Approximately one in fifty US adults are currently under probation or parole supervision (Glaze & Kaeble, 2014). Given this prevalence, it is important to understand the correlates of probation and parole supervision arrangements and outcomes. One important outcome is supervision length adjustments, often made because of a violation revocation or discretionary supervision extension. A supervision length adjustment can result in shortened or extended supervision lengths relative to sentence expiration. Prior research has overlooked organizational and ecological correlates of many probation/parole outcomes, including supervision adjustments. This study contrasted potential supervision adjustments made four years from assignment for 12,320 male and female probationers and parolees sentenced from August 1, 2009 to July 31, 2010 in a local jurisdiction. Supervision adjustment types included on-time completion, shortened supervision, extended supervision, and ongoing or continuing supervision. This study also examined the number of additional supervision days when supervision extensions did occur. Findings showed that agency response to client behavior and organization shaped supervision length adjustments. Some differences in supervision length adjustments also emerged across subgroups of parolees and probationers, and between males and females. One important policy implication is the inequitable adjustments to supervision lengths across subgroups. Another implication is to consider how organizational structure affects adjustments to supervision lengths. Future probation and parole research should carefully consider organizational and social processes when addressing community supervision outcomes. / Criminal Justice

<p>The purpose with this essay is to investigate how Ernest Hemingway uses his style of writing in his short stories “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” and “Hills Like White Elephants”. The questions at issue are: What is characteristic of Hemingway's style when looking at the use of adjectives and sentence complexity? How is the Iceberg Technique used? What stylistic differences and similarities are there between the stories?</p><p>In my investigation I used a stylistic approach, in which adjectives are counted and sentence length is measured (creating mainly a quantitative analysis). The frequency of adjectives is calculated and compared against the norm in imaginative prose. Sentence length is compared against the norm for modern English. Previous research has provided a foundation for further analysis of the Iceberg Technique.</p><p>The analysis shows that the frequency of adjectives is very low compared with the norm and that many adjectives are used repeatedly. The sentences are very short, not even reaching half the length of the norm presented. Hemingway’s Iceberg Technique shows in the scarce use of dialogue tags and a plot that does not reveal much about the characters or the setting. The real plot is often hidden, leaving it to the reader to interpret and “feel” what the story is really about.</p><p>In conclusion: it may be said that both short stories are told in a minimalistic style, using only what is necessary to tell the story. They have a simple plot and simple characters, just like the Hemingway style we know.</p>

The purpose with this essay is to investigate how Ernest Hemingway uses his style of writing in his short stories “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” and “Hills Like White Elephants”. The questions at issue are: What is characteristic of Hemingway's style when looking at the use of adjectives and sentence complexity? How is the Iceberg Technique used? What stylistic differences and similarities are there between the stories? In my investigation I used a stylistic approach, in which adjectives are counted and sentence length is measured (creating mainly a quantitative analysis). The frequency of adjectives is calculated and compared against the norm in imaginative prose. Sentence length is compared against the norm for modern English. Previous research has provided a foundation for further analysis of the Iceberg Technique. The analysis shows that the frequency of adjectives is very low compared with the norm and that many adjectives are used repeatedly. The sentences are very short, not even reaching half the length of the norm presented. Hemingway’s Iceberg Technique shows in the scarce use of dialogue tags and a plot that does not reveal much about the characters or the setting. The real plot is often hidden, leaving it to the reader to interpret and “feel” what the story is really about. In conclusion: it may be said that both short stories are told in a minimalistic style, using only what is necessary to tell the story. They have a simple plot and simple characters, just like the Hemingway style we know.

This paper studies the translation of style in the book Die Welt auf dem Teller by Doris Dörrie (2020) from German into Swedish. It is argued that the style is partly held in punctuation and sentence length and the focus of the study is how these can be translated from German into Swedish, considering their importance for the text style.  The analysis shows that the source text has a more differentiated use of punctuation whereas the target text is more restricted/neutral. Differences concerning how punctuation is translated are mainly due to grammatical differences but also a question of whether the punctuation can be experienced equally by the source and target text reader. Both circumstances have an influence on the translation.  It is argued that Swedish readers expect shorter sentences and texts accessible to the reader. A higher density and more complex constructions are accepted in German. On average, shorter sentences are found in this translation, and the deviance is lower. When the sentence length in the source text is seen as a significant stylistic feature, this structure is kept in the translation. Otherwise, sentences are often split to become more accessible. When the sentence construction is kept, it is however still often shorter than the source text. As this is expected from the target text reader, the stylistic effect can arguably still be considered preserved.  The translation can therefore be said to be more neutral on both sentence length and punctuation. The translation is giving the stylistic features space when this is considered a characteristic feature, otherwise, it is changed to fit the language norm.

No description available.

No description available.

