This research investigates the impact of cooperation policies on participation in, and benefits from, online learning object exchanges. First, an in-depth study of issues encountered in other online contexts (peer-to-peer systems, discussion group with lurkers, reputation systems) provided evidence that explicit cooperation policies and motivation techniques could bring benefits to online object exchanges. A case study is presented based on the comparison between two peer-to-peer systems, Mojo Nation and Gnutella, to show how cooperative policies could add value to online communities. This case study highlights several issues, such as the algorithm of pricing/exchange mechanism. Successfully solving these issues will be the key to identifying the benefits of an e-marketplace based online object exchange. An outline of an experimental exchange mechanism is presented, along with a prototype interface for users. To investigate further issues for users, an online scenario-based questionnaire was set up to measure potential users' attitudes towards cooperation policies. The detailed analysis on questionnaire results shows that cooperation policies hold promise to make the online object exchange more efficient. The results also illustrated how a transaction-based community could achieve the following benefits: increase of ROI object value discovery faster repository expansion better motivation through reputation recognition

The research work presented in this thesis discusses various complex issues associated with reactive power management and pricing in the context of new operating paradigms in deregulated power systems, proposing appropriate policy solutions. An integrated two-level framework for reactive power management is set forth, which is both suitable for a competitive market and ensures a secure and reliable operation of the associated power system. The framework is generic in nature and can be adopted for any electricity market structure. The proposed hierarchical reactive power market structure comprises two stages: procurement of reactive power resources on a seasonal basis, and real-time reactive power dispatch. The main objective of the proposed framework is to provide appropriate reactive power support from service providers at least cost, while ensuring a secure operation of the power system. The proposed procurement procedure is based on a two-step optimization model. First, the marginal benefits of reactive power supply from each provider, with respect to system security, are obtained by solving a loadability-maximization problem subject to transmission security constraints imposed by voltage and thermal limits. Second, the selected set of generators is determined by solving an optimal power flow (OPF)-based auction. This auction maximizes a societal advantage function comprising generators' offers and their corresponding marginal benefits with respect to system security, and considering all transmission system constraints. The proposed procedure yields the selected set of generators and zonal price components, which would form the basis for seasonal contracts between the system operator and the selected reactive power service providers. The main objective of the proposed reactive power dispatch model is to minimize the total payment burden on the Independent System Operator (ISO), which is associated with reactive power dispatch. The real power generation is decoupled and assumed to be fixed during the reactive power dispatch procedures; however, the effect of reactive power on real power is considered in the model by calculating the required reduction in real power output of a generator due to an increase in its reactive power supply. In this case, real power generation is allowed to be rescheduled, within given limits, from the already dispatched levels obtained from the energy market clearing process. The proposed dispatch model achieves the main objective of an ISO in a competitive electricity market, which is to provide the required reactive power support from generators at least cost while ensuring a secure operation of the power system. The proposed reactive power procurement and dispatch models capture both the technical and economic aspects of power system operation in competitive electricity markets; however, from an optimization point of view, these models represent non-convex mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problems due to the presence of binary variables associated with the different regions of reactive power operation in a synchronous generator. Such MINLP optimization problems are difficult to solve, especially for an actual power system. A novel Generator Reactive Power Classification (GRPC) algorithm is proposed in this thesis to address this issue, with the advantage of iteratively solving the optimization models as a series of non-linear programming (NLP) sub-problems. The proposed reactive power procurement and dispatch models are implemented and tested on the CIGRE 32-bus system, with several case studies that represent different practical operating scenarios. The developed models are also compared with other approaches for reactive power provision, and the results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed model. The results clearly reveal the main features of the proposed models for optimal provision of reactive power ancillary service, in order to suit the requirements of an ISO under today’s stressed system conditions in a competitive market environment.

This research investigates the impact of cooperation policies on participation in, and benefits from, online learning object exchanges. First, an in-depth study of issues encountered in other online contexts (peer-to-peer systems, discussion group with lurkers, reputation systems) provided evidence that explicit cooperation policies and motivation techniques could bring benefits to online object exchanges. A case study is presented based on the comparison between two peer-to-peer systems, Mojo Nation and Gnutella, to show how cooperative policies could add value to online communities. This case study highlights several issues, such as the algorithm of pricing/exchange mechanism. Successfully solving these issues will be the key to identifying the benefits of an e-marketplace based online object exchange. An outline of an experimental exchange mechanism is presented, along with a prototype interface for users. To investigate further issues for users, an online scenario-based questionnaire was set up to measure potential users' attitudes towards cooperation policies. The detailed analysis on questionnaire results shows that cooperation policies hold promise to make the online object exchange more efficient. The results also illustrated how a transaction-based community could achieve the following benefits: increase of ROI object value discovery faster repository expansion better motivation through reputation recognition

