Title: Leadership and its implications on Work integrated social enterprises Level: Final study for Master Degree in Business Administration University of Gävle Department of Business Administration and Economic Studies 801 76 Gävle Sweden Telephone (+46) 26 64 85 00 Telefax (+46) 26 64 85 89 Web site http://www.hig.se Authors: Andreas Petersson and Ivette Solla Supervisor: Dr. Maria Fregidou-Malama Abstract Aim: Leadership and its implications on empowering employees of work integrated social enterprises Method: We based our study on the data gathered from two interviews of Coompanion in Sweden and four interviews on Work Integrated Social Enterprises of Hudiksvall. The data was gathered through case studies. Major focus of the study: How a leader and the way leadership is promoted within a social enterprise can influence the people working within a Social Enterprise and specifically the role of the empowerment in social enterprises are the major focus of this study. Situational leadership was used as the theoretic model to study the role of empowerment and motivation. In order to draw our conclusions we studied four social enterprises and Coompanion, which is an organization that works as an adviser of Social Enterprises. Result: Our analysis illustrates how the unique network consisting of the public sector, Coompanion Hudiksvall and the four Work Integrated Social Enterprises creates a win-win situation for all parts. It also creates the foundation of empowerment with a clear vision to the leaders of these four enterprises, which flows through them. Conclusion: The network, the work integrated social enterprises and the leaders within the social enterprises coexist to create social gain, increasing society’s welfare. Further studies: A quantitative research to find out what are the specific aspects that are relevant to the employees in terms of being motivated. Correlations between what the employee thinks are important and empowerment could be measured. Key words: Coompanion, motivation, empowerment, social enterprise, networking, Den glada Hudik-modellen, situational leadership, case study, qualitative method.

Background: Social entrepreneurship is a phenomenon gaining increased attention from academia and business society. Social enterprises have a duality of social change and business logic, which aims to reach a social mission while offering a commodity. For the commodity to benefit the social mission, multiple targets groups are needed. This deserves a well-planned marketing strategy, however social entrepreneurs have scarce resources to conduct marketing in the best possible way. For these reasons, there is a need for further investigating on social entrepreneurship and marketing.  Purpose: This thesis aims to investigate how the duality in social enterprises coexists in marketing strategies. Additionally, we will address how and why social enterprises prioritize the duality in marketing strategies, and what consequences it carries.  Method: A qualitative research approach has been chosen, consisting of a multiple case study of four Swedish social enterprises. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and an observation, and analyzed through a cross-case comparison.  Conclusion: It can be concluded that duality coexist and is obvious in a social enterprise setting. A social enterprise’s marketing strategy has to balance the duality, since business logic is essential to achieve social change. Values reflect how the duality is prioritized in marketing strategies. Marketing the duality is done with different purposes; awareness creation and promotion. If marketing is done with transparency and clearness, a social enterprise can be financially stable and enhance their social good, which can positively affect all stakeholders.

Informal settlements around the world are plagued by a general lack of essential infrastructure, scarce and strained resources. This has resulted in glaring sanitation and subsequent health problems. Kenya is a developing country with several informal settlements which lack systems for managing human excreta. Effective management of human excreta remains elusive in the highly populated informal settlements. Sanergy is a socialenterprise that seeks to provide a sustainable human excreta management solution in Kenyan slums. The purpose of this thesis is to assess Sanergy’s project viability in managing human excreta in slums. This analysis is based on qualitative methodology consisting of open and semi-structured interviews, moderate participant observation, focus group discussions as well as some participatory tools such as brainstorming and neighborhood mapping. Additionally this study incorporates GIS mapping information, national and global statistics and a literature review to understand the different dynamics of managing human excreta in a slum context. The result of this paper’s assessment shows the viability of the Sanergy project as a sustainable sanitation solution for Kenyan slums, and beyond. / Sanergy

