology. A Petri net based simulationtechnique is developed, which avoids the need to compile theMASIC description to VHDL for the sake of simulation. We alsopresent a divide and conquer based approach to verify the MASICmodel of a system. Keywords:System design methodology, Signal processingsystems, Design decision, Communication, Computation, Modeldevelopment, Transaction level model, System design language,Grammar, MASIC.

Conceptual design is a series of complex cognitive processing tasks and research seeking to further understand design cognition will benefit by considering literature from the field of psychology. This thesis presents two research projects, which sought to understand and mitigate design biases in conceptual design through the application of theories from biological and cognitive psychology. The first of these puts forward a novel model of design creativity based on connectionist theory and a neurological phenomenon known as long-term potentiation. This model is applied to provide new insights into design fixation and develop interventions to assist designers overcome fixation. The second project seeks to establish that cognitive heuristics and biases predictably influence design cognition. Two studies are discussed that examined the role of confirmation bias in design. The first establishes that confirmation bias is present during concept generation; the second demonstrates that decision matrices can mitigate confirmation bias in concept evaluation.

Conceptual design is a series of complex cognitive processing tasks and research seeking to further understand design cognition will benefit by considering literature from the field of psychology. This thesis presents two research projects, which sought to understand and mitigate design biases in conceptual design through the application of theories from biological and cognitive psychology. The first of these puts forward a novel model of design creativity based on connectionist theory and a neurological phenomenon known as long-term potentiation. This model is applied to provide new insights into design fixation and develop interventions to assist designers overcome fixation. The second project seeks to establish that cognitive heuristics and biases predictably influence design cognition. Two studies are discussed that examined the role of confirmation bias in design. The first establishes that confirmation bias is present during concept generation; the second demonstrates that decision matrices can mitigate confirmation bias in concept evaluation.

This thesis explores the system of architectural education in the Middle East Technical University Department of Architecture between 1956 and 1980. The formation and the transformation of the system of architectural education in the school are investigated with references to the evolution of the social, political, economic and architectural context of Turkey in the period and the systems of architectural education applied in the country. The education in the Department of Architecture not only formed its system according to the Bauhaus program as applied in the postwar American context, but also transformed it with changing architectural theory and the design methodology. Both the school&#039 / s system of architectural education and the institutional identity established by the school provided significant contributions to the institutionalization of architectural education in Turkey. Besides, in the following decades, the school&#039 / s system of education became basic model for other institutions in the country in re-structuring their systems. In this respect, by focusing on the M.E.T.U. Department of Architecture&#039 / s system of architectural education, this study aims to be a history of the Middle East Technical University and the social, political, economic and architectural context of the period as well.

Over the last few decades the design of high lift devices has become a very important part of the total aircraft design process. Reviews of the design process are performed on a regular basis, with the intent to improve and optimize the design process. This thesis describes a new and innovative methodology for the design and evaluation of mechanisms for Trailing Edge High-Lift devices. The initial research reviewed existing High-Lift device design methodologies and current flap systems used on existing commercial transport aircraft. This revealed the need for a design methodology that could improve the design process of High-Lift devices, moving away from the conventional "trial and error" design approach, and cover a wider range of design attributes. This new methodology includes the use of the innovative design tool called SYNAMEC. This is a state-of-the-art engineering design tool for the synthesis and optimizations of aeronautical mechanisms. The new multidisciplinary design methodology also looks into issues not usually associated with the initial stages of the design process, such as Maintainability, Reliability, Weight and Cost. The availability of the SYNAMEC design tool and its ability to perform Synthesis and Optimization of mechanisms led to it being used as an important module in the development of the new design methodology. The SYNAMEC tool allows designers to assess more mechanisms in a given time than the traditional design methodologies. A validation of the new methodology was performed and showed that creditable results were achieved. A case study was performed on the ATRA - Advance Transport Regional Aircraft, a Cranfield University design project, to apply the design methodology and select from within a group of viable solutions the most suitable type of mechanism for the Variable Camber Wing concept initially defined for the aircraft. The results show that the most appropriate mechanism type for the ATRA Variable Camber Wing is the Link /Track Mechanism. It also demonstrated how a wide range of design attributes can now be considered at a much earlier stage of the design.