The research work presented in this thesis discusses various complex issues associated with reactive power management and pricing in the context of new operating paradigms in deregulated power systems, proposing appropriate policy solutions. An integrated two-level framework for reactive power management is set forth, which is both suitable for a competitive market and ensures a secure and reliable operation of the associated power system. The framework is generic in nature and can be adopted for any electricity market structure. The proposed hierarchical reactive power market structure comprises two stages: procurement of reactive power resources on a seasonal basis, and real-time reactive power dispatch. The main objective of the proposed framework is to provide appropriate reactive power support from service providers at least cost, while ensuring a secure operation of the power system. The proposed procurement procedure is based on a two-step optimization model. First, the marginal benefits of reactive power supply from each provider, with respect to system security, are obtained by solving a loadability-maximization problem subject to transmission security constraints imposed by voltage and thermal limits. Second, the selected set of generators is determined by solving an optimal power flow (OPF)-based auction. This auction maximizes a societal advantage function comprising generators' offers and their corresponding marginal benefits with respect to system security, and considering all transmission system constraints. The proposed procedure yields the selected set of generators and zonal price components, which would form the basis for seasonal contracts between the system operator and the selected reactive power service providers. The main objective of the proposed reactive power dispatch model is to minimize the total payment burden on the Independent System Operator (ISO), which is associated with reactive power dispatch. The real power generation is decoupled and assumed to be fixed during the reactive power dispatch procedures; however, the effect of reactive power on real power is considered in the model by calculating the required reduction in real power output of a generator due to an increase in its reactive power supply. In this case, real power generation is allowed to be rescheduled, within given limits, from the already dispatched levels obtained from the energy market clearing process. The proposed dispatch model achieves the main objective of an ISO in a competitive electricity market, which is to provide the required reactive power support from generators at least cost while ensuring a secure operation of the power system. The proposed reactive power procurement and dispatch models capture both the technical and economic aspects of power system operation in competitive electricity markets; however, from an optimization point of view, these models represent non-convex mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problems due to the presence of binary variables associated with the different regions of reactive power operation in a synchronous generator. Such MINLP optimization problems are difficult to solve, especially for an actual power system. A novel Generator Reactive Power Classification (GRPC) algorithm is proposed in this thesis to address this issue, with the advantage of iteratively solving the optimization models as a series of non-linear programming (NLP) sub-problems. The proposed reactive power procurement and dispatch models are implemented and tested on the CIGRE 32-bus system, with several case studies that represent different practical operating scenarios. The developed models are also compared with other approaches for reactive power provision, and the results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed model. The results clearly reveal the main features of the proposed models for optimal provision of reactive power ancillary service, in order to suit the requirements of an ISO under today’s stressed system conditions in a competitive market environment.

Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva hur litteraturen skildrar sjuksköterskans roll i vården av den äldre patienten i den pre- och postoperativa fasen, med fokus på nutritionens betydelse för rehabiliteringen och risken för komplikationer. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt och artiklarna söktes via CINAHL och MEDLINE.  Studiens resultat innehöll ett urval på 14 artiklar med kvantitativ ansats. Resultat: Undervisning och handledning med fokus på nutritionens betydelse för rehabiliteringen och risken för komplikationer var av vikt, även bedömningsinstrument underlättade sjuksköterskans nutritionsbedömning.  I omvårdnaden var energi- och näringstillskott, individuellt anpassade vårdplaner och måltidssituationer viktiga komponenter. Förebyggande åtgärder inom både omvårdnad och medicin hade en korrelation mellan förbättrad nutrition, rehabilitering och minskade risken för komplikationer hos äldre patienter i den pre- och postoperativa vården. Slutsats: Personer över 65 år var en utsatt patientgrupp gällande undernäring och postoperativa komplikationer. Vården bör därför vara anpassad efter den enskilda äldre individens villkor och innehålla information till patienten för att möjliggöra dennes aktiva roll i den egna vården. I det preventiva arbetet behöver sjuksköterskan fortlöpande utbildning och handledning angående hur medicinska och fysiologiska faktorer tillsammans påverkar den äldre individen samt hur sjuksköterskan i ett tidigt skede kan påvisa undernäring hos äldre.

Background: Earlier studies show that 30-92 % of ACL reconstructed return to their pre-injury physical activity. It is not clear why some people do not return. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the return rate to pre-injury sport among ACL reconstructed men. Another purpose was to characterize those patients who return and those who do not. Metod: A Web-based questionnaire with questions about returning to physical activity was sent out during the spring of 2012 to 93 men who had undergone an ACL reconstruction 6-40 months earlier and who, after 6-40 months after surgery, were evaluated with validated strength tests and self-assessment outcome measures. Results: At 12 months after surgery 56 % of the subjects had returned to their pre-injury sport. If the criteria were set higher “back to the same- or a higher level” 14 % had returned. No differences were observed between those who had returned and those who did not, in terms of results on strength tests and the self-assessment outcome scores. Two years after surgery the subjects who returned to their pre-injury physical activity maintained a higher physical activity level compared to subjects that did not return. Conclusion: 56 % of the men that had undergone an ACL reconstruction reported that they returned to their pre-injury sport, but not to the same level, 12 months after surgery. Those men who returned maintained a higher physical activity level two years after surgery compared with those men who did not return.   Keywords: ACL, surgery, muscle function, self-efficacy, quality of life.   Level of evidence: II, retrospective study with prognostic value.

