Strain path changes are common in complex automotive stampings, where sheet materials undergo a combination of drawing, stretching, and bending to achieve a desired part shape. Aluminum sheet alloys are increasingly used in vehicle structure light-weighting efforts, but limited formability and high levels of springback present challenges to the manufacturing and assembly processes. The current work explores springback levels in AA6016-T4 sheet after various pure bending operations, where sheets were first pre-strained in uniaxial, plane-strain, and biaxial tension. Finite element modeling of the pre-straining and subsequent bending operations will be performed using both isotropic and elasto-plastic self-consistent (EPSC) crystal plasticity approaches. Because the EPSC model incorporates backstresses informed by GND content, as measured via high-resolution EBSD, the predictions are more accurate than those of the isotropic model. The benefits and limitations of the current EPSC model, regarding accuracy of the predictions for the proposed strain path changes, are discussed.

Yes / A characteristic loop locus of dc power versus RF output power was observed as the frequency was varied around the optimum point of an operational active antenna. A new technique was introduced into the simulation, plotting the dependence of parameters such as supply current, efficiency or output power on internal impedance as seen by the naked transistor. It is now clear that the loop was formed as a consequence of the interaction of the transistor packaging elements with the patch impedances.

A 3D Finite Element Boundary Integral technique (FE-BI) using mixed-order tangential vector finite elements (TVFE?s) is presented. This technique is used to design two wide band antennas and an ultra wideband (UWB) antenna array. Tetrahedral elements are used for domain discretization because they offer higher flexibility when simulating complex structures. A set of hierarchical mixed-order TVFE?s up to and including order 2.5 is implemented. Hierarchical mixed-order TVFE?s accurately simulate regions with high and low field variations. They also guarantee tangential field continuity across element boundaries and suppress spurious modes. The efficacy of the technique has been tested on two different wide band antennas and an UWB array. The first antenna is designed for automotive applications and covers GPS, GSM, XM, and PCS bands (0.8?3.35 GHz). The second antenna is a double sided rounded bowtie antenna (DSRBA) for UWB communication (3.1-10.6 GHz). The third design is a DSRBA array. For validation purposes, the antennas are also simulated using a commercially available high frequency electromagnetic simulation software, HFSS. Results regarding antenna parameters such as return loss, radiation pattern, and gain are also given.

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Onychomycosis is fungal infection of toe nails or fingernails caused by a fungal microbe that invades the nail bed. It is the most common disease of the nails and constitutes about a half of all nail abnormalities and may affect toenails or fingernails, but toenail infections are particularly common. It occurs in about 10 percent of the adult population. The most common symptoms of fungal nail infection are thickening and discoloration of the nail. Treatment of onychomycosis is challenging because the infection is embedded in the nail making it difficult for the drug to diffuse to the site of infection. Onychomycosis is an opportunistic infection in people with compromised immune function and in those with diabetes, psoriasis, HIV/AIDS etc. Onychomycosis affects patients’ physical and psychological health and has a negative impact on overall quality of life. Oral administration of antifungal agents has been the mainstay in treatment of onychomycosis such as griseofulvin, terbinafine and itraconazole, but has limitations of systemic adverse events and drug interactions, whereas several drugs have been approved for topical administration but their efficacy is limited by the low permeability of the nail plate. This study evaluated the preformulation transungual permeability of econazole nitrate and formulation development of a transungual topical patch utilizing penetration enhancers in combination with econazole nitrate to optimize the delivery and penetration through the nail. The objectives of this project were to: 1) determine the critical factors for the in vitro transungual delivery of econazole nitrate, 2) design and develop a transungual formulation containing econazole nitrate and selection of the penetration enhancers, and 3) characterize the physical characteristics and functional properties of a novel transungual formulation. There were ten penetration enhancers being screened in this project according to the enhancement for saturation solubility, in vitro nail