Der Umgang mit Verkehrslärm ist eine wachsende Herausforderung für Städte. Denn während Ballungsräume immer stärker wachsen und somit höhere Verkehrsaufkommen entstehen, gibt es auch immer mehr Bewohner, welche vor den Auswirkungen des Lärms geschützt werden müssen. Ein geeigneter Rückzugsraum zur Erholung der Stadtbevölkerung von Verkehrslärm sind städtische Grünflächen, doch auch diese sind stetig steigenden Verkehrslärmpegeln ausgesetzt. Im Rahmen der Umgebungslärmrichtlinie sollen daher Grünflächen als „Ruhige Gebiete“ geschützt und entwickelt werden. Jedoch sind bisher keine Richtlinien vorhanden, wie diese im Kontext der Lärmkompensation gestaltet werden sollen. Die vorliegende Arbeit betrachtet daher Zusammenhänge und Wechselwirkungen zwischen Lärm und urbanen Grünflächen. Dabei soll untersucht werden, wie Grünflächen gestaltet sein sollten, damit diese einen möglichst hohen Lärmentlastungseffekt erzielen. Hierbei wird geprüft, welchen Einfluss verschiedene Faktoren auf die individuelle Lärmwahrnehmung und die Wahl der persönlichen Aufenthaltsbereiche der Nutzer in Grünflächen haben. Die Einflussfaktoren wurden basierend auf der Literaturanalyse in drei Einflussgruppen aufgeteilt: Die Soundscape als Geräuschumgebung, die Grünfläche als räumliche Umgebung sowie der Nutzer als wahrnehmende Person. Für jede Einflussgruppe wurden mehrere Hypothesen aufgestellt, sodass insgesamt 13 Hypothesen zur Prüfung vorlagen. Eine besonders starke Forschungslücke wurde hierbei bezüglich der Verdeckung der Vegetation aufgezeigt, da es diesbezüglich zwei konträre Theorien gibt, welche beide durch verschiedene Studien gestützt werden. Zur Datenerhebung wurden drei verschiedene Methoden verwendet: Zunächst die Methodik der Soundwalks, bei welcher die Teilnehmer eine vordefinierte Route entlanggehen und an ausgewählten Punkten die Soundscape bezüglich ihrer individuellen Lärmwahrnehmung bewerten. Die Soundwalks wurden im Großen Garten in Dresden durchgeführt und an vier Terminen nahmen insgesamt 33 Teilnehmer teil. Danach wurde ein Set an unterschiedlichen Grünflächen in Dresden ausgewählt, in denen die beiden quantitative Untersuchungen durchgeführt wurden: Zum einen Strukturierte Interviews, bei welchen Nutzer in den verschiedenen Grünflächen bezüglich ihrer individuellen Lärmwahrnehmung befragt wurden. Zum anderen wurden Quantitative Beobachtungen durchgeführt, welche dazu dienten, die in den Grünflächen aufgesuchten Aufenthaltsbereiche einer großen Anzahl von Nutzern zu erfassen. Im Rahmen dieser beiden quantitativen Datenerhebungsmethoden wurden 388 Personen befragt sowie 12.680 Personen beobachtet. Die Auswertung der erhobenen Daten ergab, dass es mehrere Faktoren gibt, welche einen besonders deutlichen Einfluss auf die Wahrnehmung von Lärm in städtischen Grünflächen haben. Zum einen ist dies – recht offensichtlich – der vor Ort vorherrschende Lärm. Dieser kann durch die Höhe der Schalldruckpegel, psychoakustische Parameter, den Anteil an verlärmter Fläche und die wahrgenommene Stärke von Verkehrslärm charakterisiert werden. Je höher diese Werte sind, desto schlechter wird die individuelle Lärmwahrnehmung bewertet. Einen positiven Einfluss hat diesbezüglich jedoch die Anwesenheit von Naturgeräuschen. Aufgrund von Multisensorik hat allerdings auch die visuelle Wahrnehmung einen starken Einfluss auf die Geräuschwahrnehmung. Hierbei ist zum einen die visuelle Qualität zu nennen, denn umso ansprechender eine Grünfläche gestaltet ist, desto geringer wird der Lärm dort wahrgenommen. Zudem wirkt sich eine komplette Verdeckung der Lärmquelle – insbesondere bei Straßenverkehr – ebenfalls positiv auf die Lärmwahrnehmung aus. Dies unterstützt somit die Theorie der Aufmerksamkeitsfokussierung, welche besagt, dass möglichst wenige Sinne einen unangenehmen Reiz wahrnehmen sollen. Daher führt auch eine