The curriculum of the Swedish school system explains how the transitions between the preschool class and the pre-school should be. The co-operation between the organisations should aim for a long term perspective with the students learning process in mind (Lgr11). The pre-school has almost the same aim in their curriculum, as the curriculum of the Swedish school system. The aim with my study is to examine how the teachers from the different organizations relate to knowledge and how they look at the students social interactions. Also how the transition between the pre-school and the pre-school class is viewed from their point of view.  How do the teachers from the different organisations comprehend knowledge? How do the teachers from the different organisations comprehend the social abilities? How do the teachers from the different organisations work and interact in terms of the transition between the pre-school and the pre-school class? The study that has been made is about the transitions between the pre-school and the pre-school class. It´s been investigated by doing interviews with teachers from both the pre-school and the pre-school class. The result from these is that the teachers from the different organisations have the same view about knowledge and social interactions. They didn´t have the same view at Co-operation this because their organizations was structured in a different way and also they hadn´t any guidelines to follow.

One of the goals for an enterprise is to increase the operation performance. However, there are several factors may affect the operation performance. According to the reviews, we found that many researches are discussing the impact of capital investment and ownership structure on the operation performance under different industries. Iron and steel are the mother of industry and also the essential raw materials for production. The development of Taiwan¡¦s iron and steel industry has expanded overseas to enhance the competitive ability and operation performance. Therefore, this research focus on Taiwan¡¦s iron and steel companies which are already listed in the stock exchange and over-the-counter markets and we use regression to analyze the relationship between capital investment, ownership structure and operation performance of those companies. The ownership structure plays a role of interference factor to test the relation between capital investment and operation performance. According to the result, we found that the relation between shares of directors and supervisors and operation performance is positive. Also the effect of the capital investment on operation performance is remarkable when take the ownership structure into consideration. This result not only shows the different between iron and steel industry and other industries but also gives practical suggestions for company managers and investors. Before investment, both enterprise and investors could estimate the operation performance of a company base on two factors, the capital investment and shares of directors and supervisors.

In order to increase the data-path utilization of the programmable graphics processor units (GPU) which often stall by waiting for the execution results of those long-latency instructions, multi-thread technique is very often used in the design of GPU. This thesis proposes a multi-thread single unified core GPU design which owns several key features. First, its processor core can execute not only the vertex and fragment shading programs, but also the software rasteriation module which is mostly implemented by a individual hardware module in other GPU designs. Next, the thread-switching policy in our design is based on the non-preempt blocked scheduling. Normally, whether an instruction will be stalled cannot be detected until it enters the instruction-decode stage. In order to achieve zero-penalty thread switching, a single assistant bit will be padded to each instruction in a thread to tell if the next instruction in the same thread will be stalled or not. This mechanism can help achieve a speed-up of 1.4 in some benchmarks used in this thesis. The register file used in GPU processor is usually equipped with up to four access ports, such that it will occupy a significant portion of the entire GPU especially for muti-thread designs where the register set has to be duplicated by several copies. The implementation cost of the register file can be reduced by decreasing its access port number to two based on the proposed multi-bank approach in this thesis. Our experimental results show that this approach can help reduce the overall gate count by 26.12%. Finally, the rest of fixed-pipeline fragment operation is realized by an iterative time-sharing architecture in order to further save the silicon area. The overall gate count of the proposed GPU is 600K.

It has been about 30 years since the first security investment trust companies (hereafter referred to as the Securities Investment Trust) was established and issued the first funds in national mutual fund market since 1983. The total market size of the domestic issued fund is more than 1.89 trillion NT dollars now. And as offshore funds open to the domestic market, the atmosphere of domestic investors use mutual funds to manage finance gradually prevailed. Along with the cross-stray policy adjustment the government made and the markets open up of oversea financial products, the competition between domestic security industries extended from commodity differentiation to service innovation and efficiency. In addition to the performance of issued funds, professional services, innovative products and convenient platform have become the one of the competition focuses between industries. In the competitive environment of market saturation, increasing supply, and high operation cost, it is important and basic for a corporation to build a sale system with outstanding cost, quality, and speed. That is to rapidly react to the market, provide different creative services, strengthen customers¡¦ value and service quality, and elevate customers satisfactory and operation performance. Quick response (QR) is in related with the ability whether a corporation can satisfy to the need of the customers in time and increase corporation competitiveness by commerce automotive. This research was to discover the challenge of the fund administration department of the case study company. The bar code model was imported into the fund operation procedure with the angle of commerce automotive. That was to reduce the redundant waste and fasten the procedure of operation and management. With the corporation of automotive function, the information could be handled and managed more efficiently with real time track, on line monitor, intensify control, and decrease redundant recording procedure. Also, the investment trust fund operation efficiency and quality could be improved and strengthen the management performance by increasing inner control and customer service. Furthermore, to combine the feasible bar code system and mobile device with investment e-commerce platform from the angle of fund operation procedure to find the opportunity to create new procedure as a reference for the investment owners in future development. Finally, suggest the future discussion aspect of the business model of financial creativity in order to develop a unique financial service platform in Taiwan to increase our international competitiveness in financial service.