Thesis (M. A. (Optom.)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Background: There are several clinical techniques for the subjective measurement of heterophoria. In South Africa, von Graefe is one of the most commonly used techniques to quantify heterophoria using the phoropter. However, most rural community clinics have trial frames rather than phoropters to perform heterophoria measurements and other clinical tests. Heterophoria or phoria is the misalignment of an eye that occurs when binocular sensory fusion is blocked. The distance heterophoria is determined by the tonic vergence resting state and negative accommodative vergence. In distance vision, normal heterophoria is zero. The tonic vergence resting state is the vergence angle dictated by tonic vergence innervation alone. However, during a near heterophoria test, the vergence angle observed involves multiple innervational factors. Blocking binocular fusion eliminates disparity vergence innervation. Because of the dual interaction, the loss of disparity vergence innervation initiates simultaneous changes of accommodation innervation. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the agreement of von Graefe heterophoria measurement using the phoropter and a trial frame. Setting: The study was conducted at an Optometry Clinic, University of Limpopo, South Africa. Methods: Distance and near horizontal and vertical heterophoria measurements were performed on 88 visually-normal university students using the phoropter and a trial frame. The 95% limits of agreement were compared using the exact Bland-Altman statistical test. To measure the horizontal heterophoria, 12 prism base-in was placed before the right eye and 6 prism base-up before the left eye. The prism in front of the right eye was reduced until the participant reported that the two images were vertically aligned. The vertical heterophoria was measured by reducing the prism in front of the left eye until the participant reported that the two images were horizontally aligned. Zero deviation was recorded as ortho or orthophoria. Results: For distance horizontal heterophoria, the Von Graefe values were 0.39±2.0 and 0.38±1.8Δ with the phoropter and trial frame, respectively. The mean near v horizontal heterophoria were 3.69±3.3 and 4.13±3.27Δ with the phoropter and trial frame. There were no significant differences between the mean heterophorias measured using the phoropter and the trial frame, p ˃ 0.05. For the vertical heterophorias at distance and near vision, the means were close to orthophoria. The mean differences and limits of agreement showed good agreement of Von Graefe test using the phoropter and trial frame. Conclusion: Measurement of Von Graefe testing with the phoropter and trial frame showed a high level of agreement for both distance and near vision performed through the phoropter and a trial frame. For clinical and research purposes, the phoropter and trial frame can be used interchangeably for measuring heterophoria. Keywords: heterophoria, phoropter, trial frame, von Graefe, prism

Modern timber frame buildings are a unique combination of ancient carpentry techniques coupled with one of the newest enclosure systems found on construction sites around the world. Contemporary timber frame structures typically utilize structural-insulated panels (SIPs) attached to a timber frame skeleton to create functional, enclosed structures, such as houses, churches and a myriad of retail and industrial buildings. The skeleton contains large wooden members connected using wooden joints held together with wooden pegs or wedges. SIPs consist of a layer of rigid expanded polystyrene insulation covered on one side by oriented strand board and on the other side by oriented strand board, drywall, or some other interior finish. In timber frame buildings, SIPs also serve as diaphragm elements, which are flat structural assemblies loaded by shear forces in the plane of the panel. Current design methodologies for timber frame structures do not formally incorporate the structural benefits of SIPs as diaphragm elements, which contribute significantly to the ability of these buildings to resist lateral loads. The contribution of this research was to quantify necessary design parameters to enable timber frame designers to capitalize on the significant in-plane strength and stiffness of SIPs when designing timber frame structures to resist lateral loads. Strength and stiffness tests were conducted on three 8 ft (2.44 m) deep and 24 ft (7.32 m) long roof diaphragm assemblies, and two 20 ft (6.10 m) deep and 24 ft (7.32 m) long roof diaphragm assemblies. Data from these tests were collected, tabulated and analyzed according to existing methods typically utilized for post-frame diaphragm testing. Strength and stiffness of timber frame and SIP roof diaphragm assemblies were determined from monotonic test results and a value for Response Modification Coefficient, R, for use with seismic design procedures, was estimated utilizing cyclic test data. Procedures for calculating strength and stiffness of a roof diaphragm based on the strength and stiffness of test panels were presented and incorporated within post-frame diaphragm design methods. Diaphragm-frame interaction analyses were performed utilizing test data from roof diaphragm assemblies that demonstrated the code conformance of members within timber frames subjected to lateral loads. Using roof diaphragm test data and procedures developed for adjustments from the test panel to building roof length, example designs were conducted which confirmed the effectiveness of including SIPs as diaphragm elements for code conforming designs for wind and seismic load resistance of timber frame and SIP buildings. / Ph. D.