semi-transparente Verdeckung der Lärmquelle noch nicht zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung der Wahrnehmung, sondern erst eine komplette Verdeckung dieses visuellen Reizes. Der letzte untersuchte Faktor war der des Nutzers. Hierbei konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass Nutzer für lärmsensible Aktivitäten vermehrt auch ruhigere Grünflächenbereiche aufsuchen. Um Aktivitäten durchzuführen, welche ortsgebunden sind und somit fest montiertes Grünflächenmobiliar wie Sitzbänke oder Spielplätze benötigen, werden hingegen auch öfter lautere Bereiche genutzt. Insgesamt konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass die Auswirkungen des Verkehrslärms bezogen auf die Grünfläche verringert werden, wenn diese möglichst wenige Verkehrsgeräusche, sondern vermehrt Naturgeräusche aufweist, von einer hohen visuellen Gestaltungsqualität geprägt ist und die Lärmquellen an den Rändern komplett verdeckt. Abschließend erfolgte basierend auf diesen Erkenntnissen die Erstellung eines Maßnahmenkatalogs, welcher förderliche Ziele und Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Grünflächen vorstellt. Diese sind insbesondere im Kontext der „Ruhigen Gebiete“ geeignet, um die Lärmwahrnehmung in städtischen Grünflächen subjektiv zu mindern.

Syfte: Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka och gestalta utbyggnaden av Gröna Lund inom fastigheten Skeppsholmsviken 6 med hänsyn till funktion, upplevelse, kulturhistoriska värden, hållbarhet och allmänhetens intressen. Metod: Intervjuer genomfördes med personer som har varit inblandade i det pågående planarbetet och en enkätundersökning har delats på sociala medier för att ta reda på allmänhetens synpunkter och önskemål kring utbyggnaden. Utöver detta har detaljplaner, rapporter och ritningar från det pågående planarbetet utgjort del av faktainsamlingen inför arbetet. Resultat: Arbetet resulterade i fem byggnader placerade längs vattenlinjen mot Saltsjön och ett allmänt gångstråk i form av en brygga som ska kunna användas som passage förbi Skeppsholmsviken 6. Slutsats: Resultatet visar att en utbyggnad av Gröna Lund har stark kulturhistorisk förankring och att platsen i utbyggt utseende kommer kunna nyttjas bättre av både allmänheten och Gröna Lunds besökare. Utbyggnaden kommer även medföra positiva ekologiska, sociala och ekonomiska konsekvenser som minskad biltrafik, ökad trygghet, fler jobbmöjligheter och stärkt turistnäring. Det är möjligt att göra utbyggnaden ekologiskt hållbar genom att använda trä som byggnadsmaterial, grundlägga bryggan på pålar och höja bryggdäcket en bit över vattnet för att få ett större ljusinsläpp. / Aim: The aim of the thesis is to investigate and design the extension of Gröna Lund within the property of Skeppsholmsviken 6 in regards to the factors that affected the formation. Methods: Interviews were conducted with people involved in the current project. A survey was administered on social media to explore public opinion and requisition tied to the extension work. Furthermore, an audit of detailed plans, reports and drawings was carried through. Results: The constructions resulted in five buildings placed along the coastline facing Saltsjön and a public board walk in terms of a dock which should be accessible for passage through Skeppsholmsviken 6. Conclusions: The results show that the extension of Gröna Lund has a strong cultural and historical attachment and will benefit the public and visitors of Gröna Lund. Additionally, the extension will have positive ecological, social and economic consequences such as increased safety, tourism, job opportunities and reduced traffic. The extension can be made ecologically sustainable by using wood as a building material, build it on piles and raising the dock a bit over the water surface to get a larger light transmission.

