Human activity is causing climates to change more rapidly than at any time in the last 10,000 years. If populations of organisms are unable to effectively respond to changing environments, they will be at risk of extinction. In plants, two of the most important mechanisms of response to environmental change are phenotypic plasticity, where the same genotype expresses different phenotypes in different environments, and adaptation, which requires changes in allele frequency in populations as exposed individuals show variable survival and reproduction. Although most researchers accept the importance of both of these mechanisms, they are most commonly considered in isolation in models of response and persistence to climate change. Here, I use the model species Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the interaction of plasticity and selection in fitness and phenology response to simulated climate warming, the effect of artificial selection on variation for plastic response and cross-generational effects of environmentally induced variation in flowering time. I also study the effects of varying rates of environmental fluctuation on evolvability on populations of self-replicating computer programs using the artificial life platform Avida. I find that a small increase in ambient temperature, in line with predictions for the next few decades, is able to elicit significant plastic responses and that these responses have the potential to alter population genetic structure and affect future evolution. I also find that selection on flowering time can reduce variation for plastic response and that non-genetic effects on flowering time can significantly alter germination in the next generation. Lastly, I find that rapidly changing environments in the long term can select for more evolvable populations and genotypes. These results highlight the importance of considering plasticity and evolution together if we are going to make accurate predictions of climate change response.

Submitted by Amauri Alves (amauri.alves@ufv.br) on 2015-11-16T15:20:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1293935 bytes, checksum: b779340631eccc4bf24d086b2784d036 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-16T15:20:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1293935 bytes, checksum: b779340631eccc4bf24d086b2784d036 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A dengue é a doença mais importante causada por um arbovírus no mundo. O vírus da dengue pertence à família Flaviviridae e possui 4 sorotipos antigenicamente distintos. São vírus de RNA fita simples, polaridade positiva, com o genoma de aproximadamente 11 Kb que é traduzido em uma poliproteína subdividida em três proteínas estruturais e sete proteínas não- estruturais (que estão relacionadas com a replicação viral, expressão das proteínas virais e virulência dos sorotipos). Nos últimos vinte anos têm sido observado um incremento significativo na atividade epidêmica, expansão da distribuição geográfica e transmissão contínua dos diferentes sorotipos em áreas onde a doença não era prevalente. Um dos eventos mais alarmantes tem sido o aumento do número de casos da Febre da Dengue Hemorrágica (FDH) nas Américas. Um ponto ainda limitante dos testes diagnósticos que capturam o anticorpo presente no soro de pacientes infectados consiste na dificuldade de obtenção de baixo custo e produção em grande escala dos antígenos. Diante destas considerações objetivou-se expressar a proteína não-estrutural (NS1) do vírus dengue-2 em plantas transgênicas de Arabidopsis thaliana. O gene da proteína NS1 foi otimizado para a expressão em plantas e clonado no plasmídeo pCAMBIA3301. O vetor de expressão pCAMBIA3301/NS1 foi utilizado para transformação de Arabidopsis thaliana. A terceira geração de plantas transformadas foi selecionada em homozigose dominante. A transformação de Arabidopsis thaliana foi evidenciada pela imunolocalização da proteína NS1 marcada dentro do lúmen do retículo endoplasmático em tecidos foliares. Este sistema será utilizado para obtenção do antígeno NS1 com finalidade de aplicação em testes de diagnóstico da dengue. / Dengue fever is the most important disease caused by an arbovirus in the world. The dengue virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family and has four antigenically distinct serotypes. They are single stranded RNA viruses, positive polarity, with a genome of approximately 11 Kb which is translated into a polyprotein subdivided in three structural proteins and seven non-structural proteins (that are related to viral replication, expression of viral proteins and virulence of serotypes). In the last twenty years, it was observed a significant increase in the epidemic activity, expansion of the geographical distribution and streaming of different serotypes in areas where the disease was not prevalent. One of the most alarming events was the increase in the number of cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in the Americas. A further limiting point of the diagnostic tests that capture antibody present in the serum of infected patients is the difficulty of obtaining low-cost and large-scale production of the antigens. Due to this factor, we aimed to build a system in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing the nonstructural protein (NS1) of the dengue-2 virus. The gene of the NS1 protein was optimized for expression in plants and cloned into the plasmid pCAMBIA3301. The expression vector pCAMBIA3301/NS1 was used for transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. The third generation of transformed plants were selected by dominant homozygous. The construction of a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana system was demonstrated by immunolocalization of the NS1 protein into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum in the leaf tissues. This system will be used to obtain the NS1 antigen with application purpose of dengue diagnostic tests.