penetration and in vitro skin permeation and penetration of the antifungal drug econazole nitrate. Unlike transdermal drug delivery, the selection requirements for skin penetration enhancer were to increase drug accumulation in the epidermis and decrease the amount in the dermis to avoid unnecessary systermic absorption (Palliyil, et al. 2013). Thiourea (TU) improved the solubility and nail penetration of econazole nitrate. It also produced enhancement in the transungual diffusion of the drug. It was selected as the nail permeation enhancer and skin penetration enhancer for econazole nitrate. In the pH study, pH 5 ammonium phosphate buffer was the most effective pH for both enhancing the amount of drug in the nail and decreasing keratin binding. This resulted in increased accumulated of free drug in the target nail. In the formulation screening study, pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA), polyisobutylene, polysiloxane and polyacrylate classes of adhesives, were screened to develop a monolithic drug-in-adhesive type nail patch. Increasing the concentration of TU from 1% to 2.5% resulted in drug crystallization in the dry patch, therefore the concentration of 1% (w/w) TU was selected for all further screening. The concentration of econazole nitrate, propylene glycol and triethyl citrate were screened at 2.5%, 10% and 10% accordingly to ensure high drug release rate with no drug crystallization. The in vitro drug release rate of EN from the patch was improved with propylene glycol and hydrophobic plasticizer triethyl citrate. Polyvinylpyrrolidone was added to the patch formulation to lower the pH of the patch. This resulted in a greater concentration of ionized EN. The nail permeation and penetration of EN were studied in vitro using human cadaver toenails mounted in Franz diffusion cells. Thiourea, when formulated in the novel nail patch, was shown to deliver higher amount of EN into target tissues with a shorter permeation lag time compared to formulations which did not utilize thiourea. / Pharmaceutical Sciences

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El sistema nervioso está formado por una compleja red de billones de neuronas que utilizan señales específicas para comunicarse entre sí. La sinapsis química es una unión funcional entre neuronas en la que el neurotransmisor liberado por una de ellas interactúa específicamente con proteínas de membrana de la otra, los receptores postsinápticos. Los receptores de la familia cys-loop, que incluye al receptor nicotínico de acetilcolina (nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor), son miembros de la superfamilia de los canales pentaméricos activados por ligando (pLGICs, pentameric ligand-gated ion channels). Están formados por cinco subunidades iguales - receptores homoméricos - o diferentes - receptores heteroméricos -. Los receptores poseen un dominio extracelular, que contiene los sitios de unión al agonista localizados entre dos subunidades adyacentes; un dominio transmembrana, que forma el canal y contiene sitios alostéricos para la acción de moduladores; y un dominio intracelular, de importancia en la conductancia del canal y en su modulación intracelular. El receptor α7 es el prototipo de receptor homopentamérico de la familia de los nAChRs. Es uno de los nAChRs más abundantes en el sistema nervioso, aunque también se encuentra presente en otros tejidos. En neuronas modula la liberación de neurotransmisores e induce respuestas estimulatorias, contribuyendo a la cognición, el procesamiento de la información sensorial y la memoria. En tejidos no neuronales está involucrado en inmunidad, inflamación y neuroprotección. Debido a sus múltiples funciones, emerge actualmente como nuevo blanco terapéutico para desórdenes neurológicos e inflamatorios. En el primer capítulo de este trabajo de tesis exploramos el rol funcional de una subunidad truncada del receptor α7 específica de humanos, dupα7. Dicha subunidad, que carece de una región del dominio N-terminal extracelular que comprende parte del sitio de unión al ligando, se encuentra asociada con desórdenes neurológicos e inmunomodulación. Utilizando expresión heteróloga en células de mamífero en conjunto con microscopía de fluorescencia y registros de electrofisiología mediante la técnica de patch clamp, determinamos que: i) dupα7 no es capaz de formar homopentámeros funcionales activables por acetilcolina o por un agonista alostérico; ii) La subunidad dupα7 puede combinarse con la subunidad α7 para formar heteropentámeros de diferentes estequiometrías, con características cinéticas similares a las del receptor α7; iii) Es necesaria la presencia de al menos dos subunidades α7 ubicadas en forma consecutiva en el heteropentámero para que los receptores sean funcionales; iv) La expresión conjunta de dupα7 y α7 disminuye la disponibilidad de sitios de unión al agonista, reduciendo