Sedan början av 1990-talet har det i Sverige utvecklats flera bostadsområden där många leverunder ekonomiskt pressade förhållanden. Genom åren har kriminaliteten i sådana områdenökat, vilket har påverkat de boende genom att skapa en känsla av otrygghet och en rad hinderför dem att leva normala liv. En viktig samhällsgrupp att ta hänsyn till och hjälpa i sådanaområden är ungdomarna. Ungdomar påverkas av sin omgivning och därför är det av storbetydelse att ge dem de rätta förutsättningarna och möjligheterna att forma sin framtid genomatt arbeta för förbättringen av de utsatta områdena. I den här studien har riskområdenaEneborg, Högaborg och Wilson Park i Helsingborg studerats utifrån ett ungdomsperspektiv.Syftet är att undersöka hur ungdomarna upplever sina områden, och vad som kan göras för attskapa rätt förutsättningar för dem att forma sina liv på ett positivt sätt. Metoden har baseratspå en kvalitativ ansats där sex ungdomar har intervjuats som är bosatta eller är aktiva istudiens fokusområden. Som komplement till intervjustudien har det även genomförts enlitteraturstudie och observationer. De teorier som tillämpats är fenomenologi ochplatsidentitet, de har använts för att fokusera på individuella upplevelser av plats och rum.Genom att tillämpa dessa teorier har en djup förståelse för ungdomarnas personligaupplevelser och känslor kunnat uppnås. Resultatet visade att ungdomarna generellt sett tyckteatt området känns tråkigt och stilla. De var positiva gentemot ett parkområde, men negativatill nästan resten av området. I intervjuerna diskuterades frågor som rör olika ämnen, så somaktiviteter, trygghet, den fysiska omgivningen och social tillhörighet. Med hjälp av derasåsikter och erfarenheter kunde sedan strategier identifierats, både aktiviteter och metoder föratt på ett socialt sätt närma sig och hjälpa ungdomarna i området. / Since the early 1990s, several housing areas have developed in Sweden where many peoplelive under financially pressured conditions. Over the years, crime in such areas has increased,affecting residents by creating a sense of insecurity and a range of obstacles for them to livenormal lives. One important societal group to consider and help in such areas is adolescents.Adolescents are influenced by their environment, and therefore it is crucial to provide themwith the right conditions and opportunities to shape their future by working towardsimproving vulnerable areas. In this study, the risk areas of Eneborg, Högaborg and WilsonPark in Helsingborg have been studied from a youth perspective. The aim was to investigatehow adolescents experience their areas and what can be done to create the right conditions forthem to shape their lives positively. The method has been based on a qualitative approach,where six adolescents living or active in the study’s focus areas have been interviewed. Inaddition to the interview study, a literature review and observations have also beenconducted. The theories applied are phenomenology and place identity, which have been usedto focus on individual experiences of place and space. By applying these theories, a deepunderstanding of adolescents' personal experiences and feelings has been achieved. Theresults showed that the adolescents generally felt that the area is dull and quiet. They werepositive towards a park area but negative towards almost the rest of the area. The interviewsdiscussed issues related to various subjects, such as activities, safety, the physicalenvironment and social belonging. With the help of their opinions and experiences, strategieswere discovered, including activities and methods for socially approaching and helpingadolescents in the area.

