Prepared for The National Park Service, United States Department of Interior, Yellowstone, Wyoming / The goal of this investigation has been the reconstruction of past seasonal climate for the period 1750-1910 (161 years) in the Yellowstone National Park region based upon tree-ring data. Tree-ring series are useful in the reconstruction of past climate owing to the availability of large numbers of trees, the great longevity of trees, and the critical fact that the climatic information they contain is accumulated over specific years. In this project a number of tree-ring series from the region around Yellowstone National Park have been calibrated against short-term (1912-1971) seasonal temperature and precipitation data for Bozeman, Moran, Red Lodge, and Yellowstone Park. From these calibrations, long-term seasonal temperature and precipitation records have been reconstructed for each of the four stations. A major reason for these reconstructions has been the need for long-term climatic data that can be used to indicate potential variations in the climate of the park region. Knowledge of these climatic variations may facilitate estimates of natural food supplies or availability of forage in winter as related to snow depth. Previously such estimates have had to be based upon relatively short-term climatic data which undoubtedly do not encompass all possible climatic variations. With this in mind, a series of precipitation and temperature maps have been produced to indicate some of the seasonal extremes that have probably been experienced since 1750 within a given year or group of years as indicated by the tree -ring data. It is hoped that these maps will be useful to various types of researchers involved in planning within Yellowstone National Park.

No description available.

Skötsel av våra parker och andra gröna miljöer utgör en stor kostnad. Syftet med studien var att ta fram förslag på olika praktiska lösningar för att minimera tiden och kostnaden för skötsel av offentliga gröna miljöer och utforma dessa som ett antal råd till designers. Metoden som användes var en kombination av en litteraturstudie, där sökorden ’skötsel’, ’parkförvaltning’, ’park management’, ’low maintenance’och ’low maintenance park/garden’ användes, och en undersökning där sex personer intervjuades. Det är viktigt att tänka igenom vilket mål man har med den yta som skall skötas om. En välvårdad yta kräver mera skötsel för att nå skötselmålen än om den inte skall vara det. Det finns mycket som kan göras när det gäller utformningen för att underlätta skötseln. Formen på gräsytor påverkar kostnaderna för gräsklippningen och materialavskiljande kanter underlättar för skötseln i områden som skall vara välvårdade. Med ett genomtänkt växtval kan mängden beskärning av träd och buskar minskas och med marktäckning undviks en hel del ogräs i rabatterna. Om man väljer växter som är anpassade till den miljö där man skall plantera kommer växterna att trivas utan så mycket skötsel. En högre investeringskostnad, genom att till exempel välja större exemplar av buskar och träd, verkar kunna vägas upp av lägre kostnader för skötsel. Genom att beakta de olika förslagen på lösningar för en mera skötseleffektiv grön miljö, kan troligen en hel del både tid och pengar sparas in. Om man kombinerar detta med väl genomtänkta skötselmål för olika områden, kan man spara ännu mera.

Darbe pateikiama informacija apie mini parkus ir jų projektavimą. Pateikiamas mini parko apibrėžimas, jų charakteringi bruožai. Pateikiama mini parko kūrimo, Telšių mieste, koncepcija ir projektiniai pasiūlymai. / This work object is to create a pocket park in Telsiai city project. Work objectives: Gather information about pocket parks, to analyze and summarize. Present pocket park definition. Present the pocket park's concept and design concepts.

The purpose of this research document is to inform the author about the manners in which built form can be reconfigured within landscapes. As such the focus is twofold: Firstly, the concept of landscape must be explored and defined and secondly, theoretical approaches to the reconfiguration of built form within the landscape must be determined. Through research it is found that landscape is not, as is popular belief, merely a natural phenomenon, but consists of a visual and imagined component. The visual component in turn, consists of the natural and the cultural landscape. An argument is made that the predominate contemporary paradigm should determine the manner in which the built form is designed. As such, the theme of complement (between built form and landscape) is derived as an interpretation of the current global awareness of environmental issues. The imagined landscape is found to relate to the cultural landscape in the sense of both being influenced by it and influencing it. From the contemporary, global mindset of environmental sensitivity, the concept of complement is derived. Complement refers to the idea of mutual symbiosis of two parties, i.e. both parties benefit from their relation. As such, the theory of synchronized geometry and progressive tradition is investigated in terms of the natural and cultural landscape respectively. The intention and potential application of the theories is tested by discussion in relation to certain precedents and cases of built form (such as the Mapungubwe Interpretation Centre) and landscape (the landscape of iSimangaliso Wetland Park). / Thesis (M.Arch.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

No description available.