Lietuvių kalbos funkcinių stilių skyrimo kriterijai priklauso nuo atskirų tyrinėtojų iškeliamų požymių. Kalbotyros terminų žodyne funkcinis stilius apibūdinamas kaip kalbos atmaina, vartojama tam tikroje žmonių veiklos srityje. Galima skirti tokius funkcinius stilius: buitinį, kanceliarinį, meninį, publicistinį ir mokslinį. Kiekviename funkciniame stiliuje vartojamos skirtingos kalbos priemonės, jos savitai organizuojamos. Žanras – viena iš svarbesnių stilistinių kategorijų, kuria perduodama informacija. Tai labai parankus tekstų klasifikavimo įrankis, tačiau jam trūksta aiškiai apibrėžtų klasifikavimo kriterijų. Šio darbo objektas – sakinys ir jo funkcionavimas V.Juknaitės įvairių kalbos atmainų, įvairių žanrų tekstuose. Sakinio ilgis – vienas iš sakinio parametrų, padedantis atskleisti teksto savitumą. Šiame darbe pirmą kartą siekiama analizuoti šnekamosios kalbos sakinius ir jų parametrus. Šnekamosios kalbos sakinio ilgis dar nėra tyrinėtas. Ištyrinėjus sakytinės ir rašytinės kalbos sakinių ilgio struktūrą, patyrinėjus V.Juknaitės kalbinės laiškų raiškos savitumą galima kalbėti apie autorės idiostilių. Būtent autorystės valia ir formuojamas įvairių V.Juknaitės rašymų formų – meninės kūrybos, publicistinių, mokslinių tekstų, tiek šnekamosios kalbos – idiostilius. Rašytojos siekis meniniais vaizdais apipavidalinti kūrinio erdvės ir laiko pokyčius skatina įvairių raiškos priemonių vartojimą, jų atranką pagal individualius poreikius. Todėl kalba yra labai svarbus instrumentas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Functional styles of Lithuanian language's criteria depends on the raised features by individual researchers. Functional style in Linguistics Glossary is characterized as a language variety used in a particular area of human activity. There are some functional styles: domestic, clerical, artistic, scientific, publicistic. Each functional style of language are used by the different measures and they are organized individually. Genre is one of the most important stylistic categories in which information is transmitted. This is a very handy tool for text classification, but it lacks to clearly defined criteria for classification. Work object - the sentence and its functioning in different language, different genres of texts of V Juknaitė. Length of the sentence is one of the parameters of the sentence that helps to reveal the text identity. This work pursues to analyze the spoken sentences and their settings. Sentence lenght of conversational speech hasn't been explored yet. Explored the spoken and written language, sentence length, structure and look at the linguistic expression of V.Juknaitė we can talk about auhtor's idiostyle. It were the various V.Juknaitė posting forms of idiostyle - artistic, publicistic, scientific texts and spoken language. The writer's ambition to format the work space and time changes by artistic images are motivate the application of different time expressions and screening them by individual needs. Therefore language is a very important tool that... [to full text]

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate how a group of pupils developed in their written language in grade 5. The study proceeds from my hypothesis that a number of textual variables, such as average text length, average sentence length, the average length of the initial clause constituent, and the proportion of long words, ought to rise during a term. The material consists of over 600 texts written by 14 pupils. All the texts are analysed with the LIX tool available on the Internet. The texts are entered into the LIX counter which then returns a value for the studied variables. This procedure was performed for all the variables except initial clause constituent length. That is instead calculated manually by counting the number of words per initial clause constituent. The result shows that all the variables except the proportion of long words increase during the term. The average text length is the variable with the most noticeable increase during the whole term. The proportion of long words, however, did decrease during the same period. The results also show a great correspondence with earlier research on upper secondary pupils’ writings. This means that the group of 11 years old multilingual pupils in this study write with the same proficiency as 16–19 years old pupils, as regards the variables average text length, average sentence length and the average length of the initial clause constituent.

Syftet med denna studie är att prova en hypotes om att textlängd, meningslängd och fundamentslängd ökar i takt med att yngre andraspråkselever blir mer erfarna skribenter. I studien belyser vi elevers skrivutveckling genom dessa tre aspekter. Vårt material består av 32 elevtexter skrivna av andraspråkselever under årskurs 1 och 2. Studien bygger på en kvantitativ metod och är därför baserad på positivism som teoretisk utgångspunkt. Materialet analyseras med ett digitalt textverktyg som används för att beräkna text- och meningslängden.