Above-ground biomass was allometrically estimated to quantify the amount of mangrove species in selected quadrats of Xuan Thuy National Park. Physicochemical properties of surrounding waters and soils were measured and treated stochastically by correlational analysis with estimated biomass values. Correlation results suggested that qualities of surrounding waters and soils are not the principal inhibitors of mangrove growth in Xuan Thuy. The available historical records infer that the main factor of mangrove loss in the past lay on land reclamation for shrimp aquaculture. In addition, results of correlation analysis showed geographical coincidence of mangrove fragmentation with influence area of water channeling used for aquaculture activities. Furthermore, the distribution of anomalous values of metals concentration was corresponding with anthropological activities associated to clam aquaculture and sand extraction. Based on the aforementioned analysis and the information on anthropological activities in the buffer zone of Xuan Thuy, were provided basic information on inherent environmental stressors of ecosystems in Xuan Thuy National Park. / Sinh khối trên mặt đất đã được ước tính theo phương pháp tương quan sinh trưởng để đưa ra số lượng các loài đước trong các mẫu vuông được lựa chọn tại Vườn quốc gia Xuân Thủy. Các đặc tính hóa-lí của những vùng nước và đất xung quanh đã được đo đạc và xử lí ngẫu nhiên bằng cách phân tích tương quan với những giá trị sinh khối ước tính. Kết quả tương quan cho thấy rằng chất lượng nước và đất xung quanh không phải là những thước đo chính cho tốc độ phát triển cây đước ở Xuân Thủy. Những ghi chép cũ đã kết luận rằng việc sử dụng đất để nuôi tôm là tác nhân chính dẫn tới suy giảm loài đước trong quá khứ. Bên cạnh đó, kết quả phân tích tương quan cho thấy sựtrùng hợp về mặt địa lý giữa sự phân mảnh của loài đước và những vùng nước bị ảnh hưởng do việc nuôi trồng thủy sản. Hơn nữa, sự phân bố bất thường của các giá trị đo mức độ tập trung kim loại cũng tương ứng với các hoạt động nuôi trồng thủy sản và khai thác cát của con người. Những phân tích nêu trên và nghiên cứu về hoạt động của con người tại vùng đệm của Xuân Thủy sẽ cung cấp những thông tin cơ bản về những mối đe dọa môi trường hệ sinh thái tại Vườn Quốc Gia Xuân Thủy.

Associative relationships among mangrove species and macroinvertebrate species were analysed for ecosystems of Xuan Thuy National Park. Census of mangrove species with allometric measurements was conducted in selected plots, and census of macroinvertebrate species was conducted in quadrats inside of mangrove species census plots. Correlational analysis among allometrically estimated aboveground biomass of mangrove species and population of macroinvertebrate species was examined by clustering method. High level of similarity was resulted for specific macroinvertebrate species with specific mangrove species in annual and seasonal basis. Moreover, indicator macroinvertebrate species is proposed based on indicator value index method. / Các mối quan hệ giữa thực vật ngập mặn và động vật không xương sống cỡ lớn được phân tích trong các hệ sinh thái của Vườn quốc gia Xuân Thủy. Khảo sát về số lượng của các loài cây ngập mặn cùng với các phép đo tương quan sinh trưởng được tiến hành trong các ô tiêu chuẩn, và nghiên cứu về thành phần loài và mật độ động vật không xương sống cỡ lớn được thực hiện trong các ô tiêu chuẩn này. Phân tích tương quan giữa sinh khối ước tính trên mặt đất của các loài cây ngập mặn và các quần thể động vật không xương sống cỡ lớn đã được thực hiện bằng phương pháp nhóm. Giữa các loài động vật không xương sống cỡ lớn đặc trưng với các loài cây ngập mặn đặc trưng đã cho thấy mức độ tương đồng cao theo năm và theo mùa. Hơn thế nữa, các loài động vật không xương sống cỡ lớn chỉ thị được đề xuất dựa trên phương pháp chỉ số giá trị chỉ thị.

Biodiversity indicators for the conservation of mangrove ecosystems of Xuan Thuy National Park were composed, taking into account the environmental, biotic, and anthropological factors, based on suggested indicators provided by the Convention on Biological Diversity. Relevant environmental, biotic, and anthropological factors, identified by bibliographic and field surveys, were ordered by Pressures, State, Benefits, and Responses categories following the guidance of the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership. Furthermore, the linked relationships among the indicators were identified for effective monitoring of biodiversity in Xuan Thuy National Park. / Dựa trên các chỉ thị được gợi ý từ Công ước về Đa dạng sinh học, các chỉ thị đa dạng sinh học phục vụ công tác bảo tồn các hệ sinh thái rừng ngập mặn của Vườn Quốc gia Xuân Thủy đã được xây dựng, có tính đến các yếu tố môi trường, sinh học và con người. Các yếu tố môi trường, sinh học và con người có liên quan, được xác định bằng việc tổng hợp và đánh giá các tài liệu và các đợt điều tra ngoài thực địa, dưới trật tự các nhóm Áp lực, Tình trạng, Lợi ích và Đáp ứng theo hướng dẫn của Đối tác chỉ thị đa dạng sinh học. Hơn thế nữa, các mối quan hệ liên kết giữa các chỉ thị đã được xác định nhằm quan trắc hiệu quả đa dạng sinh học ở Vườn Quốc gia Xuân Thủy.

