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Let's turn the ABC around : The communication needs of young women in Kampala to prevent HIV/AIDSHallén, Malin, Rindeskär, Malin January 2006 (has links)
This thesis is a part of a Bachelor’s degree within the field of Media and Communication at the School of Education and Communication at Jönköping University in Sweden. It is based on a Minor Field Study accomplished from the 30th of October to the 17th of December 2006 in Kampala, Uganda, East Africa. The background of the research is that women who are between 15 and 24 years old and live in sub-Saharan Africa are more than tree times as likely to be infected by HIV/AIDS as men in the same age and location. The purpose of the study is to discover indicators of what kind of health communication young women need to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS. The young women in the study are between 15 and 24 years old and live in areas affected by urban poverty in Kampala, Uganda. To be able to gain a deeper understanding for the young women’s situation, the empirical study has been based on eleven conversation interviews made one by one with eleven young women. The procedure of the study has been guided by developed grounded theory and during the analysis of the interviews phenomenology has been used. The result of the study shows that the ABC (Abstinence, Be faithful and Condom use) approach, which is used to fight HIV/AIDS in Uganda, is well known and carries an important message about prevention methods. At the same time it preaches moral in its hierarchical order which seems to judge women harder than men. The ABC approach was turned around by one of the young women in the study, which might create a more realistic message. It is however necessary to complement the approach with communication to young women about for example women’s rights and general sexual knowledge. This can be done through the use of verbal interpersonal communication, combined with easy access to HIV testing. The young women themselves can be effective peer educators and there is a need to let the interpersonal agenda be reflected in the political agenda, as well as in the developing media. To make young women able to act on their knowledge for protection, men and the community also need to be approached with gender sensitive messages.
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Let's turn the ABC around : The communication needs of young women in Kampala to prevent HIV/AIDSHallén, Malin, Rindeskär, Malin January 2006 (has links)
<p>This thesis is a part of a Bachelor’s degree within the field of Media and Communication at the School of Education and Communication at Jönköping University in Sweden. It is based on a Minor Field Study accomplished from the 30th of October to the 17th of December 2006 in Kampala, Uganda, East Africa.</p><p>The background of the research is that women who are between 15 and 24 years old and live in sub-Saharan Africa are more than tree times as likely to be infected by HIV/AIDS as men in the same age and location.</p><p>The purpose of the study is to discover indicators of what kind of health communication young women need to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS. The young women in the study are between 15 and 24 years old and live in areas affected by urban poverty in Kampala, Uganda.</p><p>To be able to gain a deeper understanding for the young women’s situation, the empirical study has been based on eleven conversation interviews made one by one with eleven young women. The procedure of the study has been guided by developed grounded theory and during the analysis of the interviews phenomenology has been used.</p><p>The result of the study shows that the ABC (Abstinence, Be faithful and Condom use) approach, which is used to fight HIV/AIDS in Uganda, is well known and carries an important message about prevention methods. At the same time it preaches moral in its hierarchical order which seems to judge women harder than men. The ABC approach was turned around by one of the young women in the study, which might create a more realistic message. It is however necessary to complement the approach with communication to young women about for example women’s rights and general sexual knowledge. This can be done through the use of verbal interpersonal communication, combined with easy access to HIV testing. The young women themselves can be effective peer educators and there is a need to let the interpersonal agenda be reflected in the political agenda, as well as in the developing media. To make young women able to act on their knowledge for protection, men and the community also need to be approached with gender sensitive messages.</p>
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Filogenia molecular e filogeografia do gênero Salminus (Characiformes)Silva, Carolina de Barros Machado da 30 September 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-09-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Salminus is a genus comprised of four Neotropical medium- and large-sized fishes species,
top predators, with both recreational and commercial importance. The paucity of information
on taxonomy, phylogeny and phylogeography make appropriate conservation policies
difficult for the genus, which is in a significant population decline. For this reason, our goal
was, by using mitochondrial (COI, Cytb and D-loop) and nuclear (RAG2 and S7 intron)
molecular makers, to elucidate taxonomic uncertainties, identify cryptic diversity, investigate
the phylogenetic relationship among the species and infer the historical processes that shaped
the current Salminus distribution. To assist in taxonomic issues, we employed the traditional
DNA barcoding and GMYC COI-based analyses in 110 specimens, representing the four
valid species. In both methodologies, eight MOTUs (molecular operational taxonomic units)
were identified. Only two species, Salminus affinis and Salminus franciscanus, represented a
MOTU each. The species Salminus brasiliensis and Salminus hilarii were represented by two
and four MOTU, respectively. These MOTUs are distributed in distinct hydrographic basins
where morphological polymorphisms had already been described. The average intraspecific
distances greater than the optimal threshold of 1.1% (S. brasiliensis – 3.6%, e S. hilarii – 5%),
reinforce the idea of more taxonomic units in Salminus. The multiloci analysis recovered
interesting information about the cryptic diversity: the paraphyletic mitochondrial lineages of
S. brasiliensis, one from Upper Paraná river and another composed of specimens from the
other regions of the Platina basin, formed a unique monophyletic group. For S. hilarii, despite
the four MOTUs observed, only three of them were recovered. Therefore, based on multiloci
analysis and phylogenetic species concept, we proposed a new taxonomic scenario for
Salminus. The genus is now composed of six species: S. affinis, S. franciscanus, S.