Durante la transición floral, el meristemo apical del tallo (SAM) cambia su identidad de vegetativo, fase en la que produce hojas y ramas, a inflorescente, fase en que produce flores. Las inflorescencias se clasifican, según la identidad del SAM, en indeterminadas, en las que el SAM crece continuamente durante toda la vida de la planta, y determinadas, en las que el SAM da lugar a una flor terminal. En Arabidopsis, la expresión del gen TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) en el centro del SAM impide su conversión en flor y, por lo tanto, la determinación de la inflorescencia. Así pues, TFL1 mantiene la identidad inflorescente del SAM, teniendo, por tanto, un papel clave en el control de la arquitectura de la planta. Esta función de TFL1 está íntimamente relacionada con su particular patrón de expresión. El objetivo principal de este trabajo ha sido la identificación de genes que regulan la expresión de TFL1. Para ello, en primer lugar, se llevó a cabo la mutagénesis con EMS de una línea delatora que contiene un transgén, TFL1pro::GUS, en la que la expresión del gen GUS se encuentra dirigida por las regiones reguladoras de TFL1. Dado al papel de TFL1 en el control de la arquitectura de la planta, el escrutinio se realizó buscando plantas que tuvieran un patrón de expresión de TFL1pro::GUS alterado y, a su vez, presentaran defectos en la arquitectura de su parte aérea. Entre los mutantes seleccionados, la línea 63.1, a la que denominamos moss, resultó ser un mutante hipomorfo del gen ARGONAUTE 1 (AGO1). El mutante moss muestra un aumento de la expresión de TFL1pro::GUS en el SAM, y expresión ectópica en las flores, así como una dramática alteración de la arquitectura de su inflorescencia que parece estar relacionada con el aumento de la expresión de TFL1. Nuestros resultados abren la puerta a la idea de que pequeños RNAs participen en la regulación de TFL1 a través de AGO1. / Fernández Nohales, P. (2011). Papel de TERMINAL FLOWER 1 en el control de la arquitectura vegetal. Análisis de los genes que regulan su expresión [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/11797 / Palancia

Las plantas son capaces de modificar los patrones de desarrollo tras percibir ciertos tipos de estrés. En Arabidopsis, se identificó PCC1 como un regulador positivo de la transición floral en respuesta al estrés generado por irradiación con luz UV-C. El análisis de plantas transgénicas pPCC1::GUS muestra que PCC1 se expresa durante los primeros días de desarrollo en estomas y haces vasculares de cotiledones. En hojas verdaderas en formación se detecta tinción GUS en su parte basal, incluyendo los haces vasculares, y se va extendiendo completamente a toda la superficie de hojas completamente formadas. Líneas que expresan construcciones de RNAi para PCC1 (iPCC1) presentan reducidos niveles de FT y, consecuentemente, una floración más tardía. El mecanismo por el cual PCC1 podría regular la transición floral parece estar relacionado con alteraciones en la transmisión de la señal por luz. Concomitantemente, las plantas iPCC1 muestran fenotipos parcialmente escotomorfogénicos en los distintos tipos de luz ensayados de forma independiente de la acumulación y señalización de GAs. El transcriptoma diferencial de plantas iPCC1 versus plantas silvestres muestra una clara implicación de PCC1 en procesos relacionados con defensa. De acuerdo con este hecho, hemos observado que las plantas iPCC1 son más susceptibles a la infección con el oomiceto hemi-biotrofo Phytophtora brassicae y más resistentes al hongo necrotrofo Botrytis cinerea. Además, las líneas iPCC1 presentan una regulación al alza de genes de respuesta a ABA, y una mayor sensibilidad a esta fitohormona para los distintos fenotipos analizados. Finalmente, entre los genes alterados en las líneas iPCC1 se observa una sobrerepresentación de genes implicados en el metabolismo y en el transporte de lípidos. La pérdida de función de PCC1 conlleva una reducción del 70% en los niveles de fosfatidilinositol, y en menor medida de otros tipos de lípidos polares como la fosfatidilserina o la fosfatidilcolina. Además, el análisis de la composición de ácidos grasos de cada tipo de lípidos polares revela un mayor grado de insaturación de sus cadenas laterales, fundamentalmente en la fosfatidilserina y el fosfatidilinositol. PCC1 es una proteína asociada a la membrana plasmática por su extremo carboxiterminal, el cual es responsable además de la formación de homodímeros. Aunque queda por dilucidiar los mecanismos por los cuales PCC1 puede regular procesos tan dispares molecularmente como la respuesta a patógenos y la transición floral, hemos observado que PCC1 interacciona con la subunidad CSN5 del signalosoma (CSN), lo que sugiere que PCC1 podría actuar como un regulador de la función de CSN, y en última instancia, de la degradación de proteínas por ubiquitinación. / Mir Moreno, R. (2013). Caracterización molecular y funcional del gen PATHOGEN AND CIRCADIAN CONTROLLED 1 (PCC1) en Arabidopsis thaliana [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/29751 / TESIS