Vilniaus Kalnų parkas – tai parkas esantis pačiame Vilniaus miesto centre, šalia tokių svarbių objektų kaip – Gedimino pilies bokštas, Vilniaus Šv. Stanislovo ir Šv. Vladislovo arkikatedra bazilika, Trijų kryžių paminklas, Gedimino paminklas, katedros aikštė. Reikšmingoje vietoje esantis objektas privalo atrodyti solidžiai, būti sutvarkytas bei puoselėjamas. Todėl atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas yra įvertinti Vilniaus Kalnų parko želdinių būklę bei numatyti tvarkymo perspektyvas. Tyrimo esmė – nustatyti parko želdinių rūšinę sudėti ir atsitiktinio pasirinkimo metodu ištirti 1000 medžių būklę, kurie atspindėtų viso parko želdinių būklę. Daugiausia išmatuota paprastojo klevo, paprastosios pušies ir baltosios tuopos želdinių. Šios rūšys sudaro daugiau nei pusę tirtų želdinių skaičiaus. Tyrimo metu buvo ištirta 17 medžių rūšių: specialiomis priemonėmis buvo matuojamas medžių aukštis, liemens apimtis, liemens tiesumas, fiksuojamos ligos, įvairūs mechaniniai pažeidimai. Tyrimo rezultatai surašomi į lentelės ir statistiškai apdorojami. Siekiant patvirtinti, kad tyrimo rezultatai yra objektyvūs, atliekamas palyginimas su VPVKRD saugomais dokumentais. Daroma išvada, kad tyrimo metu surinkti duomenys, skaičiai ir kiti pastebėjimai yra artimi VPVKRD dokumentų duomenims. Todėl tyrimą galima laikyti objektyviai atspindinčiu Kalnų parko želdinių sudėtį ir būklę. Siekiant pagerinti parko ir jo želdinių būklę siūloma sutvarkyti infrastruktūrą, įrengti pasivaikščiojimų takus, suolus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Vilnius Hill Park is situated right in the centre of Vilnius city near such important sites as – The Castle of Gediminas monument, Cathedral Square. Due to its‘ important location the site has to look presentable, tidy ant cherished. Due to this, research was carried out to in order to establish conditiom of plantation in Vilnius Hill Park anh review the options. The essence of this the research is was follows – identyfi park plantation types strength and by randomly selecting of 1000 trees, which could highlight condition of the whole planting and examine their condition. The main examination was carried out on maple, ordinary pine and white poplar. These types make up more than half of examined plantation numbers. During the testing 17 types of treles were examined as follows: height was measured by special equipment, stem size, stem erectness, fixate condition, various mechanical violation. Tests results are recordered on a card and statistically processed. To make sure, that research results are impartial, they are compared to VPVKRD protected documents. Conclusion can be made, that data collected during the research and other findings can be related to VPVKRD documents data. This is why the research can be classed as impartial, showing the true condition of park planting. The following actions can done in order to improve park and planting condition: walking paths can be created; benches and bins can be installed; flower garden can be created.