Social movement is the primary agency to enact social change, But, might not be achieved in a short time. After 1980s, the third sector in Taiwan has grown up quickly. Following different social movements, the sector has grown several organizational fields, such as environmental protection, the elderly welfare and the disable organizational fields. Reviewing the changes in organization fields above, they are enacted by social movement and organizations. The study focuses on ¡§non-profit disable organizational field¡¨ to discuss the change from ¡§handicapped¡¨ to ¡§disabled.¡¨ Furthermore, the new organizational form ¡§social enterprise¡¨ is emerging in this field recently. The study also explore the emerging process under the historical context in the field. Based on the institutional theory, The study focus on the contest of institutional logics in the field. Conducting the historical narrative approach, the study analysis archival material and interviews and divide the changing process in to 4 stages. The first stage (1949-1979) and second stage (1980-1990) were dominated by ¡§charity and relief¡¨ institutional logic. However, the social movements organized by the handicap were framing another new logic ¡§social model¡¨. In the third stage (1991-1998) the contest of two logics was much significant. Finally, the ¡§social model¡¨ logical won the contest and become the dominated logics in the forth stage (1999-2009). The study also revels that social enterprise is the product of new institutional logic. The study reveals ¡§social enterprise¡¨ is the by-product of institutional change in the non-profit disable organizational field. The study also discusses, following the institutional change, how the new actor introduce management model to change the disabled sheltered workshop becoming social enterprise.

In crowdfunding, funders often have very little or no information about the social entrepreneur and the venture. This asymmetric information hinders funding in that potential funders only make a pledge if they can trust the entrepreneur and the seriousness of the project. Thus entrepreneurs have to signal information to potential funders. In the case of conventional ventures, this means showing that the company is committed to the financial returns or the quality of the product, for instance. However, in the case of social enterprises, entrepreneurs can signal their commitment to a social or an environmental challenge. The information that entrepreneurs want to convey to potential funders depends very much on the type of crowdfunding. The type of crowdfunding determines whether the entrepreneur is pitching to potential investors, lenders or potential consumers and general supporters of the project. While investors tend to be more concerned with the financial returns, the quality of the product or service tends to be the variable that matters most to the potential consumer. This thesis examines the crowdfunding campaigns of social ventures in order to understand how to crowdfund social enterprises. It identifies the signals with which, social entrepreneurs try to attract funding through different types of crowdfunding, mainly reward-based. It finds that reward-based crowdfunding offers a good basis for social entrepreneurs to attract funding by advertising and signaling their commitment to social or environmental issues. This is all the more true when the social enterprise seeking to be crowdfunded only aims to be financially autonomous and thus cannot offer attractive financial returns to potential investors.

Darbe analizuojama socialinių įmonių, kaip novacijų, raida ir išryškinamos socialinio darbuotojo veiklos galimybės. Literatūros analizė atskleidė, kad socialinės įmonės raida – naujas, netyrinėtas reiškinys Lietuvoje. Darbo teorinėje dalyje apžvelgiama novacijų samprata ir reikšmė užtikrinant žmonių socialinę raidą, pristatoma socialinių įmonių kaip novacijų sąvoka, teisinis reglamentavimas, atskleidžiami socialinio darbuotojo veiklos galimybių šioje srityje teoriniai aspektai. Kokybinio tyrimo fenomenologinė duomenų analizė parodė, kad socialinės įmonės raidos etapuose susiduriama su šiais trikdžiais: teisės aktų vėlavimu, informacijos stoka, didelėmis laiko sąnaudomis steigimo etape, socialinių ��monių įstatymą įgyvendinančių įstaigų darbuotojų kompetencijos ir geranoriškumo stoka. Atskleista, kad atsinaujinusios įmonės veikloje iškyla žmonių išteklių valdymo problemų: sunku rasti norinčių dirbti, sudėtingas darbuotojų adaptacijos periodas. Tyrimo metu išsiaiškinta, kad novacijos idėjos įgyvendinimą skatina noras palengvinti finansinę naštą ir pagerinti materialinę bazę. Dirbdami socialinėje įmonėje tikslinėms grupėms priskiriami asmenys turi galimybę realizuoti save, bendrauti, kelti savivertę, didinti materialinę laisvę, bet tuo pačiu metu pasireiškia netolerancija, stereotipai žmonių su negalia atžvilgiu, savo negalios nepripažinimas. Tyrimas atskleidė socialinių problemų lauką visais novacijos raidos etapais. Tai galėtų būti socialinio darbuotojo veiklos sritis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the work development of social enterprises as inovation is analysed, and possibilities of activity of a social worker are highlighted. Analyses of literature revealed that development of a social enterprise – is a new phenomenon that has never been investigated in Lithuania. In the theoretical part of the work a conception of inovation and its meaning for securing people’s social development, is surveyed, the concept of social enterprises as inovation, juridical regulation, are presented, theoretical aspects of possibilities of a social worker in this sphere are revealed. Phenomenological analyses of data of qualitative research showed, that at the stages of development of a social enterprise one collides with this interference: lateness of juridical acts, lack of information, huge expenditure of time at the stage of establishment, lack of competence and generosity of workers of institutions that implement the law of social enterprises. It was showed that in the activity of a renewed enterprise problems of management of human resources are raised up: it is hard to find people who want to work, a complicated adaptation period for workers. During the research it was explicated that implementation of the idea of inovation is induced by a wish to facilitate financial burden and to improve material base. Working in a social enterprise, persons that are attributed to the purposive groups, have a possibility to realize themselves, communicate, raise up self-value, increase... [to full text]

