Relatives of a critically ill patient being cared for at an intensive care unit are in great need of support from the intensive care nurse. To be able to handle the stressful situation they need information, the opportunity to be involved and to be greeted in a positive manner. The purpose of this study was to describe relatives' psychiatric health at an intensive care unit. A cross-sectional study using a survey and qualitative content analysis was chosen as the design for this study. The result reveals that relatives feel great concern and have a hard time relaxing. A lot of them feel anxiety and depression as a result of the strains from the time at the intensive care unit. To oscillate between hope and despair meant that they lived with great uncertainty and made it difficult to keep their motivation up. They describe that their psychiatric health is affected by the promotion of relationships, as they're living with uncertainty, as they're being able to handle the situation and as they're experiencing a loss of control. The result of this study showed that relatives of a critically ill patient being cared for at an intensive care unit have a high occurrence of anxiety and depression. Resources need to be allocated to caring for relatives to prevent illness.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, 2017. / Texto parcialmente liberado pelo autor. Conteúdo restrito: Apêndice C. Artigo Preliminar / Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2018-04-12T20:05:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_LíviaVanessaRibeiroGomesPansera-PARCIAL.pdf: 23151628 bytes, checksum: a8f5b31bb2a37687a2ee124174fd6523 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-04-24T18:41:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_LíviaVanessaRibeiroGomesPansera-PARCIAL.pdf: 23151628 bytes, checksum: a8f5b31bb2a37687a2ee124174fd6523 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-24T18:41:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_LíviaVanessaRibeiroGomesPansera-PARCIAL.pdf: 23151628 bytes, checksum: a8f5b31bb2a37687a2ee124174fd6523 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-24 / INTRODUÇÃO: A terapia antirretroviral (TARV) trouxe vários benefícios para os pacientes que vivem com HIV e AIDS (PVHA), com redução da morbimortalidade e melhora da qualidade e expectativa de vida. Entretanto, emergiram outras condições clínicas crônicas, incluindo as alterações neurocognitivas. As alterações neurocognitivas associadas ao HIV (HAND) são classificadas em três diagnósticos: Demência associada ao HIV (HAD), transtorno neurocognitivo leve associado ao HIV (MND) e Deficiência neurocognitiva assintomática (ANI). Este estudo se propôs a traçar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes atendidos em 2 hospitais do Distrito Federal, avaliar a presença de provável HAND e possíveis fatores associados. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a função neurocognitiva de PVHA em uso de TARV assistidos no Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (HBDF) e Hospital Universitário de Brasília (HUB), entre novembro de 2016 e abril de 2017; estimar a proporção de provável HAND, descrever as características clínicas, epidemiológicas e os transtornos psiquiátricos. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal (descritivo e analítico). Foi aplicado questionário socioeconômico e de antecedentes, realizado exame neurológico, aplicada Escala Instrumental para Atividades da Vida Diária e Escala Internacional de Demência Associada ao HIV (IHDS). Os prontuários foram analisados para complementação de dados. Houve aprovação do CEP- FEPECS sob o parecer no. 1.717.135. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 125 pacientes, com predomínio do sexo masculino (70,4%). A divisão por faixas etárias revelou 56 (44,8%) pacientes entre 18 e 39 anos, 63 (50,4%) entre 40 e 59 anos e 6 (4,8%) com 60 ou mais anos. Quanto a escolaridade, 41 (32,8%) possuíam até o ensino fundamental, 45 (36%) até o ensino médio e 39 (31,2%) o nível superior. A Escala Instrumental para Atividades da Vida Diária classificou 101 (80,8%) indivíduos como Independentes, e 24 (19,2%) com Dependência parcial. Na aplicação da IHDS, 43 (34,4%) foram classificados com provável HAND. Após análise bivariada e multivariada, houve associação estatisticamente significante de provável HAND com idade > 60 anos (RP=2,50), nível de escolaridade fundamental (RP=2,01), infecção anterior por CMV (RP=1,92) e episódio depressivo prévio (RP = 2,78) (IC de 95%). Na avaliação psiquiátrica, 6 (21,42%) pacientes foram avaliados com antecedente de episódio depressivo maior e uso de álcool documentado em 18 (64,29%). DISCUSSÃO: A prevalência de provável HAND na amostra estudada foi de 34,4%, o que é compatível com