In this thesis I present an unsupervised approach that can be made supervised in order to reducetranslation of changes in structured information, stored in XML-documents. By combining a sentenceboundary detection algorithm and a sentence alignment algorithm, a translation memory is createdfrom the old version of the information in different languages. This translation memory can then beused to translate sentences that are not changed. The structure of the XML is used to improve theperformance. Two implementations were made and evaluated in three steps: sentence boundary detection,sentence alignment and correspondence. The last step evaluates the using of the translation memoryon a new version in the source language. The second implementation was an improvement, using theresults of the evaluation of the first implementation. The evaluation was done using 100 XML-documents in English, German and Swedish. There was a significant difference between the results ofthe implementations in the first two steps. The errors were reduced by each step and in the last stepthere were only three errors by first implementation and no errors by the second implementation. The evaluation of the implementations showed that it was possible to reduce text that requires re-translation by about 80%. Similar information can and is used by the translators to achieve higherproductivity, but this thesis shows that it is possible to reduce translation even before the textsreaches the translators.

This diploma thesis is devoted to the issue of imposing penalties on the pluralistic criminal activity with the focus on the two main types, which are concurrence of crimes and recidivism. The main aim of the thesis is to analyze the means of penalisation of concurrent crimes and recidivism under the current legislation. In order for the analysis of these institutes to be complete, the thesis puts an emphasis on the summarization of the present criminal law theory which is always complemented by the relevant case law. Selected institutes are further compared firstly to the previous czech legislation, secondly to the criminial code of Germany with the objective to underline that both concurrence of crimes and recidivism must be not perceived separetely, but in the context of a local criminal law as a whole, namely with respect to a specific penalty system, a method of their imposition as well as their function. The thesis also refers to some interpretative and applicational problems of some particular provisions related to concurrence of crimes or recidivism. For this reason the thesis contains practical examples to illustratively demonstrate the prior explanation so it might be possibly used for practical application. Furthermore the thesis at least marginally addresses some current topics, which...

This paper studies the translation of style in the book Die Welt auf dem Teller by Doris Dörrie (2020) from German into Swedish. It is argued that the style is partly held in punctuation and sentence length and the focus of the study is how these can be translated from German into Swedish, considering their importance for the text style.  The analysis shows that the source text has a more differentiated use of punctuation whereas the target text is more restricted/neutral. Differences concerning how punctuation is translated are mainly due to grammatical differences but also a question of whether the punctuation can be experienced equally by the source and target text reader. Both circumstances have an influence on the translation.  It is argued that Swedish readers expect shorter sentences and texts accessible to the reader. A higher density and more complex constructions are accepted in German. On average, shorter sentences are found in this translation, and the deviance is lower. When the sentence length in the source text is seen as a significant stylistic feature, this structure is kept in the translation. Otherwise, sentences are often split to become more accessible. When the sentence construction is kept, it is however still often shorter than the source text. As this is expected from the target text reader, the stylistic effect can arguably still be considered preserved.  The translation can therefore be said to be more neutral on both sentence length and punctuation. The translation is giving the stylistic features space when this is considered a characteristic feature, otherwise, it is changed to fit the language norm.

In this dissertation the problems surrounding the sentencing stage and factors which influence the sentence are briefly considered. The emphasis is on the use and value of a pre-sentence report in determining suitable sentences other than imprisonment. Historical background in the use of pre-sentence reports in South Africa, England and America is briefly referred to. Relevant concepts, such as individualisation of punishment, are considered in relation to possible sentences such as compensation, fines, community service, and correctional supervision. It is concluded that the provisions of sections 274 and 276A of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1 977 are not enough to regulate the use of pre-sentence reports in South Africa. It is further concluded that legislation is needed in this area, but in the meantime, our courts should work towards developing guidelines based on the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1 977. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M (Law)

In this dissertation the problems surrounding the sentencing stage and factors which influence the sentence are briefly considered. The emphasis is on the use and value of a pre-sentence report in determining suitable sentences other than imprisonment. Historical background in the use of pre-sentence reports in South Africa, England and America is briefly referred to. Relevant concepts, such as individualisation of punishment, are considered in relation to possible sentences such as compensation, fines, community service, and correctional supervision. It is concluded that the provisions of sections 274 and 276A of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1 977 are not enough to regulate the use of pre-sentence reports in South Africa. It is further concluded that legislation is needed in this area, but in the meantime, our courts should work towards developing guidelines based on the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1 977. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M (Law)