The conscious creation and marketing of a destination brand and image is a feature of the present age. Brands can affect tourists' choices and behaviour and are therefore important in destination marketing. Marketing organisations devote considerable time to creating brands and channelling them through various media sources to the target markets. The success of the destination brand can be measured and defined by the expectations of the tourists. This study measured the SANParks brand by focusing on the current Kudu logo. It was the first time such a brand measure was done on any of the South African National Parks. Measuring brands can be done either internally, by employees and management of SANParks, or externally through visitor questionnaires. This study focused on external measurement. Primary data was gathered by means of 618 (n=618) structured, self-completion electronic questionnaires. Twenty four perceptions and eight emotions related to the Kudu brand were tested. A factor analysis was conducted on the correlation of these pre-established perceptions and emotions. Three factors - a successful brand, service and a positive brand image emerged as perceptions. Two factors related to emotions were divided into positive and negative emotions towards the Kudu brand. The findings indicated that most respondents relate SANParks Kudu logo to only the Kruger National Park and respondents clearly indicated that they do not want the Kudu logo to change. This study proved the Kudu brand to be successful, but it is recommended that SANParks differentiate the Kudu logo to create a unique culture and identity for every National Park in South Africa. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The social and economic contribution of tourism to local communities is now being recognised as one of the most vital aspects for the tourism industry. Literature on national parks emphasises the importance of relations between parks and communities, as well as knowledge and understanding of the social and economic impacts of parks on the development of local communities. Although national parks are seen as major tourism assets and the vital role that they play in adjacent communities is understood, still little is known about the socio-economic contribution of these parks to their respective local economies and communities. Socio-economic impact study is important since it provides information that can influence a community's attitudes and perceptions and accordingly, its behaviour, which may create a cohesive society which is important for the success of national parks. The primary goal-of this study was to determine the socio-economic impact of the Wilderness National Park (WNP) on the community of Wilderness. To achieve the above goal, secondary objectives were set, namely: to determine the socio-economic benefits of Wilderness National Park, to determine the social impact of the WNP on the community of Wilderness, to determine the length of residency as an influential factor in the social impact of tourism and to draw conclusions and make recommendations based on the results of the study. Three surveys were conducted (as quantitative research): a community survey (101 questionnaires), a business survey in Wilderness (22 questionnaires) and a tourist survey (85 questionnaires) of tourists visiting the Wilderness National Park. The research outcome contains two components: Article 1 (Chapter 2), a socio-economic impact study (where all three surveys were used); and Article 2 (Chapter 3), a social impact study of length of residency (where only the community survey was used). Research for both articles was undertaken at Wilderness. Article 1 is titled: "The socio-economic benefits of Wilderness National Park". The main purpose of this article was to determine the socio-economic benefits of the WNP to the community of Wilderness. Results indicated that the Park has an impact in terms of production, income generation and employment, and that it is also achieving its goal with regard to conservation, creating economic opportunities and involving the community of Wilderness. Only 24% of businesses indicated that their existence is due to the Wilderness National Park. However, guesthouses and Bed and Breakfast establishments indicated that they benefit most from the Park since 62,1% of the accommodation units' turnover is due to the Park. Food and restaurants indicated that 7,5% of their business is due to the Park, while tourism services estimated this contribution at 33,3%. The results confirm that the total economic leakage percentage is well above 50%, indicating that the urban areas face high leakages. However, in terms of employment creation, the fact that 100% of all workers live in the area under consideration is an indication that the benefits of the Park reach the community members. Overall, the results indicated that the total impact of the Wilderness National Park on the local economy was R12,8 million and that it is an effect of the total spending by visitors. Aspects driving the social value/benefits include improvement of the area; that the Park leads to an increased awareness of nature and wildlife; that it preserves local culture and nature; that the appearance of the area has improved; and that the Park provides the community with an opportunity to visit natural areas. Results further indicated that the Park has a greater social impact/benefit than economic impact/benefit because it is situated in an affluent community. Article 2 is titled: "Length of residency as an influential factor in the social impact of tourism". The main aim of this article was to determine if length of residency influences the social impact of the influence on the community of Wilderness. It further showed that length of residency helps predict positive and negative perceptions of the residents in terms of the environmental, social and economic aspects of tourism. It was found that, since to the establishment of the WNP, the residents which have been living in Wilderness for a shorter period of time indicated that they experienced the social aspects positively, the economic aspects both as equally positive and negative, but regard the environmental aspects as more positive than negative, whereas the residents that have been living in Wilderness for a longer period indicated that they experienced the environmental aspects positively, the social aspects more negatively, and a more negative than positive experience regarding the economic aspects. Thus, length of residency is definitely an influential factor in the social impact of tourism on the community of Wilderness. The results of both articles confirm that the community felt that the Park does have a positive to very positive effect on the quality of the community and has a greater social, rather than economic, impact on the community of Wilderness. The results indicated that length of residency does help predict perceptions of social impacts and is thus definitely an influential factor of the social impact of tourism on the community of Wilderness. This study contributes to the literature available on the (1) socio-economic impacts/benefits of urban parks (WNP), and (2) length of residency as an influential factor in social impacts of tourism. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Archival records are essential for understanding changes in the environment. However, these records are largely ignored by archivists, who overwhelmingly focus on records of human history. Algonquin Provincial Park in east-central Ontario was established in 1893 and is the oldest park in the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Provincial Parks system. In addition to the many official functions and activities that occur in Algonquin Provincial Park, it is host to extensive environmental monitoring, assessment and research. However, no adequate system is in place to ensure that the records of archival value are identified, appraised, and preserved. An appraisal methodology is required to assist archivists to identify environmental records of long-term value. Using Algonquin Provincial Park as a case study, through primary source analysis of its structures and functions and comparisons with other park systems, various archival appraisal theories and methodologies are tested in order to determine the best method for appraising environmental records in general and the records of parks. It is determined that macroappraisal is the best method for appraising only the records created by the official functions and activities of Algonquin Provincial Park. However, the park depends on and interacts with many external affiliated organizations, including the Algonquin Forestry Authority, The Friends of Algonquin Park, Algonquins of Golden Lake First Nation, leaseholders, researchers, protest groups, anglers, businesses and contractors. The creation of environmental monitoring, assessment and research records is increasingly accomplished external to official government functions and activities. Many of these external groups create environmental records of archival value, yet, no formal strategy to preserve irreplaceable records is implemented in Algonquin Park. Elements from archival appraisal methodologies such as macroappraisal, the documentation strategy and the Minnesota Method are helpful for determining the relative archival value, and therefore level of documentation, of these external individuals, groups and organizations. This combination of methodologies is the most effective for ensuring the preservation of important environmental information and subsequently the environment. Various preservation partnership strategies are also suggested for these records identified as having archival value.