a maioria dos dados na literatura. Entre os fatores de risco conhecidos para HAND, encontrou-se associação com idade avançada, baixa escolaridade e relato de episódio depressivo prévio. Houve ainda associação com infecção prévia por CMV, o que mantém as manifestações neurológicas pelo CMV como importante diagnóstico diferencial para HAND e potencial colaborador para progressão de alterações neurocognitivas. Outros fatores apresentaram alta prevalência, mas sem significância estatística na associação com provável HAND, possivelmente pelo tamanho da amostra, por falta de dados nos prontuários, indisponibilidade de exames ou recusa dos pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação de provável HAND foi realizada através de uma ferramenta de triagem, necessitando de complementação com testes neuropsicológicos. Entretanto, identificar os pacientes e estabelecer características preditivas entre os PVHA para alterações neurocognitivas, propicia identificação precoce de HAND e correção dos possíveis fatores associados presentes. / INTRODUCTION: Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) has brought many benefits to people living with HIV and AIDS (PVHA), reducing morbidity, mortality and improving quality and life expectancy. However, other chronic clinical conditions, including neurocognitive disorders, have emerged. HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) are classified into three diagnoses: HIVAssociated Dementia (HAD), HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (MND) and Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Deficiency (ANI). This study aimed to trace the epidemiological profile of the patients treated at 2 hospitals in the Distrito Federal, to evaluate the presence of probable HAND and possible associated factors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the neurocognitive function of PVHA in use of ART at Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (HBDF) and Hospital Universitário de Brasília (HUB) between November 2016 and April 2017; Estimate the proportion of probable HAND, describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics, and psychiatric disorders METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out (descriptive and analytical). A socio-economic and background questionnaire was applied, performed a neurological examination, applied Daily Life Activities Instrumental Scale and the International HIV Associated Dementia scale (IHDS). The respective medical records were analyzed for further information. Approval by CEP- FEPECS (no. 1717135). RESULTS: A total of 125 patients were evaluated, with a predominance of males (70.4%). The age distribution revealed 56 (44.8%) patients between 18 and 39 years old, 63 (50.4%) patients between 40 and 59 years old, and 6 (4.8%) with 60 years old and above. As for schooling, 41 (32.8%) had up to elementary school, 45 (36%) to high school and 39 (31.2%) the higher education. The Daily Life Activities Instrumental Scale classified 101 (80.8%) individuals as Independent, and 24 with Partial Dependence. In the application of the IHDS, 43 (34.4%) were classified with probable HAND. After a bivariate and multivariate analysis, there was a statistically significant association of probable HAND with age greater than or equal to 60 years (RP = 2.50), primary level of education (PR = 2.01), previous CMV infection (PR = 1, 92) and previous depressive episode (PR = 2.78), respecting their respective 95% CI. In the psychiatric evaluation, 6 (21.42%) patients were evaluated with a history of major depressive episode and alcohol use was documented in 18 (64.29%) patients. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of probable HAND in the studied sample was 34.4%, which is compatible with most data in the literature. Among the known risk factors for HAND, we found association with advanced age, low level of schooling and previous depressive episode. There was also association with previous CMV infection, which maintains these neurological manifestations as an important differential diagnosis for HAND and as a potential collaborator for the progression of neurocognitive disorders. Other factors presented a high prevalence, but no statistical significance in the association with probable HAND, possibly due to the sample size, lack of data in the medical records, unavailability of exams or refusal of the patients. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of probable HAND was performed through a screening tool, requiring complementation with neuropsychological tests. However, screening the patients and establishing predictive characteristics of among the PVHA for neurocognitive disorders, provides early identification of HAND and correction of possible associated factors present.