I strävan att nå en hållbar utveckling i världen, och för att nå de globala hållbarhetsmålen, spelar arbetet i våra städer en allt större roll. En stor del av detta arbete grundar sig i städernas grönområden och hur dessa ska bevaras och skötas, men även utökas, för att öka tillgången till ekosystemtjänster i städerna. Dessa grönområden utgörs idag till stor del av parker. För att bevara och förstå dessa parkers egenskaper är det viktigt att veta vilka växter som planteras var och varför. Därför syftar detta arbete till att förstå motiven bakom växtvalen i parkerna. För att kunna besvara detta har tre av Stockholms stads parker studerats; Norr mälarstrands parkstråk. Rinkeby norra stadspark och parkleken Vårgården. De valda parkerna är geografiskt spridda i kommunen och därför antas de ge en god bild av de olika förutsättningar som finns i Stockholm. Förutom motiven bakom växtvalen har även kommunens ansvar undersökts, samt vilken roll styrande dokument har när det handlar om växtval. Därmed har dessa dokument analyserats och sedan kompletterats med tre intervjuer med ansvariga inom olika områden för att få en större förståelse för nuvarande arbete. Den viktigaste slutsatsen som dragits är att det till mycket stor del är parkens lokala förutsättningar och eventuella lokala utmaningar, såsom otrygghet, som styr växtvalen. Dessa förutsättningar skiljer sig från varandra i staden vilket förklarar varför det ofta är olika teman och prioriteringar i olika parker. Hållbar utveckling kan dock ses som en gemensam nämnare mellan parkerna, även om det i vissa fall prioriteras en social hållbarhet och i andra fall en miljömässig hållbarhet, alternativt båda samtidigt. En annan slutsats är att budgeten inte styr växtvalen i särskilt stor utsträckning utan att det mycket är upp till den enskilde landskapsarkitekten att använda växtvalen i utformningen av parken design. / In our strive to reach a sustainable development in the world, and to achieve the sustainable development goals, the work in our cities plays a big role. A big part of this work is grounded in the green spaces of the cities and how these are supposed to be preserved and expanded, in order to increase the offers of ecosystem services in the cities. These green spaces are largely made out of parks. To preserve and comprehend the attributes of the parks it is crucial to know which plants are planted where. Thus aims this work to understand the motives behind the choice of plants in the parks. To be able to answer this, three parks in the city of Stockholm has been closely viewed upon. The selected parks are as follows; Norr mälarstrands parkstråk, Rinkeby norra stadspark and parkleken Vårgården. These parks are spread, from north to south in Stockholm and therefore they are assumed to give a representative image of the different conditions in the city. Besides the motives behind the choices of plants, it has also been studied what responsibility the municipality of Stockholm has and what role the governing documents have when it comes to the choices of plants. These documents has thereby been reviewed and supplemented with three interviews with persons in different positions in the municipality in order to grasp a larger understanding of their work. The most important conclusion that could be drawn from this study is that it is mostly the local conditions and problems, such as insecurity, that determines the choices of plants in the park. These conditions differ within the municipality which explains why there often are different themes and priorities being made in different parks. Sustainable development can, however, be seen as a common aspect, even if it in some parks are prioritised to work for a social sustainability and in some parks for environmental sustainability, or both at the same time. Another conclusion is that the choices of plants is not determined by the budget at hand, to any large extent. It is rather the individual landscape architect that determines which plants are being planted.