la sensibilidad de los receptores. En forma global, nuestros resultados muestran que la subunidad dupα7 posee un rol modulador negativo sobre la actividad del receptor α7. En el segundo capítulo, se evaluó la modulación de los péptidos β-Amiloide 1-40 y 1-42 sobre el receptor α7. Dichos péptidos poseen un rol fundamental en la enfermedad de Alzheimer, dado que su acumulación excesiva en el cerebro provoca la formación de placas seniles, a partir de las cuales se desarrolla un proceso de neurodegeneración e inflamación. Sin embargo, evidencias más recientes sugieren que son las formas oligoméricas de β-Amiloide las especies más neurotóxicas. Empleando estudios espectrofluorimétricos y la técnica de patch clamp demostramos que: i) Los oligómeros β-Amiloide provocan cambios conformacionales en el receptor α7 que pueden ser detectados por la sonda conformacional cristal violeta; ii) Los oligómeros de péptidos β-Amiloide son capaces de activar al receptor α7 en concentraciones del orden picomolar o nanomolar bajo; iii) Los oligómeros β-Amiloide reducen la potenciación de α7 por moduladores alostéricos positivos (PAMs, positive allosteric modulators) a concentraciones del orden nanomolar o micromolar bajo; iv) La reducción de la potenciación causada por los péptidos β-Amiloide no es específica del tipo de modulador alostérico positivo. Estos resultados demuestran un rol dual, dependiente de la concentración, de los oligómeros de β-Amiloide como agonistas y como moduladores negativos de α7. El efecto inhibitorio podría contribuir al deterioro cognitivo asociado a la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Por último, en el tercer capítulo se evaluó la acción del ion Ca2+ como modulador alostérico positivo de α7. Existen reportes sobre cationes divalentes que actúan como moduladores de los pLGICs, variando su efecto según el tipo de receptor. Sobre α7, el ion Ca2+ actúa como un PAM, pero la base mecanística de esta acción no ha sido explorada. Combinando registros de corrientes macroscópicas y de canal único en las configuraciones cell-attached e inside-out de la técnica de patch clamp demostramos que: i) La presencia del ion Ca2+ extracelular potencia la respuesta macroscópica a acetilcolina y a colina dependiendo de la concentración de agonista; ii) La ausencia de Ca2+ en la solución extracelular disminuye la frecuencia de apertura del canal y aumenta levemente la corriente unitaria; iii) El mecanismo por el cual el ion Ca2+ potencia la respuesta al agonista es compatible con el aumento de la probabilidad de apertura del canal. De este modo, identificamos el mecanismo asociado a la acción moduladora de calcio sobre el receptor α7. Nuestros resultados contribuyen al entendimiento de la modulación del receptor α7 por una subunidad proteica asociada con enfermedades neurológicas, por péptidos amiloides producidos en patologías neurodegenerativas y por el catión Ca2+, todos procesos de relevancia en la señalización colinérgica en el sistema nervioso central. / The nervous system is formed by a complex net of billions of individual neurons that use specific signals to communicate with each other. The chemical synapse is a functional union between neurons in which the neurotransmitter released by one neuron interacts specifically with integral membrane proteins of the other neuron: the postsynaptic receptors. The receptors of the cys-loop family, that includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), are members of the superfamily of the pentameric ligand-gated ion channels family (pLGICs). They are formed by five identical - homopentameric receptors - or different subunits – heteropentameric receptors -. The receptors have an extracellular domain, which contains the agonist binding sites that are located between two adjacent subunits; a transmembrane domain that forms the channel and contains allosteric sites for the action of modulators; and an intracellular domain, important for the conductance of the channel and modulation. The α7 receptor is a homopentamer of the nAChRs family. It is one of the most abundant nAChRs in the nervous system and is also present in cells of other tissues. In neurons, it modulates the neurotransmitters release and induces stimulatory responses, thus contributing to cognition, sensory information processing and memory. In non-neuronal tissues, it is involved in immunity, inflammation and neuroprotection. Because of its multiple functions, it is emerging as a new therapeutic target for neurologic and inflammatory disorders. In the first chapter of this thesis we evaluated the functional role of a human-specific truncated subunit of the α7 receptor, dupα7. This subunit, which lacks part of the N-terminal extracellular ligand-binding domain, is associated with neurological disorders and immunomodulation. Using heterologous expression of heteropentamers in mammalian cells