Phosphatases of the haloacid dehalogenase superfamily are one of the cell's tools for dephosphorylation of many diverse endogenous and exogenous compounds. This work is aimed at enzymes Tt82 and cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase II (cN-II), two members of this large enzyme superfamily. The Tt82 originates in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus thioreducens. Up to date, there is only a small amount of knowledge about properties and biological function of this enzyme. Based on its sequence and structure, it was predicted that the Tt82 should possess a phosphatase catalytic activity. Consequently, potential substrates of the Tt82 were proposed by the molecular docking. In this work, the phosphatase activity of the Tt82 was confirmed together with several of its substrates: AMP, D-glucose 1-phosphate, D-glucose 6-phosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP). Activity towards AMP and pNPP was then characterized by steady-state kinetics at 37 řC and 60 řC. In consistence with its thermophilic origin, the Tt82 showed markedly higher activity towards both substrates at 60 řC. Nonetheless, the effectivity of the Tt82 catalytic activity towards these substrates was actually very low. This leads to assumption, that the identified substrates are probably not biologically relevant. On the other hand, it is quite...

Rationale: There is evidence for a common genetic link between alcohol and nicotine dependence. Rodents selectively bred for high alcohol consumption/responsivity are also more likely to self-administer nicotine than controls. Objectives: The experiments examined the response to systemic nicotine, the effects of nicotine within the drug reward pathway, and innate expression of nicotine-related genes in a brain region regulating drug reward/self-administration in multiple lines of rats selectively bred for high and low alcohol consumption. Methods: The experiments examined the effects of systemic administration of nicotine on locomotor activity, the effects of nicotine administered directly into the (posterior ventral tegmental area; pVTA) on dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh), and innate mRNA levels of acetylcholine receptor genes in the pVTA were determined in 6 selectively bred high/low alcohol consuming and Wistar rat lines. Results: The high alcohol-consuming rat lines had greater nicotine-induced locomotor activity compared to low alcohol-consuming rat lines. Microinjections of nicotine into the pVTA resulted in DA release in the AcbSh with the dose response curves for high alcohol-consuming rats shifted leftward and upward. Genetic analysis of the pVTA indicated P rats expressed higher levels of α2 and β4. Conclusion: Selective breeding for high alcohol preference resulted in a genetically divergent behavioral and neurobiological sensitivity to nicotine. The observed behavioral and neurochemical differences between the rat lines would predict an increased likelihood of nicotine reinforcement. The data support the hypothesis of a common genetic basis for drug addiction and identifies potential receptor targets.

O controle da ferrugem asiática é altamente dependente do tratamento com fungicidas. A decisão do momento correto da aplicação é fundamental para a eficiência do tratamento, visto que atrasos na efetuação do controle podem torná-lo tão ineficaz quanto à ausência de aplicações. O dano provocado pela ferrugem asiática é decorrente da redução da área foliar, devido à destruição do tecido vegetal e desfolha precoce. Tendo em vista a influência que o atraso no controle tem sobre a ferrugem asiática, e esta sobre a folhagem das plantas de soja, o dano pode ser melhor compreendido com o uso de variáveis que captem modificações na área foliar do hospedeiro. Com os objetivos de avaliar o efeito do atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática sobre o rendimento e os componentes do rendimento, a duração (HAD), a absorção da área foliar sadia (HAA) de plantas de soja e sobre a severidade da doença e examinar as relações entre o rendimento de soja com a duração, absorção da área foliar sadia e severidade da ferrugem asiática, foram conduzidos cinco experimentos no Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Agrícola da Arysta LifeScience, em Pereiras-SP. Os experimentos envolveram um tratamento preventivo e tratamentos que corresponderam a atrasos crescentes na efetuação do controle químico. As relações entre os parâmetros citados acima foram avaliadas por meio de testes de comparação de médias (LSD) e regressões lineares e não lineares (p<=0,05). Os resultados mostraram que nas situações em que o início da ferrugem asiática da soja ocorre próximo à fase