National park Šumava offers its visitors an all-year possibility of tourism. Thanks to the fact that its nature has preserved its natural character, Šumava is a tourist-attractive area.In some parts of nature, tourism has exceeded its tolerable form and so did the visitors pressure on surrounding nature. The goal of this dissertation is to assess and evaluate the influence of tourist visits on specific fauna in the Zhůří-Turnerova chata area. On basis of a field research, habitat characters of animals occurred in this area have been classified. Various visitors activities were specified through a sociological research also.

abstract: Literature on the design and management of urban parks has been informed by empirical research on the value of public space in terms of economic value, public health, social, and environmental benefits. Although there is significant value in discussing these benefits, there has been a lack of understanding about the production of public space as a normative goal. Neighborhood parks have been recognized as one of the key urban public spaces that serve the social, economic, and environmental needs of adjacent neighborhoods. However, relevant studies mostly focus on the contribution of neighborhood parks as discrete space, instead of neighborhood parks as built spaces within the urban context. This research provides a better understanding of the relationship between the context of surrounding neighborhoods and the success of neighborhood parks. The research addresses two major research questions. First, what are the major characteristics of the morphological context around neighborhood parks? Second, how do the characteristics of morphological context associate with the success of neighborhood parks? For the first question, the `context' refers to the layout and configuration of urban form including blocks, parcels, and buildings; street network; pedestrian-oriented attributes; and property land uses. For the second question, the `success' of neighborhood parks is defined by property/ violent crime rate. The study is based on a quarter mile buffer area around 150 neighborhood parks in the City of Chicago, Illinois. The research employed factor and cluster analysis to develop a typology of neighborhood park contexts. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the relationship between park morphological contexts and crime rate. Based on understanding the dimensional structure of urban form elements, neighborhood park surroundings were classified into six categories. This study provided an alternative way of constructing public space typology based on surrounding urban form. The findings of regression analysis revealed that variables associated with higher-density, permeability, and mixed-use development do not necessarily correlate with reduced property/ violent crime rates. However, some variables representing `traditional neighborhood' characteristics were correlated with lower property/ violent crime rates. The study provides guidelines for urban design and physical planning strategies for neighborhood park development. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Environmental Design and Planning 2013

A dissertação tem como objetivo a análise das viagens e das características dos usuários que dirigem automóvel até as estações do sistema de transporte coletivo de alta capacidade, na qual embarcam e prosseguem viagem por motivo trabalho de metrô ou trem. Estuda-se a relação deste tipo de viagem com a acessibilidade ao centro das cidades e com a política e a qualidade de estacionamento para os automóveis junto às estações e no local de trabalho. Através de pesquisas sobre viagens da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo obteve-se dados sobre estas viagens, conhecidas como park and ride, no metrô e nos trens metropolitanos. Foram levantadas as principais zonas de origem e destinos das viagens park and ride, e as estações de trem e metrô com transferências significativas destas viagens, bem como analisados estudos e informações sobre características de estacionamento em estações, padrão das viagens e o perfil do usuário que faz esta troca modal. Analisa-se o comportamento do usuário como objeto de modelagem na sua escolha entre ir direto de automóvel ao trabalho ou ir até a estação dirigindo automóvel e completar a viagem ao trabalho de metrô. Investigam-se estas viagens através da construção de um modelo de escolha discreta baseado na teoria da utilidade aleatória, cujas variáveis são a diferença de tempo de viagem, a diferença de preço de estacionamento e a qualidade do estacionamento junto à estação. Propõe-se um modelo logit binomial e realiza-se um uma pesquisa com usuários do metrô, em um estacionamento de automóveis junto à Estação Tietê, que inclui questões sobre preferência declarada. Com os resultados das entrevistas se faz a calibração e análise comparativa de modelos para simulação da escolha da viagem. Verifica-se que a influência da diferença de tempo entre as viagens tem mais influência que a diferença de preço entre os estacionamentos no centro e junto a estação, na escolha do modo de transporte pelos entrevistados. Nota-se que a qualidade de estacionamento entendida como maior quando localizado dentro da estação e menor quando fora é significativa, provavelmente por proporcionar ao usuário além de economia de tempo, mais comodidade e segurança. / The objective of this dissertation is the analysis of characteristics of trips and users, who drive a car to the stations of the high capacity passenger transport system, in which they embark and continue the trip to their work place. It studies this type of trip related to the accessibility to downtown and to the quality of car parking facilities next to the stations and at the work place. The survey transport data within the Metropolitan Region of San Paulo presents information about these trips, known as Park and Ride, in the subway lines and in the commuter train lines. The main zones of origin and destination of the Park and Ride trips were identified and the stations of train and subway with significant transferences too. The characteristics of parking in stations and the trips patterns of users making this modal transfer were studied. The user\'s behavior was analyzed in order to modeling his choice between going direct by car to the work place or going by car to the station and take the subway to the work place. A discrete choice model was proposed based in the random utility theory. The variables considered are the difference in trip time, the difference of parking price and the quality of the parking next to the station. A Binomial Logit Model was considered and a stated preference survey was conceived. A case study was conducted with the interview of users at a car parking lot next to the subway Tiete Station. The results of the interviews were used to calibrate and compare the discrete choice models tested. It was verified that the difference of time between the alternatives is more important than the difference of parking price in the transport choice. It was also verified that quality is significant to users, and it is seen higher when the parking is in the station. This is due, probably, to time savings and both comfort and safety.