combined with fluorescence microscopy and patch clamp recordings, we determined that: i) dupα7 is not able to form functional receptors activated by acetylcholine or an allosteric agonist; ii) dupα7 subunits can combine with α7 subunits to form heteropentamers of different stoichiometries, with similar kinetic properties to those of α7; iii) the presence of at least two α7 subunits located consecutively in the heteropentamer forming an agonist binding site is necessary for functional heteropentamers; iv) the co-expression of dupα7 and α7 decreases the availability of agonist binding sites, reducing the sensibility of the receptors. Overall, our results show that dupα7 has a negative modulatory role on the activity of the α7 receptor. In the second chapter, we evaluated the modulation of α7 receptor by Amyloid- β 1-40 and 1-42 peptides. These peptides play a fundamental role in Alzheimers’ disease since their excessive accumulation in the brain causes the formation of senile plaques, from which a process of neurodegeneration and inflammation develops. More recent evidence suggests that the oligomeric forms of amyloid- β are the most neurotoxic species. Using spectrofluorimetric and electrophysiological studies we demonstrated that: i) The amyloid-β peptides cause conformational changes on the α7 receptor that can be sensed by the crystal violet conformational probe; ii) The oligomers of the amyloid-β peptide are capable of activating the α7 receptor at picomolar or low nanomolar concentrations; iii) The oligomers of the amyloid-β peptide reduce α7 potentiation by positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) at nanomolar or low-micromolar concentrations; iv) The reduction in the potentiation caused by the amyloid-β peptides is not specific of the PAM type. Our results demonstrate a dual role of the amyloid- β oligomers as agonists and negative modulators of α7, depending on the concentration. The inhibitory effect could contribute to the cognitive impair associated to Alzheimer’s disease. Last, in the third chapter we evaluated the action of the Ca2+ cation as a PAM of α7. Divalent cations have been reported to modulate different pLGICs, varying their effects with the receptor type. On α7, Ca2+ acts as a PAM, but the mechanistic basis of this action has not been explored yet. Combining macroscopic and single-channel current recordings in the cell-attached and inside-out patch clamp configurations, we demonstrated that: i) Extracellular Ca2+ potentiates the macroscopic responses to ACh and choline and the level of potentiation is dependent on the agonist concentration; ii) The absence of extracellular calcium diminishes the frequency of channel opening and slightly increases the unitary current; iii) The mechanism by which Ca2+ enhances the response to the agonist is compatible with an increase of the channel opening probability. Our results contribute to the understanding of the molecular actions at α7 of a truncated protein subunit associated with neurological diseases, of amyloid peptides produced in neurodegenerative pathologies and of the Ca2+ cation, which are all relevant modulatory processes of the cholinergic pathway at the central nervous system.

Yes / Polygon, subdivision, and NURBS are three mainstream modeling techniques widely applied in commercial software packages. They require heavy manual operations, and involve a lot of design variables leading to big data, high storage costs and slow network transmissions. In this paper, we integrate the strengths of boundary-based surface creation and partial differential equation (PDE)-based geometric modeling to obtain the first analytical C continuous 4-sided PDE patches involving sculpting force-based shape creation and manipulation and use them to develop an interactive modeling technique for easy and quick creation of 3D models with small data from vertex-frames. With this modeling technique, a vertex frame is defined by eight vertices, and a C continuous 4-sided PDE patch is created from the vertex-frame through an analytical solution to a vector-valued second-order PDE subjected to the boundary conditions determined by the eight vertices of a vertex-frame. A user-friendly interface is developed from the obtained analytical solution, which enables users to interactively input and modify vertex-frame models easily and create 3D models in real time. Different surface modeling tasks are carried out to test the developed interactive tool and compare our proposed method with polygon and NURBS modeling and Coons surfaces. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method and its advantages in reducing design variables, saving storage costs, and effective shape creation and manipulation. / European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 778035; MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER “Una manera de hacer Europa”