reprodutiva, o rendimento cai à taxa de -31 kg ha-1 a -15 kg ha-1 por cada dia de atraso no controle, sendo o dano maior nos estádios mais jovens e menor nos estádios mais avançados. Na relação entre o atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja e HAA, 10 MJ m-2 deixam de ser absorvidos por cada dia de atraso no controle. Na relação entre o atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja e HAD, a duração da área foliar sadia diminui 2,4 a 1,4 dias por cada dia em que o controle é atrasado. Na relação entre o rendimento de soja e HAA, são ganhos 2 kg ha-1 para cada MJ m-2 absorvido pela área foliar sadia. Na relação entre o rendimento de soja e HAD, são ganhos de 13 a 9 kg ha-1 para cada dia de duração da área foliar sadia. A relação entre atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja e severidade da doença é de 0,25% ponto percentual para cada dia de atraso no controle. A relação entre o rendimento de soja e severidade da ferrugem asiática é de -36 kg ha-1 por cada ponto percentual de severidade. A variável que melhor se relaciona com o rendimento de soja é a absorção da área foliar sadia (HAA). Tanto HAA quanto HAD são variáveis melhores do que a severidade para serem usadas na quantificação de danos provocados pela ferrugem asiática na soja. Nas situações em que o início da doença ocorre próximo à fase reprodutiva, atrasos no controle da ferrugem asiática superiores a 28 dias apresentam o mesmo resultado que a ausência de controle. Não há redução no rendimento de soja se o início da ferrugem asiática ocorrer a partir do estádio R5. / The control of the asian soybean rust is highly dependent of fungicides treatment. The decision of the correct moment of application is critical for the efficiency of the treatment, since delays in the control can become it so inefficacious as the absence of applications. The damage caused by asian soybean rust is decurrent of the reduction of the leaf area, due to vegetal tissue destruction and early defoliation. In view, the influence that the control delay has on the asian rust, and this on the foliage of the soybean plants, the yield loss can be better understood with the use of variable that catch modifications in the leaf area of the host plant. With the objectives to evaluate the effect of the delay in the asian soybean control on the yield and the yield components, the duration (HAD) and absorption of the healthy leaf area (HAA) of soybean plants and on the disease severity, and to examine the relationship between the soybean yield with the healthy leaf area duration, healthy leaf area absorption and asian soybean rust severity, were conducted five field experiments in Agricultural Research and Development Center of the Arysta LifeScience, in Pereiras-SP. The experiments had involved a preventive treatment and treatments that had corresponded the increasing delays in the chemical control. The relationship between the cited parameters above had been evaluated by averages comparison test (LSD) and linear and non linear regressions (p<=0,05). The results had shown that in the situations where the beginning of the asian soybean rust occurs next to the reproductive phase, the yield fall -31 kg ha-1 to -15 kg ha-1 per each day of control delay, being the loss bigger in youngest stadiums and lesser in oldier stadiums. In the relationship between control delay of the asian soybean rust and HAA, 10MJ m-2 does not absorbed per each day of control delay. In the relationship of the control delay of the asian soybean rust and HAD, the duration of the healthy leaf area reduced 2,4 to 1,4 days per each day where the control is delayed. In the relationship between soybean yield and HAA, were obtained 2 kg ha-1 for each MJ m-2 absorbed by the healthy leaf area. In the relationship between soybean yield and HAD, were obtained 9 to 13 kg ha-1 for each day of healthy leaf area duration. The relationship between control delay of the asian soybean rust and disease severity was of 0,25% percentile point for each day of delay in the control. The relationship between soybean yield and severity of the asian soybean rust were of -36 kg ha-1 for each percentile point of severity. The variable that better becomes related with the yield soybean was the healthy leaf area absorption (HAA). Even HAA as HAD are better variables than severity to be used in the yield losses quantification of the asian soybean rust. In the situations that the beginning of the disease occurs next to reproductive phase, control delay of asian soybean rust higher than 28 days show the same result that the control absence. It does not have reduction in the soybean yield if the beginning of the asian soybean rust occurs after the R5 stadium.