While design theories provide a foundation for representing and reasoning about design methods, existing design theories do not explicitly include uncertainty considerations or recognize tradeoffs between the design artifact and the design process. These limitations prevent the existing theories from adequately describing and explaining observed or proposed design methods. In this thesis, Rational Design Theory is introduced as a normative theoretical framework for evaluating prescriptive design methods. This new theory is based on a two-level perspective of design decisions in which the interactions between the artifact and the design process decisions are considered. Rational Design Theory consists of normative decision theory applied to design process decisions, and is complemented by a decision-theory-inspired conceptual model of design. The application of decision analysis to design process decisions provides a structured framework for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of design methods. The qualitative evaluation capabilities are demonstrated in a review of the systematic design method of Pahl and Beitz. The quantitative evaluation capabilities are demonstrated in two example problems. In these two quantitative examples, Value of Information analysis is investigated as a strategy for deciding when to perform an analysis to gather additional information in support of a choice between two design concepts. Both quantitative examples demonstrate that Value of Information achieves very good results when compared to a more comprehensive decision analysis that allows for a sequence of analyses to be performed.

<p>The difficulties of system design are persistentlyincreasing due to the integration of more functionality on asystem, time-to-market pressure, productivity gap, andperformance requirements. To address the system designproblems, design methodologies build system models at higherabstraction level. However, the design task to map an abstractfunctional model on a system architecture is nontrivial becausethe architecture contains a wide variety of system componentsand interconnection topology, and a given functionality can berealized in various ways depending on cost-performancetradeoffs. Therefore, a system design methodology must provideadequate design steps to map the abstract functionality on adetailed architecture.</p><p>MASIC—Maths to ASIC—is a system design methodologytargeting DSP applications. In MASIC, we begin with afunctional model of the system. Next, the architecturaldecisions are captured to map the functionality on the systemarchitecture. We present a systematic approach to classify thearchitectural decisions in two categories: system leveldecisions (SLDs) and implementation level decisions (ILDs). Asa result of this categorization, we only need to consider asubset of the decisions at once. To capture these decisions inan abstract way, we present three transaction level models(TLMs) in the context of DSP systems. These TLMs capture thedesign decisions using abstract transactions where timing ismodeled only to describe the major synchronization events. As aresult the functionality can be mapped to the systemarchitecture without meticulous details. Also, the artifacts ofthe design decisions in terms of delay can be simulatedquickly. Thus the MASIC approach saves both modeling andsimulation time. It also facilitates the reuse of predesignedhardware and software components.</p><p>To capture and inject the architectural decisionsefficiently, we present the grammar based language of MASIC.This language effectively helps us to implement the stepspertaining to the methodology. A Petri net based simulationtechnique is developed, which avoids the need to compile theMASIC description to VHDL for the sake of simulation. We alsopresent a divide and conquer based approach to verify the MASICmodel of a system.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>System design methodology, Signal processingsystems, Design decision, Communication, Computation, Modeldevelopment, Transaction level model, System design language,Grammar, MASIC.</p>