brasiliensis, S. hilarii, Salminus sp. Amazonas and Salminus sp. Araguaia. The phylogeny
reconstruction refuted hypotheses previously proposed. S. affinis, the only trans-Andean
species, was the sister species of the other Salminus, which formed two main groups:
Northwest group, composed of S. sp. Amazonas and S. sp. Araguaia, and Southeast group,
formed by S. brasiliensis, S. franciscanus and S. hilarii. The divergence processes among
Salminus began in Later Miocene and it is associated with vicariance and geodispersion
events that shaped the hydrological landscape in the past 12 million years. For the first time, it
was used a model-based approach in order to test alternative biogeographic scenarios and to
distinguish phylogeography signatures among the events responsible for Neotropical fishes’
diversification. We evidenced that the distinct vicariance and geodispersion signatures could
be detected in our biological model. A clear description of these species brings in a valuable
information for conservation, because, now, six biological units need to be protected. As these
species are located in distinct hydrographic basins, each basin becomes one important
biogeographic unit to maintain the evolutionary and ecological processes that sustain the
species permanence and diversity. / Salminus é um gênero constituído por quatro espécies de peixes Neotropicais de
médio e grande porte, predadores topo de cadeia, que possuem importância na pesca
comercial e esportiva. Escassez de informações quanto a taxonomia, filogenia e filogeografia,
dificultam medidas de conservações adequadas para o gênero, que se encontra em acentuado
declínio populacional. Por essa razão, este estudo objetivou, através do emprego de
marcadores moleculares mitocondriais (COI, Cytb e D-loop) e nucleares (RAG2 e íntron do
S7), elucidar incertezas taxonômicas, identificar diversidade críptica, investigar as relações
filogenéticas entre as espécies e inferir os processos históricos que modelaram a distribuição
atual do gênero Salminus. Para auxiliar nas questões taxonômicas, nós empregamos análise de
DNA barcoding tradicional e GMYC utilizando o marcador COI em 110 espécimes,
representando as quatros espécies válidas. Em ambas metodologias, oito MOTUs (unidades
taxonômicas operacionais moleculares) foram identificadas. Apenas duas espécies, Salminus
affinis e Salminus franciscanus, apresentaram uma única MOTU cada. As espécies Salminus
brasiliensis e Salminus hilarii foram representadas por duas e quatro MOTUs,
respectivamente. Essas MOTUs estão distribuídas em distintas bacias hidrográficas onde
polimorfismos morfológicos já haviam sido descritos. As médias das distâncias
intraespecíficas superiores ao threshold ótimo de 1.1% (S. brasiliensis – 3.6%, e S. hilarii –
5%), reforçam a ideia de mais unidades taxonômicas em Salminus. A análise multiloci
recuperou informações interessantes quanto à diversidade críptica: as linhagens mitocondriais
parafiléticas de S. brasiliensis, uma proveniente do Alto rio Paraná e outra formada por
espécimes das demais regiões da bacia Platina, formaram um único grupo monofilético. Para
S. hilarii, apesar de quatros MOTUs observadas, apenas três foram recuperadas. Portanto,
baseada na análise multiloci e no conceito filogenético de espécie, propomos um novo cenário
taxonômico para Salminus. O gênero passa a ser constituído por seis espécies: S. affinis, S.
franciscanus, S. brasiliensis, S. hilarii, Salminus sp. Amazonas e Salminus sp. Araguaia. A
filogenia recriada refutou hipóteses previamente propostas. S. affinis, única espécie
transandina, foi a espécie-irmã dos demais Salminus, que formam dois grandes grupos: grupo
Noroeste, constituído por S. sp. Amazonas e S. sp. Araguaia, e grupo Sudeste, composto por
S. brasiliensis, S. franciscanus e S. hilarii. Os processos de divergência entre as espécies do
gênero se iniciou no Mioceno Superior e está associada a eventos de vicariância e
geodispersão que modelaram a paisagem hidrogeológica nos últimos 12 milhões de anos. Pela
primeira vez, foi utilizado uma abordagem baseada em modelos para testar cenários
biogeográficos alternativos e distinguir se existem assinaturas filogeográficas entre os eventos
responsáveis pelo processo de diversificação de peixes Neotropicais. Nós evidenciamos que
distintas assinaturas filogeográficas entre vicariância e geodispersão puderam ser detectadas
em nosso modelo biológico. A clara designação das espécies por si só já acarreta em uma
informação valiosa para conservação, afinal seis unidades biológicas precisam ser protegidas.
Como essas espécies estão localizadas em distintas bacias hidrográficas, cada bacia passa ser
avaliada como uma unidade biogeográfica importante para a manutenção dos processos
evolutivos e ecológicos que sustentam a diversidade e permanência das espécies.
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