Submitted by Eduardo Ferraz Castelo Branco Ferreira (eduardoferrazmail@gmail.com) on 2018-06-05T15:58:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thesis_eduardo.pdf: 1968592 bytes, checksum: 33f7f4d5ebaf5f6c89601ef5078c74d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Katia Menezes de Souza (katia.menezes@fgv.br) on 2018-06-05T16:09:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thesis_eduardo.pdf: 1968592 bytes, checksum: 33f7f4d5ebaf5f6c89601ef5078c74d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-06-05T16:30:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thesis_eduardo.pdf: 1968592 bytes, checksum: 33f7f4d5ebaf5f6c89601ef5078c74d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T16:30:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thesis_eduardo.pdf: 1968592 bytes, checksum: 33f7f4d5ebaf5f6c89601ef5078c74d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-25 / The first essay of this thesis, co-authored by Rodrigo Soares, develops a dynamic life-cycle equilibrium model of crime with heterogeneous agents and human capital accumulation. Public security policies are defined as pairs of a size of the police force and an average length of sentences. We propose an original micro-founded public security technology linking the level of police expenditures to the probability of arrest. This essay also contributes to the literature by proposing a dynamic equilibrium framework to evaluate public security policies. Equilibrium effects can be potentially relevant because of dynamic interactions between the classical incapacitation and deterrence effects. The model allows us to explore the optimality of policies in a way that would not be possible with reduced form empirical estimates or with the traditional, partial equilibrium, static, theoretical models of crime. We conduct an exploratory quantitative exercise calibrating the model to US property crime data from the 2000s. The calibrated model points to overspending in police protection and over incarceration in that period, when compared to the optimal public security policy. The second essay of this thesis develops a dynamic equilibrium model of crime with heterogeneous agents and several types of wrongs---actions that generate inefficiencies. Criminal codes define which wrongs are punishable by the state and penal codes define the length of the sentence if an agent is apprehended by the police committing a crime. %Agents decide at each point in time whether to commit crimes by comparing potential gains from crime to the expected loss due to the probability of apprehension and the associated cost (freedom deprivation). Criminal justice systems are defined as triplets of a criminal code, a penal code and a size of the police force. The dynamic framework with a multi-crime/multi-punishment setting, allows exploring substitution across different types of crime and might generate counter-intuitive results, mostly unexplored in the literature. The model developed in this essay also allows the endogenous definition of the set of actions that constitute crimes, as part of the welfare maximizing design of the criminal justice system. The third essay, co-authored by Braz Camardo, develops a 3-period model in which agents have time-inconsistent preferences and have access to an illiquid financial asset. The model developed in this essay studies the relationship between risk aversion and the demand for a commitment device, as represented by the illiquid asset. The main result is that, in an environment with uncertainty, a higher risk aversion implies a higher demand for the illiquid asset, due to a commitment motive. This counter-intuitive theoretical result is able to reconcile seemingly contradictory evidence found in the recent empirical literature. / No primeiro ensaio da tese, em coautoria com Rodrigo Soares, é desenvolvido um modelo dinâmico com equilíbrio e ciclo da vida com agentes heterogêneos e acúmulo de capital humano. Políticas de segurança pública são definidas como um par de gastos em força policial e tempo de pena. Neste ensaio, propomos uma tecnologia de segurança pública original e micro-fundamentada que permite que se expresse o nível de gastos com policiamento com a probabilidade de prisão. Este ensaio também contribui com a literatura ao usar um modelo dinâmico de equilíbrio capaz de avaliar políticas de segurança pública. Efeitos de equilíbrio podem ser potencialmente relevantes devido às interações dinâmicas entre os efeitos de dissuasão e incapacitação. O modelo permite a obtenção de políticas de segurança pública ótimas que seriam impossíveis de serem obtidas a partir de estimações que considerem apenas reduzidas, ou, ainda, a partir de tradicionais modelos estruturais de crime que levem em conta equilíbrio parcial ou que sejam estáticos. Por fim, este ensaio conduz exercícios quantitativos de calibração usando dados dos EUA da década de 2000. O segundo ensaio dessa tese desenvolve um modelo de equilíbrio dinâmico com agentes heterogêneos e vários tipos de ações que gerem externalidades negativas. Códigos criminais definem quais ações são consideradas como crime e, portanto, são puníveis pelo Estado e códigos penais definem o tempo de pena médio para cada crime. Sistemas de justiça criminal são definidos como a tripla de códigos criminais, códigos penais e gastos em policiamento. O ambiente dinâmico com muitos tipos de crimes e punições permite que se explore efeitos de substituição entre diferentes tipos de crime, o que pode levar a resultados contra-intuitivos que ainda não foram explorados pela literatura. Por fim, os componentes deste modelo permitem uma definição endógena do conjunto de ações que deveriam ser consideradas como crime, já que a definição do código criminal pode ser escolhida de forma a maximizar o bem-estar social. O terceiro ensaio, em coautoria com Braz Camargo, considera um modelo com três períodos em que agentes são temporalmente inconsistentes e possuem acesso a ativos ilíquidos. Este modelo estuda a relação entre aversão ao risco e demanda por mecanismos de comprometimento, representada por um ativo ilíquido. O principal resultado é que, em um ambiente com incerteza, uma maior aversão ao risco maior implica uma demanda maior por ativos ilíquidos. Este resultado teórico contra-intuitivo é capaz de conciliar resultados aparentemente contraditórios da literatura empírica.