Typology of Nature Parks in the Czech Republic Nature parks cover about one tenth of the Czech Republic. They are classified under general protection of nature and landscape in the nature and landscape system of our state and primarily serve to protect the landscape character with significant aesthetic, natural and cultural values. Nature parks are currently set up by a law regulation by regional authorities. This thesis provides comprehensive information about all nature parks in the Czech Republic, describes their history and their present form. The thesis deals with the research of landscape protection and landscape character. The main result of the thesis is the creation of a typology of natural parks of the Czech Republic, rated by their landscape coverage and selected natural conditions - altitude, typological division of the relief, climatic conditions and height vegetation levels. All map outputs are processed in a GIS program. Keywords: nature park, landscape protection, landscape character, landscape typology

Zusammenfassung Die Rechtsregelung des Schutzes der Nationalparke in der Tschechischen Republik und Deutschland Der Gebietsschutz wird zu den wichtigsten Instrumenten des Naturschutzes gezählt. Die Schutzgebietskategorie "Nationalpark" (NP) ist ein etabliertes Instrument. Trotzdem wird die Diskussion über Nationalparke sehr angeregt geführt. Vor dem Hintergrund der Vorbereitungen eines neuen Gesetzes für den bestehenden Nationalpark Šumava (der größte tschechische Nationalpark) ist dieses Thema in der Tschechischen Republik sehr aktuell. Die vorliegende Arbeit vergleicht die Rechtsregelungen für Nationalparke in Tschechien und Deutschland. Ihr Ziel ist es, hiervon Rückschlüsse für mögliche Änderungen de lege ferenda zu gewinnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich allen tschechischen Nationalparken (České Švýcarsko, Krkonošský, Podyjí und Šumava). Obwohl in Deutschland die Grundlage der Regelung durch das Bunesnatuschutzgesetz (BNatSchG) geschaffen ist, spielt für die Durchführung der Regelungen das Landesrecht eine wichtige Rolle. Für die Arbeit wurden Landesregelungen für drei der insgesamt 14 deutschen Nationalparke als Fallbeispiele herangezogen: NP Bayerischer Wald (Bayern), NP Müritz (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) und NP Sächsische Schweiz (Sachsen). In den Einführungskapiteln wird die historische...

A park lock mechanism is a device that is fitted to an automatic transmission on a vehicle. The mechanism lock up the transmission so that no rolling of the vehicle can be done when the vehicle is put in the park position. The aim of this thesis is to develop a method in order the evaluate designs on a Park Lock Mechanism (PLM) that can be found in a dual clutch transmission (DCT). A Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) tool to calculate the output that is required for an evaluation of a park lock mechanism design will be created. The CAE tool shall calculate static, dynamic, and snap torque on a ratchet wheel in a gradient, with or without a trailer, also the minimum and maximum coefficient of friction between the pawl and cone, pull out force, the maximum amount of rollback, torque needed from the return spring, preload force from actuator spring, and engagement speed. The CAE tool created uses an Excel Visual Basics for Applications (VBA) workbook for all calculations. The tool allows the user to choose different vehicles with the required specification to evaluate the values for that PLM. The CAE tool will save time and cost if lots of different PLM’s are going to be designed. The CAE tool has potential for future work when more calculations can be added that can be in use for the evaluation the PLM. The CAE tool developed by the master thesis student calculates all the required values for evaluation of a PLM design, executed in a fast, efficient, and easy to use program.