Innovation Parks in Canada / Innovation Parks became an innovation and economic development policy instrument in the Western world more than two decades ago. While Canada was slow to catch up to this phenomenon, it did eventually join the trend. This study analyzes the policy rationales for innovation parks in Canada through a national and sub-national lens. For this purpose, Ontario and Saskatchewan are chosen as comparative points. It compares the Saskatchewan Innovation Place (SIP), McMaster Innovation Park (MIP), and David Johnston Research and Technology Park (DJRTP). The study develops a three-pronged analysis of institutions, interests and ideas to explain why governments support innovation parks as a policy instrument. It is argued that the continued support of these initiatives is largely a function of institutional path-dependence and policy lock-ins manifest through sunk infrastructure investments, desire to balance different interest groups – mainly the commercial real estate sector and the organizations representing the research parks. These institutional and structural struggles are underpinned by the ideational frames of economic development and knowledge-based economic growth. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This study examines multiple destination recreation trips and the economic valuation of recreation sites using the travel cost method. One common assumption of the travel cost method is that all travel costs incurred by a visitor are exclusively for a trip to a single site. However, this assumption is often invalid, particularly in the eastern United States where there are numerous recreation areas close to large urban populations. Few researchers have attempted to overcome the difficulty of incorporating multiple destination trips into the travel cost method. Those researchers that have proposed methods have not provided a definitive guideline for how to account for multiple destination trips in the travel cost method, and have not compared their methods. This study proposes a simple model to assist in understanding the varying suggestions by researchers who have attempted to incorporate multiple destination trips into travel cost analyses. The difficulty of defining a recreation good or service, the identification of recreation substitutes, and possible decision processes used by individuals to identify recreation trip destinations are also discussed. Data collected at Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, are used in a zonal travel cost model to estimate the consumers' surplus associated with on-site recreation use at the Park, and to compare proposed methods for handling multiple destination trips. The results of this study show that the travel cost method is sensitive to assumptions about multiple destination visitors, as well as which visitors are included in travel cost analyses. Consumers' surplus estimates ranged from $38 to $8249 per visitor, depending on the assumptions about multiple destination trips, and which visitors were included in the analyses. The results of this study suggest that the travel cost method can be used as an information system, rather than as a method to determine a single estimate of recreation value in monetary terms. The travel cost method is capable of providing a manager with information about relative magnitudes of willingness to pay for a resource by a variety of visitor groups. By varying the assumptions about visitors to the site, a manager can determine a range of consumers' surplus estimates, which may be more useful than a single estimate, to better assist in management decisions regarding the mixture of resources desired by individuals. / Ph. D.

During 1991-1993, I studied movements of 23 adult and 7, 8-10 week old nestling bald eagles captured in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska. I estimated locations by homing and satellite telemetry. During the breeding season, the distances adult eagles moved from successful, unsuccessful, and mixed-success nests were not significantly different (£ = 0.148). Regardless of nest success, the proportion of adult eagle locations within 750 m of their nest were not significantly different during the breeding season (£ = 0.152) and between the breeding and non-breeding seasons (£ = 0.075). On average, bald eagles were perched 91 % of the time; and perching was the most frequently observed activity (£ < 0.001). Adult eagles perched more often in conifers than cottonwoods, snags, or intertidal debris (£ < 0.001). Perch types selected (£ = 0.473), as well as eagle activity (£ = 0.126) were not significantly different during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Fifty-eight percent of radio-ma~ked adult eagles used 3 watersheds in Glacier Bay from August through January 1991-1993. Six adult (26%) and 6 (86%) fledgling eagles moved out of Glacier Bay during the non-breeding season. Four adult eagles (17%) traveled to the Chilkat Bald Eagle Preserve in late November and December (mean distance from nest to preserve = 74 km) and 57% of the fledgling eagles were on the Chilkat River in October, where they remained for 2-12 weeks. After leaving the Chilkat River, all fledgling eagles traveled in a southeasterly direction; one male fledgling traveled 435 km in 28 days to Prince Rupert, British Columbia. / Master of Science