This study examined the perception of managers in the Institute of Public Administration (IPA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia as to the way public relations is practiced within Saudi Arabia based on a comparison with Grunig's four models of public relations. Out of a population of 38 directors and director generals, 30 participated in a personal interview for a 79 percent response rate.A Q-sort analysis revealed two perceptions of public relations performance in the Institute. Perceptions differed based on educational experience, and managerial levels. Top managers with Ph.Ds tended to view performance as related to Grunig's Press Agentry and One-Way Information models. Fewer level employees saw performance related to the Two-Way Asymmetrical and Symmetrical models. The researcher concluded that the more higher educated level managers had a better understanding of the reality of performance of public relations in IPA. Main attitudes from the sorts of the participants showing a significantly and different attitude in how directors generals and directors perceived public relations was being practiced in the IPA. The directors generals and directors strongly held different views concerning the practice of public relations in the IPA. / Department of Journalism

O controle da ferrugem asiática é altamente dependente do tratamento com fungicidas. A decisão do momento correto da aplicação é fundamental para a eficiência do tratamento, visto que atrasos na efetuação do controle podem torná-lo tão ineficaz quanto à ausência de aplicações. O dano provocado pela ferrugem asiática é decorrente da redução da área foliar, devido à destruição do tecido vegetal e desfolha precoce. Tendo em vista a influência que o atraso no controle tem sobre a ferrugem asiática, e esta sobre a folhagem das plantas de soja, o dano pode ser melhor compreendido com o uso de variáveis que captem modificações na área foliar do hospedeiro. Com os objetivos de avaliar o efeito do atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática sobre o rendimento e os componentes do rendimento, a duração (HAD), a absorção da área foliar sadia (HAA) de plantas de soja e sobre a severidade da doença e examinar as relações entre o rendimento de soja com a duração, absorção da área foliar sadia e severidade da ferrugem asiática, foram conduzidos cinco experimentos no Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Agrícola da Arysta LifeScience, em Pereiras-SP. Os experimentos envolveram um tratamento preventivo e tratamentos que corresponderam a atrasos crescentes na efetuação do controle químico. As relações entre os parâmetros citados acima foram avaliadas por meio de testes de comparação de médias (LSD) e regressões lineares e não lineares (p<=0,05). Os resultados mostraram que nas situações em que o início da ferrugem asiática da soja ocorre próximo à fase reprodutiva, o rendimento cai à taxa de -31 kg ha-1 a -15 kg ha-1 por cada dia de atraso no controle, sendo o dano maior nos estádios mais jovens e menor nos estádios mais avançados. Na relação entre o atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja e HAA, 10 MJ m-2 deixam de ser absorvidos por cada dia de atraso no controle. Na relação entre o atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja e HAD, a duração da área foliar sadia diminui 2,4 a 1,4 dias por cada dia em que o controle é atrasado. Na relação entre o rendimento de soja e HAA, são ganhos 2 kg ha-1 para cada MJ m-2 absorvido pela área foliar sadia. Na relação entre o rendimento de soja e HAD, são ganhos de 13 a 9 kg ha-1 para cada dia de duração da área foliar sadia. A relação entre atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja e severidade da doença é de 0,25% ponto percentual para cada dia de atraso no controle. A relação entre o rendimento de soja e severidade da ferrugem asiática é de -36 kg ha-1 por cada ponto percentual de severidade. A variável que melhor se relaciona com o rendimento de soja é a absorção da área foliar sadia (HAA). Tanto HAA quanto HAD são variáveis melhores do que a severidade para serem usadas na quantificação de danos provocados pela ferrugem asiática na soja. Nas situações em que o início da doença ocorre próximo à fase reprodutiva, atrasos no controle da ferrugem asiática superiores a 28 dias apresentam o mesmo resultado que a ausência de controle. Não há redução no rendimento de soja se o início da ferrugem asiática ocorrer a partir do estádio R5. / The control of the