Members of the Gitga’at First Nation are committed to supporting the ecological integrity of their territory, as well as the vitality of their community and way of life, through carefully selected and implemented local development initiatives. This case study focuses on community member perspectives on ecologically supported cultural tourism. The first objective was to describe aspects of the local context shaping perspectives on tourism development. The second objective was to synthesise perspectives on the appropriate use of resources and on the appropriate application and sharing of local and elders’ knowledge for tourism. The third objective sought to identify services and linkages with other institutions considered important for a business aligned with local development priorities. There is potential for eco-cultural tourism to support local needs and interests if its development is directed and controlled by the Gitga’at and is based on a process of deliberation within the community.

Members of the Gitga’at First Nation are committed to supporting the ecological integrity of their territory, as well as the vitality of their community and way of life, through carefully selected and implemented local development initiatives. This case study focuses on community member perspectives on ecologically supported cultural tourism. The first objective was to describe aspects of the local context shaping perspectives on tourism development. The second objective was to synthesise perspectives on the appropriate use of resources and on the appropriate application and sharing of local and elders’ knowledge for tourism. The third objective sought to identify services and linkages with other institutions considered important for a business aligned with local development priorities. There is potential for eco-cultural tourism to support local needs and interests if its development is directed and controlled by the Gitga’at and is based on a process of deliberation within the community.

abstract: This research examines the experiences and perceptions of immigrant and refugee women social entrepreneurs located within a context of economic instability, as well as the strategies that they develop to cope with such crises and volatility. To conduct this research I used a mixed-method, qualitative approach to data collection, including semi-structured, open-ended interviews and a focus group. I used feminist theory and a grounded theory approach to inform the design of my study; as such I acknowledge the participants as knowledge producers and allow for them to add in questions to the interviews and focus group and to comment on drafts of the written portion of the dissertation. The findings have indicated that these women are surviving the economic crisis by combining different income streams, including social entrepreneurship, traditional jobs and state and non-profit-aid. Moreover, the participants have found that besides monetary value, social entrepreneurship also provides alternative benefits such as personal sovereignty in their work environment, work-life balance and well-being. Also, personal history, and family and community embeddedness contribute to women's decisions to pursue social entrepreneurship. This research contributes to the growing body of research on gender and work and fills the gaps in literature currently existing in social entrepreneurship. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Justice Studies 2015

Social enterprises have responded to personalisation of social care with enthusiasm as they aim to improve communities, investing profits into social or environmental aims (The Plunkett Foundation 2010). Personalisation has, likewise, heightened interest in services offered to people with disabilities, beyond those offered by local authorities and the NHS. The goals of the social enterprise in this study reflected the values of green care, which enables engagement with nature to produce health, social and education benefits (Fieldhouse & Sempik 2014). Green care and personalisation can both be understood from an occupational perspective, based on the idea that occupation sustains well-being in individuals. If social enterprises can create person-centred occupational experiences for people, they can play an important part in bridging the gap between traditional care settings and community participation. This research examined a social enterprise involved in food growing using a permaculture approach (Holmgren 2011); addressing the question: What is the occupational experience of people with and without disabilities participating in an inclusive horticultural social enterprise? This qualitative research used participatory action research (PAR) and critical ethnography as methodologies to build a case study of the social enterprise. Methods used were photography, mapping, and other accessible modes of data collection. Two PAR groups involving twenty-two people were convened, followed by six key-informant interviews. A reflexive log was maintained throughout project planning and PAR processes. Participants contributed to data analysis, identifying early themes, and interviews added context to the three final themes: Exclusion within inclusion; choice, transformation and ownership; and people, place and participation. As a result of the study the author considers that there are a number of governance and power challenges within green care social enterprises but these organisations have a role in addressing marginalisation through reducing bureaucratic barriers to social change and increasing skills for resilience and sustainability.