This thesis is a part of a Bachelor’s degree within the field of Media and Communication at the School of Education and Communication at Jönköping University in Sweden. It is based on a Minor Field Study accomplished from the 30th of October to the 17th of December 2006 in Kampala, Uganda, East Africa. The background of the research is that women who are between 15 and 24 years old and live in sub-Saharan Africa are more than tree times as likely to be infected by HIV/AIDS as men in the same age and location. The purpose of the study is to discover indicators of what kind of health communication young women need to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS. The young women in the study are between 15 and 24 years old and live in areas affected by urban poverty in Kampala, Uganda. To be able to gain a deeper understanding for the young women’s situation, the empirical study has been based on eleven conversation interviews made one by one with eleven young women. The procedure of the study has been guided by developed grounded theory and during the analysis of the interviews phenomenology has been used. The result of the study shows that the ABC (Abstinence, Be faithful and Condom use) approach, which is used to fight HIV/AIDS in Uganda, is well known and carries an important message about prevention methods. At the same time it preaches moral in its hierarchical order which seems to judge women harder than men. The ABC approach was turned around by one of the young women in the study, which might create a more realistic message. It is however necessary to complement the approach with communication to young women about for example women’s rights and general sexual knowledge. This can be done through the use of verbal interpersonal communication, combined with easy access to HIV testing. The young women themselves can be effective peer educators and there is a need to let the interpersonal agenda be reflected in the political agenda, as well as in the developing media. To make young women able to act on their knowledge for protection, men and the community also need to be approached with gender sensitive messages.

<p>This thesis is a part of a Bachelor’s degree within the field of Media and Communication at the School of Education and Communication at Jönköping University in Sweden. It is based on a Minor Field Study accomplished from the 30th of October to the 17th of December 2006 in Kampala, Uganda, East Africa.</p><p>The background of the research is that women who are between 15 and 24 years old and live in sub-Saharan Africa are more than tree times as likely to be infected by HIV/AIDS as men in the same age and location.</p><p>The purpose of the study is to discover indicators of what kind of health communication young women need to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS. The young women in the study are between 15 and 24 years old and live in areas affected by urban poverty in Kampala, Uganda.</p><p>To be able to gain a deeper understanding for the young women’s situation, the empirical study has been based on eleven conversation interviews made one by one with eleven young women. The procedure of the study has been guided by developed grounded theory and during the analysis of the interviews phenomenology has been used.</p><p>The result of the study shows that the ABC (Abstinence, Be faithful and Condom use) approach, which is used to fight HIV/AIDS in Uganda, is well known and carries an important message about prevention methods. At the same time it preaches moral in its hierarchical order which seems to judge women harder than men. The ABC approach was turned around by one of the young women in the study, which might create a more realistic message. It is however necessary to complement the approach with communication to young women about for example women’s rights and general sexual knowledge. This can be done through the use of verbal interpersonal communication, combined with easy access to HIV testing. The young women themselves can be effective peer educators and there is a need to let the interpersonal agenda be reflected in the political agenda, as well as in the developing media. To make young women able to act on their knowledge for protection, men and the community also need to be approached with gender sensitive messages.</p>

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCBMS.pdf: 4190969 bytes, checksum: 7f39aaee9acdf743fad7b9fcaec22326 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Salminus is a genus comprised of four Neotropical medium- and large-sized fishes species, top predators, with both recreational and commercial importance. The paucity of information on taxonomy, phylogeny and phylogeography make appropriate conservation policies difficult for the genus, which is in a significant population decline. For this reason, our goal was, by using mitochondrial (COI, Cytb and D-loop) and nuclear (RAG2 and S7 intron) molecular makers, to elucidate taxonomic uncertainties, identify cryptic diversity, investigate the phylogenetic relationship among the species and infer the historical processes that shaped the current Salminus distribution. To assist in taxonomic issues, we employed the traditional DNA barcoding and GMYC COI-based analyses in 110 specimens, representing the four valid species. In both methodologies, eight MOTUs (molecular operational taxonomic units) were identified. Only two species, Salminus affinis and Salminus franciscanus, represented a MOTU each. The species Salminus brasiliensis and Salminus hilarii were represented by two and four