Adenylyl Cyclases (ACs) catalyze the formation of the key universal second messenger adenosine 3’, 5’-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) from adenosine 5’- triphosphate. Cyclic AMP participates in several signal transduction pathways and is present in bacteria and higher and lower eukaryotes including higher plants. Previous studies in plants have shown a role for cAMP in signal transduction during e.g. the cell cycle, elongation of the pollen tube and stimulation of protein kinase activity. More recently cAMP has been shown to play a role in stress responses. Interestingly, cAMP has also been shown to regulate ion transport in plant cells. Here we used a similar strategy that led to the discovery of the first guanylyl cyclase in plants that was based on the alignment of conserved and functionally assigned amino acids in the catalytic centre of annotated nucleotide cyclases from lower and higher eukaryotes, to identify a novel candidate ACs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana K+ Uptake 5 and 7). ATKUP5 and 7 are homologous to K+ uptake permeases (KUPs) from bacteria and high-affinity K+ transporters (HAKs) from fungi. The AC activity was investigated by recombinantly expressing the ATKUP5 and 7 AC domain in vitro and by complementation of an E. coli AC mutant (cyaA). Furthermore, ATKUP5 was tested for its ability to functionally complement a yeast mutant deficient in Trk1 and Trk2 high affinity potassium uptake transporters. Site-mutagenesis in the AC domain was used to test the effect of both functions in each other. Furthermore, ATKUP5 was characterized electrophysiologically in HEK-293 cells to characterize the nature of this transporter. The localization of the ATKUP5 in Arabidopsis was examined using a Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) fusion with the ATKUP5 to determine whether ATKUP5 is expressed at the plasma or tonoplast membrane. Arabiodpsis thaliana of the wild type, overexpressing ATKUP5 and atkup5 mutant lines were used to examine phenotypic differences.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22284号 / 理博第4598号 / 新制||理||1660(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 鹿内 利治, 教授 長谷 あきら, 准教授 竹中 瑞樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Cells are constantly exposed to different stresses – one being redox stress, which is induced by metal, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) helps modulate redox stress by two different mechanisms – either by reducing S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) or by oxidizing hydroxymethyl glutathione (HMGSH), a biproduct of glutathione and formaldehyde, to formic acid. GSNO has the potential to posttranslational modify proteins in two different manners, either by S-nitrosation or by S-glutathionylation. Interestingly, GSNOR can be modified by its substrate GSNO, either by S-nitrosation, which has previously been reported, or, as discussed in this thesis, by S-glutathionylation. As S-glutathionylation has been reported to occur through intermediate species, the S-glutathionylation of GSNOR appears to occur though the S-nitrosated intermediate, instead of the most common route of an oxidation pathway. It is hypothesized that the S-glutathionylation, and the overall presence of glutathione, can act as a buffer to regulate the amount of nitrosation that GSNOR experiences, and thus the enzymatic activity. It is has reported that the S-nitrosation occurs on three different non-structural, non-catalytic, solvent-accessible cysteine residues. Experimentation was conducted using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism to determine how those three cysteine residues of the GSNOR homolog Sensitive to Formaldehyde 1 (SFA1) participate in the indirect detoxification of formaldehyde, through the hydroxymethyl glutathione pathway. It has been determined that cysteine 370 is not as important as previously thought, but the other one or two cysteines (either cysteine 10 or 271) do indeed play a role in the detoxification, but further analysis needs to be conducted.

Stomata are cellular valves in plants that play an essential role in the regulation of gas exchange and are distributed in the epidermis of aerial organs. In Arabidopsis thaliana, stomatal production and development are coordinated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway, which modulates a variety of other processes, including cell proliferation, regulation of cytokinesis, programed cell death, and response to abiotic and biotic stress. The environment also plays a role in stomatal development, by influencing the frequency at which stomata develop in leaves. This thesis presents an analysis of stomatal development in Arabidopsis mutants in two MAPK pathways: MEKK1-MKK1/MKK2-MPK4, and MAP3K17/18-MKK3. Obtained results demonstrate the effect of stress conditions on stomatal development and specify the involvement of analysed MAPK in stomatal patterning. First, both analysed pathways modulate stomatal patterning in Arabidopsis cotyledons. Second, plant growth-promoting bacteria tested enhance stomatal density and affect guard cell morphology. Third, the sucrose or mannitol treatment increases defects in stomatal patterning. Finally, salt stress or high temperature can suppress stomatal defects in mutants of the MEKK1-MKK1/MKK2-MPK4 pathway.

No description available.

8 ABSTRACT Rab GTPases (Rabs) are the most populous branch of eukaryotic Ras GTPase superfamily. In active GTP-binding conformation, they serve as key instruments in defining transient membrane identity and through various effectors regulate formation, transport, conversion, and fusion of membrane vesicles. This is important for upkeep of compartmentalized structure of eukaryotic cells and for facilitating both endo- and exocytic processes. Rabs are converted into GDP-binding conformation by interactions with Rab GTPase activating proteins (Rab GAPs) that possess ability to significantly speed up weak intrinsic GTP hydrolytic activity of Rabs. Through this process, Rab GAPs can limit scope of the Rabs' activity and lay out spatiotemporal boundaries for varying Rab populations. In this thesis, I tried to characterize a Rab GAP, GAP2, seemingly necessary for standard development of thale cress plants. Besides TBC catalytic domain, GAP2 (product of At2g39280 gene) possesses a C-terminal coiled-coil motif, which was previously found to interact with Rab GTPases. Experiments aiming to complement T-DNA insertion mutant in GAP2, elucidate GAP2 intracellular localization, novel interacting partners, and character of interaction with the Rabs discovered in the pilot study were undertaken. The results suggest that...