The 28-month study assessed the impacts of five syntopic medium-sized mammalian browsers and one fire event in a woodland savanna in the Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe. Aspects of herbivory, mechanical pressures, seed dispersal and nutrient cycling were investigated for three species of small antelope (common duiker [Sylvicapra grimmia]1, klipspringer [Oreotragus oreotragus] and steenbok [Raphicerus campestris]) and two medium-sized species (bushbuck [Tragelaphus scriptus] and greater kudu [T. strepsiceros]). Focusing on Burkea africana2 woodland, in a system that does not include elephant (Loxodonta africana), effects of browsing antelope on woody and herbaceous vegetation development were investigated using exclusion plots. Browsers regulated woody plant cover (measured as basal stem area), with smaller antelope having a greater impact than larger species. This was linked to feeding height, feeding selectivity and mechanical pressures (e.g. twig breakage and trampling). Fire caused an initial reduction in above-ground standing biomass, but in the presence of fauna, pre-fire equilibria were attained within 15 months. In antelope exclosures, herbaceous biomass increased and woody biomass decreased following fire. Responses by woody vegetation to browsing varied among species, with highly palatable species typically exhibiting compensatory regrowth. Woody species richness and abundance (especially of palatable species) increased in the absence of browsers, but species richness of the herbaceous layer was promoted by moderate disturbance (trampling or fire). Faecal deposition behaviour, primarily the use of latrines by small antelope, resulted in localised soil enrichment within defended territories. Decomposition rates (and therefore return of nutrients to the soil) varied among species and seasons, due to defecation site selection, accessibility to decomposers and desiccation rates of faecal pellets. Controlled seed germination experiments indicated that ingestion by small antelope enhances germination rates of large, hard-seeded fruits such as Sclerocarya birrea. However, germination of savanna seeds may require multiple cues. This study demonstrated the critical roles of small antelope in ecosystem functioning, and highlights the importance of the less visible impacts of frequently overlooked smaller mammalian herbivores. Perturbations to the faunal community, especially small antelope, are predicted to have substantial impacts on woody plant cover.

Please read the abstract (Uittreksel) in the section, 00front of this document. See also 10summary / Dissertation (MSc (Zoology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Zoology and Entomology / MSc / unrestricted

The study involved the predator-prey interaction of three species namely the predator (Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus), the super-predator (Lion Panthera leo), and their common prey (Impala Aepyceros melampus). The study area is the Kruger National Park. The predator being an endangered species, faces a survival problem. It is frequently killed by the super-predator to reduce competition for prey. The super-predator also scares away the predator o_ its kills. The prey forms the main diet of the predator. The plight of the predator motivated the author to formulate disease and reaction-diffusion models for the species interactions. The purpose of the models were to predict and explain the effect of large competition from the super-predator on the predator population. Important parameters related to additional predator mortality due to presence of super-predator, the disease incidence rate and induced death rate formed the focal points of the analysis. The dynamics of a predator-prey model with disease in super-predator were investigated. The super-predator species is infected with bovine Tuberculosis. In the study, the disease is considered as biological control to allow the predator population to regain from low numbers. The results highlight that in the absence of additional mortality on the predator by the super-predator, the predator population survives extinction. Furthermore, at current levels of disease incidence, the super-predator population is wiped out by the disease. However, the super-predator population survives extinction if the disease incidence rate is low. Persistence of all populations is possible in the case of low disease incidence rate and no additional mortality imparted on the predator. Furthermore, a two-species subsystem, prey and predator, is considered as a special case to determine the effect of super-predator removal from the system, on the survival of the predator. This is treated as a contrasting case from the smaller parks. The results show that the predator population thrives well in the total absence of its main competitor, with its population rising to at least twice the initial value. A reaction-diffusion three-species predator-prey model was formulated and analysed. Stability of the temporal and the spatio-temporal systems, existence and non-existence of stationary steady state solutions were studied. Conditions for the emergence of stationary patterns were deduced. The results show that by choosing the diffusion coeffcient d2 > _D 2 suffciently large, a non-constant positive solution is generated, that is, stationary patterns emerge, depicting dispersal of species. Predators were observed to occupy habitats surrounding prey. However, super-predators were observed to alternate their habitats, from staying away from prey to invading prey habitat. In the investigation, strategies to determine ways in which the predator species could be saved from extinction and its population improved were devised, and these included isolation of the predator from the super-predator.

The thesis is focused on designing of a project of a natural park Czech Canada, and is divided into two main parts. In the theoretical section first defines the basic characteristics of tourism. Afterwards is described destination management and marketing. The practical part presents the natural park Czech Canada. Further analysis of the internal environment through the primary and secondary offerings. The following analysis of the external environment by using methods of PESTEL. After the SWOT analysis, followed by designing a project for the extended marketing mix of tourism.