Under det senaste århundrandet har möbeldesign utvecklats och designats för att bli mer ekonomiskt tillgänligt. Majoriteten av möblerna under de senaste årtiondet är designade för att underlätta fövaring och transport för att minimera kostnaden för företaget. Företaget kan låta kunden montera det själva i hemmet för att reducera priset ytterligare. För att kunderna ska bli nöjda behövs det en snabb och intuitiv monteringslösning. Detta projektets syfte är att förbättra monteringen för rambaserade möbler med fokus på FAMILJ A från IKEA. För insamling av information gällande de problem som kan komma upp när kunden monterar ihop möbler används olika metoder så som intern benchmarking och konsultering av experter. En behovs- och egenskaps matris upprättas som hjälp och riktlije för vad de nya koncepten bör upfylla. För att generera idéer för nya koncept som kan förbättra designen, används metoder så som extern benchmarking, patentsökning och brainstorming. 19 olika koncept och idéer som förbättrar och löser olika problem togs fram. Genom att konsultera experter på IKEA i en fokusgrupp väljs ett koncept ut som kallas för "Indented frame". Konceptet vidareutvecklas och en 3-dimensionel modell genereras för att visualisera det nya konceptet. Indented frame modifieras och anpassas efter dagens infästningsanordning. Baserat på den 3-dimensionella modellen skapas ritningar för tillverkning av prototyper. Prototypens monteringstid mäts och ett belastningstest utförst för att mäta hållfastheten. Resultatet är att den nya designen har en enklare monteringsprocess, snabbare monteringstid och belastningstestet visar ingen större skillnad i hållfasthet. Efter belastningstestet utvärderas det nya konceptet med dagens produkt som referens. Detta görs utifrån form, funktion, kvalité, hållbarhet och lågt pris. Slutsatsen är att det nya konceptet är en förbättrad design. / During the last century, furniture design has developed to become more financially accessible. Most furniture during the past decades is designed to facilitate the storage and transport of the product to minimise costs for the company. The company can let the customer assemble the furniture themselves at home to reduce the price even more. For customers' to be satisfied, the assembly of the furniture needs to go quickly and easily. The objective of this thesis is to improve today's assembling process of frame-based furniture with a focus on series of FAMILY A at IKEA. To gather information about what problems a customer may encounter today when assembling the furniture different methods are used such as consulting experts and internal benchmarking. A requirement and characteristics matrix is made as a guideline for what the new concepts should fulfil. To get ideas on new concepts that can improve the design, methods such as external benchmarking, patent search and brainstorming are used. The result is 19 different concepts that will improve several different problems. By consulting experts from IKEA in a focus group, one of the concepts named the Indented frame is chosen for further development. A 3-dimensional model is made to visualise the new concept and the Indented frame is adapted to existing components for wall hanging for the previous model of FAMILY A. Based on the 3-dimensional model, drawings are produced for the first prototypes. The prototypes assembly time are measured and a load test is carried out to measure the durability for the new concept. The result is that the new design has a decreased assembly time and the load test shows that there is no significant difference in durability. After the tests, the new concept is evaluated compared to the old design in view of form, function, quality, sustainability and low price. The conclusion is that the new concept would improve the furniture and the customers' experience when assembling.

Meat was obtained from a single daily lot of turkey frames by mechanically deboning with a Beehive AU 4171 deboner and by hand deboning. The meat was analyzed for protein, fat, moisture, ash, iron, calcium, and 19 amino acids. Mechanically deboned turkey had 68 percent more ash, 74 percent more iron, and nine times more calcium than the hand deboned turkey meat. Other constituents were about equal in the two products. Protein bioavailability tests, including protein efficiency ratio, biological value, net protein utilization, and nitrogen efficiency for growth, did not reveal significant differences between mechanically deboned and hand deboned turkey. Iron bioavailability tests measuring hemoglobin regeneration in rats did not reveal significant differences either. Higher levels of iron in mechanically deboned turkey makes it a better dietary source of iron than hand deboned turkey meat.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21343号 / 医博第4401号 / 新制||医||1031(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 平井 豊博, 教授 松田 秀一, 教授 別所 和久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

In this investigation, the elasto-plastic behavior and the seismic performance of concrete reinforced frame structures reinforced are evaluated by applying the Pushover method. This evaluation is done on several cases: with high ductility steel (Grade 40), conventional steel (Grade 60) and high strength steel (Grade 75). For the previous, the capacity curve graph obtained from the displacement coefficient method was used to measure the capacity of the structure. In addition, the performance of the structure for different levels of seismic design are evaluated with the resulting values of ductility and rigidity of each case. The results showed that reinforcing a structure with a Grade 40 reinforcing steel increases the energy dissipation capacity, and if reinforced with a Grade 75 reinforcing steel increases the strength capacity in the structure. Finally, the comparative result of the various cases are presented to demonstrate the influence of reinforcing steel on the plastic behavior of concrete reinforced frame structures.