asian soybean rust is highly dependent of fungicides treatment. The decision of the correct moment of application is critical for the efficiency of the treatment, since delays in the control can become it so inefficacious as the absence of applications. The damage caused by asian soybean rust is decurrent of the reduction of the leaf area, due to vegetal tissue destruction and early defoliation. In view, the influence that the control delay has on the asian rust, and this on the foliage of the soybean plants, the yield loss can be better understood with the use of variable that catch modifications in the leaf area of the host plant. With the objectives to evaluate the effect of the delay in the asian soybean control on the yield and the yield components, the duration (HAD) and absorption of the healthy leaf area (HAA) of soybean plants and on the disease severity, and to examine the relationship between the soybean yield with the healthy leaf area duration, healthy leaf area absorption and asian soybean rust severity, were conducted five field experiments in Agricultural Research and Development Center of the Arysta LifeScience, in Pereiras-SP. The experiments had involved a preventive treatment and treatments that had corresponded the increasing delays in the chemical control. The relationship between the cited parameters above had been evaluated by averages comparison test (LSD) and linear and non linear regressions (p<=0,05). The results had shown that in the situations where the beginning of the asian soybean rust occurs next to the reproductive phase, the yield fall -31 kg ha-1 to -15 kg ha-1 per each day of control delay, being the loss bigger in youngest stadiums and lesser in oldier stadiums. In the relationship between control delay of the asian soybean rust and HAA, 10MJ m-2 does not absorbed per each day of control delay. In the relationship of the control delay of the asian soybean rust and HAD, the duration of the healthy leaf area reduced 2,4 to 1,4 days per each day where the control is delayed. In the relationship between soybean yield and HAA, were obtained 2 kg ha-1 for each MJ m-2 absorbed by the healthy leaf area. In the relationship between soybean yield and HAD, were obtained 9 to 13 kg ha-1 for each day of healthy leaf area duration. The relationship between control delay of the asian soybean rust and disease severity was of 0,25% percentile point for each day of delay in the control. The relationship between soybean yield and severity of the asian soybean rust were of -36 kg ha-1 for each percentile point of severity. The variable that better becomes related with the yield soybean was the healthy leaf area absorption (HAA). Even HAA as HAD are better variables than severity to be used in the yield losses quantification of the asian soybean rust. In the situations that the beginning of the disease occurs next to reproductive phase, control delay of asian soybean rust higher than 28 days show the same result that the control absence. It does not have reduction in the soybean yield if the beginning of the asian soybean rust occurs after the R5 stadium.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá popisem kinematického modelu řízení neholonomního mechanismu, konkrétně robotického hada. Model je zkoumán prostředky diferenciální geometrie. Dále je odvozena jeho nilpotentní aproximace. Lokální říditelnost je zjištěna pomocí dimenze Lieovy algebry generované řídícími vektorovými poli a jejich Lieovými závorkami. V závěru jsou navrženy dva jednoduché řídící algoritmy, jeden pro globální a druhý pro lokální řízení, a poté následuje srovnání jednotlivých modelů.

Tato práce se zabývá simulacemi neholonomních mechanismů, konkrétně robotických hadů. V práci jsou uvedeny základní poznatky geometrické teorie řízení. Tyto poznatky jsou využity k odvození řídících modelů robotických systémů a následně jsou tyto modely simulovány v prostředí V-REP.

This master thesis is discussing application of reinforcement learning in deep learning tasks. In theoretical part, basics about artificial neural networks and reinforcement learning. The thesis describes theoretical model of reinforcement learning process - Markov processes. Some interesting techniques are shown on conventional reinforcement learning algorithms. Some of widely used deep reinforcement learning algorithms are described here as well. Practical part consist of implementing model of robot and it's environment and of the deep reinforcement learning system itself.