A evolução dos processos de fabricação de circuitos microeletrônicos coloca um número cada vez maior de dispositivos à disposição do projetista de circuitos integrados. Mais e mais funcionalidades são adicionadas aos equipamentos eletrônicos com um aumento correspondente no esforço de projeto. Aplicações de multimídia e comunicação digital, por exemplo, são muito populares e integram funções cada vez mais complexas. As janelas de mercado diminuem com a grande competição por novos produtos. Este cenário desafia os projetistas: são necessárias novas metodologias. Para aumentar a produtividade de uma equipe de projeto, é imprescindível a utilização de um nível de abstração mais alto. O mesmo sistema pode ser descrito por um número menor de primitivas se a linguagem de descrição possuir primitivas semanticamente mais ricas. Este é o chamado projeto baseado em reuso, onde módulos são desenvolvidos para responderem necessidades mais genéricas e serem reconfiguráveis. Além disso, devem seguir algum padrão de interface de comunicação. Aplicações multimídia são muito complexas. Na área de compressão de vídeo, por exemplo, há uma grande quantidade de processamento para permitir a compressão dos dados. Áudio e vídeo geram uma grande quantidade de dados. É imperativo comprimir os dados de maneira a permitir o seu armazenamento/transmissão através de recursos limitados. H.264 é a evolução dos padrões de compressão de vídeo digital, como H.263 ou MPEG-2, e a sua implementação só é possível graças ao progresso da microeletrônica. O desenvolvimento de um decodificador H.264 é um exemplo de um projeto de sistema digital complexo, visto como uma composição de módulos que executam as diferentes operações sobre o sinal. O foco deste trabalho é a metodologia para a construção de sistemas digitais a partir de funções já prontas, em um fluxo de projeto que permita o projeto e o teste baseados em reuso. O caso de estudo, o decodificador H.264, é analisado como um sistema composto por alguns módulos e o resultado é uma metodologia SoC apropriada para ele. Este trabalho levará a uma descrição de como o decodificador foi desenvolvido, uma vez que as técnicas de processamento e os desafios de implementação tenham sido completamente compreendidos. / The evolution of the manufacturing process of microelectronic circuits offers an ever increasing number of devices to the chip designer. More and more functionalities are added to the electronic equipments with a corresponding increase in design effort. Multimedia and digital communication applications, for example, are very popular and integrate each time more complex functions. The time-to-market reduces with the competition for new products. This scenario challenges the circuit designers: new methodologies are needed. To increase the productivity of a design team, higher level of abstraction must be used. The same system can be described with less number of primitives if the description language has primitives semantically richer. One primitive can call a pre-designed module giving a hierarchical design process. This is the so called reuse based design, because modules are developed to respond general needs and made reconfigurable and they must follow some standards of communication interfaces. Multimedia applications are very complex. For video compression, for example, we need a big amount of processing in order to realize data compressing. Audio and video generate a big amount of data. It is imperative to compress the data to allow its storage/transmission through limited resources. H.264 is the evolution of video compression standards, like H.263 or MPEG-2, and its implementation is only possible due to microelectronics progress. Its development is an example of a complex digital system design, and can be seen as a composition of modules that execute the different signal operations. The focus here is the methodology for building digital systems from functions already developed, in a design flow that facilitates reuse-based design and test. The case study, an H.264 decoder, is analyzed as a system made of several modules and the result is a SoC methodology fashioned for it. This work presents a description of how the decoder was developed, after the complete understanding of all the involved processing techniques and design implementation challenges.

Com o crescente potencial da world wide web, a criação e desenvolvimento de aplicações web se tornaram atividades extremamente profissionalizadas, envolvendo principalmente os mercados de Design e de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs). As novas equipes de desenvolvimento têm caráter interdisciplinar, e são compostas por profissionais com perfis diferenciados, que acabam por incorporar novas combinações de competências e características de diferentes campos profissionais. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa analisa as competências da equipe de desenvolvimento de aplicações web e os processos utilizados, a fim de traçar um paralelo entre o processo, o papel do profissional e as competências necessárias em cada etapa, por meio da realização de um estudo de caso. Os resultados permitiram a construção de um mapeamento que demonstra o alinhamento entre as competências da equipe de projeto e a metodologia de desenvolvimento de aplicações web, considerando todas as etapas do processo. / As world wide web has been increasing potentially, web applications creation and development have become highly professionalized activities, involving mainly Design and Information and Communication Technology areas. The new development teams have an interdisciplinary character, and are composed of professionals with different profiles, which eventually incorporate new competences and characteristics combinations of different professional areas. In this context, this research analyses the competences of the web applications development team and the used processes, in order to draw a parallel between the processes, the professional role and the wanted competences in witch stage through a study case. The results allowed constructing a map that exposes the alignment between the design team competences and the web applications development methodology, considering all process stages.

Atualmente, vários pesquisadores da arquitetura, investiga as possibilidades de absorção da tecnologia digital na arquitetura. Dentre as diversas posturas, destaca a do grupo de arquitetos holandeses Nox cujo método de concepção que utiliza técnicas digitais e analógicas, assim como acolhe o conhecimento de outras disciplinas e enfatizam a topologia como um dos eixos norteador, a obra do grupo indica as questões para o debate. Dialogando com outros autores, este tema reflete sobre as modificações pelas quais passa a arquitetura. / Nowadays, different groups of architects search for the possibilities of digital Technology contribution to architecture. Among the various stances, this paper particularly highlights the Dutch architects group called Nox, which develops a design method that uses both digital and analogical techniques, as well as incorporates knowledge from other disciplines. The Dutch group’s work serves as a guideline, as it indicates the subjects to be examined. Also based on the studies of other authors, the present research analyses the modifications contemporary architecture is going through, such as matters related to form, design method and conceiving of space, time and reality.