This thesis explores the methods of representing sentence representations for semantic text similarity using word embeddings and benchmarks them against sentence based evaluation test sets. Two methods were used to evaluate the representations: STS Benchmark and STS Benchmark converted to a binary similarity task. Results showed that preprocessing of the word vectors could significantly boost performance in both tasks and conclude that word embed-dings still provide an acceptable solution for specific applications. The study also concluded that the dataset used might not be ideal for this type of evalua-tion, as the sentence pairs in general had a high lexical overlap. To tackle this, the study suggests that a paraphrasing dataset could act as a complement but that further investigation would be needed. / Denna avhandling undersöker metoder för att representera meningar i vektor-form för semantisk textlikhet och jämför dem med meningsbaserade testmäng-der. För att utvärdera representationerna användes två metoder: STS Bench-mark, en vedertagen metod för att utvärdera språkmodellers förmåga att ut-värdera semantisk likhet, och STS Benchmark konverterad till en binär lik-hetsuppgift. Resultaten visade att förbehandling av texten och ordvektorerna kunde ge en signifikant ökning i resultatet för dessa uppgifter. Studien konklu-derade även att datamängden som användes kanske inte är ideal för denna typ av utvärdering, då meningsparen i stort hade ett högt lexikalt överlapp. Som komplement föreslår studien en parafrasdatamängd, något som skulle kräva ytterligare studier.

This thesis contends that the human parser has a repair mechanism. It is further contended that the human parser uses this mechanism to alter previously built structure in the case of unexpected disambiguation of temporary syntactic ambiguity. This position stands in opposition to the claim that unexpected disambiguation of temporary syntactic ambiguity is accomplished by the usual first pass parsing routines, a claim that arises from the relatively extraordinary capabilities of computational parsers, capabilities which have recently been extended by hypothesis to be available to the human sentence processing mechanism. The thesis argues that, while these capabilities have been demonstrated in computational parsers, the human parser is best explained in the terms of a repair based framework, and that this argument is demonstrated by examining eye movement behaviour in reading. In support of the thesis, evidence is provided from a set of eye tracking studies of reading. It is argued that these studies show that eye movement behaviours at disambiguation include purposeful visual search for linguistically relevant material, and that the form and structure of these searches vary reliably according to the nature of the repairs that the sentences necessitate.

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This study examines how Chinese speakers understand sentences describing events that have varying degrees of typicality. How the interpretation of typicality is obtained from linguistic input is not fully understood. In this study, I investigate the association of pairs of content words in order to determine their contribution to judgments of event typicality. The associations between words could influence the interpretation of event typicality. Two words that are not associated semantically, for example baby and wine, may be seen as an atypical combination. However, when these words are placed in a sentence context, the resulting sentences can be a typical scenario, such as the baby spilled the wine. Four offline judgment studies were conducted to obtain quantitative measurements of the association of word pairs and of judgments of event typicality in sentences. These studies demonstrated that noun pairs showed larger differences in their association ratings than those of noun-verb pairs. When the sentences containing the word pairs were judged, the association of the noun pair strongly influenced the sentence’s event typicality ratings, regardless of word order or of the typicality of the verb. Two online, word-by-word self-paced reading studies were conducted to examine whether judgments of word associations and event typicality are used in real-time sentence processing. The results showed that there was a slowdown in reading times at the critical regions when the noun pairs were atypical. The typicality of the verb did not result in a difference in reading times, regardless of the word order of the sentences, although offline judgment scores of event typicality were predictive of online reading times. The findings of these studies suggest that: (1) event typicality is more than the semantic association between words. Noun-noun and noun-verb associations contribute to event typicality but the association of two nouns has a more significant contribution and is not affected by an intervening word, (2) the typicality of verbs contributed to real-time sentence processing, insofar as the verbs contributed to the judged typicality of the events expressed by SVO and SOV clauses, and (3) in real-time sentence processing, regardless of the sentence’s word order, the association of nouns has greater impact on event typicality processing. This is not likely to be due simply to a priming effect between nouns, but rather also reflects the processing of the sentence’s event typicality. / text

<p><p><p><p>The purpose of this study was to gain more knowledge of which discourses dominate the courts’ decisions concerning sentences for young sexual offenders. The issues touched upon were which circumstances the courts find important and which discourses reflect those circumstances when deciding on sentences for young sexual offenders as well as how children that commit crimes are constructed by the court. The study looked at cases of sexual offence where the offender was between 15 and 17 years old, and was based on judgements established at the Stockholm district courts in 2007 and 2008. The method used was content analysis, both manifesto and latent. By using content analysis the information was structured into a manageable basis for the following discourse analysis, which was implemented according to the theory for this study described in King and Piper’s (1995) book How the Law Thinks About Children. Discourse analysis gave an insight into which discourses are most prominent in verdicts against young sexual offenders. The results show that the social services’ recommendations are not given much importance in the courts’ decisions of suitable sentences for young sexual offenders. A majority of the youths were sentenced to criminal punishment such as a youth community order service and a youth detention order. Factors of particular importance in the verdicts are the specifics of the crime, whether or not the offenders understood or should have understood that they were committing a crime, responsibility, age, consent, suitable sentences as well as the credibility and reliability of given statements. The young defendants were constructed by the courts as criminals with regard to the criminal act and the youths’ responsibility for the action. The offenders’ personal and social situation was not given particular importance.</p></p></p></p>