No description available.

Human valuing is a topic of study in many disciplines concerned with the behavior of humans in terms of its relationship to individual as well as group behavior. Many disciplines provide a theory of how values effect behavior, however a behavior analytic approach may demonstrate utility in terms of both understanding the formation of values as well as procedures that incorporate valuing into interventions for common psychological problems. Relational Frame Theory (RFT), a psychological account of human language and cognition, which has its foundation in behavior analysis, may provide an empirically-valid account of the formation of values and the mechanisms though which it effects behavior. Language processes including hierarchical, or categorical, relational responding, the transformation of consequential stimulus function, and rule-governed behavior may contribute to the act of human valuing. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), a clinical derivative of RFT, incorporates values as a central component of treatment. This series of three studies sought to add to the empirical understanding of human valuing through two basic and one translational study. Study 1 examined the transformation of consequential stimulus functions in accordance with hierarchical networks, completed in a multiple baseline design. Results of this study suggest that, given sufficient strength of derived relations, the transformation was demonstrated by five of six participants. Study 2 evaluated the motivative effect of stimuli in a hierarchical relational network, completed in a multiple baseline design. The results suggest that in the presence of directly trained stimuli the motivative augmentals did not influence responding for four of four participants, however they did in a novel context for three of three participants. Study 3 sought to measure the effect of an arbitrary symbol related to a values-focused hierarchy as a motivative augmental for academic performance with a sample of undergraduate university students in a classroom setting. Together, these studies reflect a number of the languages processes necessary if an RFT-focused conceptualization of human valuing is accurate.

No description available.

The seismic risk of a nuclear power plant (NPP) depends on structures, systems and components (SSCs) that are seismically qualified to a design basis earthquake (DBE) in Canada or a safe shutdown earthquake (SSE) in the United States. On the other hand, there exist some components that are not essential to safety but their seismic interaction with seismically-qualified SSCs adversely affects the seismic risk of such SSCs. Rocking frames consisting of a rigid beam freely supported by piers (e.g., a 150 Ton spare turbine rotor, or a 100 Ton idle steam generator resting on triangular or trapezoidal rigid piers) are common to NPPs. Seismic interaction of such frames with seismically-qualified safety components or their host structure may be detrimental to nuclear safety as witnessed in the 2013 Arkansas Nuclear One accident where the drop of a 500 Ton stator adversely impacted the severe core damage frequency of the entire plant, negatively affecting the nuclear risk. In order to ensure nuclear safety, it is essential to quantify the risk of a heavy component’s drop owing to a rocking frame’s instability caused by design basis accidents including seismic. A rocking frame’s beam support may be concentric or eccentric with respect to the pier’s center of mass depending on it’s geometry, for example, triangular or trapezoidal respectively. The current nuclear standards, ASCE 43-19 and CSA N289.1-2018 are silent about rocking frames. Literature has also not addressed the eccentricity variation. This thesis addresses the gap on seismic qualification of rocking frames by, establishing an equivalent rocking block for rocking frames with symmetrical support eccentricities, obtaining the response of frames with unsymmetrical support eccentricities and finally examining the stability of the two types of frames under slide restrained conditions. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Rocking frames, each consisting of a heavy rigid horizontal beam freely supported on unanchored rigid piers, are common to nuclear power plants (NPPs) (e.g., a turbine rotor freely supported by triangular or trapezoidal piers). The support points for the beam on the pier in such frames may be concentric or eccentric with respect to the pier’s center of mass as in a triangular or trapezoidal pier configuration. The current Canadian and American nuclear standards do not provide guidance on rocking frames. Support eccentricity variation has not been addressed in the literature. Consequently, the seismic risk of rocking frame configurations, common to NPPs, remains unknown. This thesis addresses this gap by employing an equivalent rocking block model for frames with symmetrical eccentricities, with an equation of motion representing those with unsymmetrical eccentricities; and examining the stability of the two under slide-restrained conditions.