MOTU, respectively. These MOTUs are distributed in distinct hydrographic basins where morphological polymorphisms had already been described. The average intraspecific distances greater than the optimal threshold of 1.1% (S. brasiliensis – 3.6%, e S. hilarii – 5%), reinforce the idea of more taxonomic units in Salminus. The multiloci analysis recovered interesting information about the cryptic diversity: the paraphyletic mitochondrial lineages of S. brasiliensis, one from Upper Paraná river and another composed of specimens from the other regions of the Platina basin, formed a unique monophyletic group. For S. hilarii, despite the four MOTUs observed, only three of them were recovered. Therefore, based on multiloci analysis and phylogenetic species concept, we proposed a new taxonomic scenario for Salminus. The genus is now composed of six species: S. affinis, S. franciscanus, S. brasiliensis, S. hilarii, Salminus sp. Amazonas and Salminus sp. Araguaia. The phylogeny reconstruction refuted hypotheses previously proposed. S. affinis, the only trans-Andean species, was the sister species of the other Salminus, which formed two main groups: Northwest group, composed of S. sp. Amazonas and S. sp. Araguaia, and Southeast group, formed by S. brasiliensis, S. franciscanus and S. hilarii. The divergence processes among Salminus began in Later Miocene and it is associated with vicariance and geodispersion events that shaped the hydrological landscape in the past 12 million years. For the first time, it was used a model-based approach in order to test alternative biogeographic scenarios and to distinguish phylogeography signatures among the events responsible for Neotropical fishes’ diversification. We evidenced that the distinct vicariance and geodispersion signatures could be detected in our biological model. A clear description of these species brings in a valuable information for conservation, because, now, six biological units need to be protected. As these species are located in distinct hydrographic basins, each basin becomes one important biogeographic unit to maintain the evolutionary and ecological processes that sustain the species permanence and diversity. / Salminus é um gênero constituído por quatro espécies de peixes Neotropicais de médio e grande porte, predadores topo de cadeia, que possuem importância na pesca comercial e esportiva. Escassez de informações quanto a taxonomia, filogenia e filogeografia, dificultam medidas de conservações adequadas para o gênero, que se encontra em acentuado declínio populacional. Por essa razão, este estudo objetivou, através do emprego de marcadores moleculares mitocondriais (COI, Cytb e D-loop) e nucleares (RAG2 e íntron do S7), elucidar incertezas taxonômicas, identificar diversidade críptica, investigar as relações filogenéticas entre as espécies e inferir os processos históricos que modelaram a distribuição atual do gênero Salminus. Para auxiliar nas questões taxonômicas, nós empregamos análise de DNA barcoding tradicional e GMYC utilizando o marcador COI em 110 espécimes, representando as quatros espécies válidas. Em ambas metodologias, oito MOTUs (unidades taxonômicas operacionais moleculares) foram identificadas. Apenas duas espécies, Salminus affinis e Salminus franciscanus, apresentaram uma única MOTU cada. As espécies Salminus brasiliensis e Salminus hilarii foram representadas por duas e quatro MOTUs, respectivamente. Essas MOTUs estão distribuídas em distintas bacias hidrográficas onde polimorfismos morfológicos já haviam sido descritos. As médias das distâncias intraespecíficas superiores ao threshold ótimo de 1.1% (S. brasiliensis – 3.6%, e S. hilarii – 5%), reforçam a ideia de mais unidades taxonômicas em Salminus. A análise multiloci recuperou informações interessantes quanto à diversidade críptica: as linhagens mitocondriais parafiléticas de S. brasiliensis, uma proveniente do Alto rio Paraná e outra formada por espécimes das demais regiões da bacia Platina, formaram um único grupo monofilético. Para S. hilarii, apesar de quatros MOTUs observadas, apenas três foram recuperadas. Portanto, baseada na análise multiloci e no conceito filogenético de espécie, propomos um novo cenário taxonômico para Salminus. O gênero passa a ser constituído por seis espécies: S. affinis, S. franciscanus, S. brasiliensis, S. hilarii, Salminus sp. Amazonas e Salminus sp. Araguaia. A filogenia recriada refutou hipóteses previamente propostas. S. affinis, única espécie transandina, foi a espécie-irmã dos demais Salminus, que formam dois grandes grupos: grupo Noroeste, constituído por S. sp. Amazonas e S. sp. Araguaia, e grupo Sudeste, composto por S. brasiliensis, S. franciscanus e S. hilarii. Os processos de divergência entre as espécies do gênero se iniciou no Mioceno Superior e está associada a eventos de vicariância e geodispersão que modelaram a paisagem hidrogeológica nos últimos 12 milhões de anos. Pela primeira vez, foi utilizado uma abordagem baseada em modelos para testar cenários biogeográficos alternativos e distinguir se existem assinaturas filogeográficas entre os eventos responsáveis pelo processo de diversificação de peixes Neotropicais. Nós evidenciamos que distintas assinaturas filogeográficas entre vicariância e geodispersão puderam ser detectadas em nosso modelo biológico. A clara designação das espécies por si só já acarreta em uma informação valiosa para conservação, afinal seis unidades biológicas precisam ser protegidas. Como essas espécies estão localizadas em distintas bacias hidrográficas, cada bacia passa ser avaliada como uma unidade biogeográfica importante para a manutenção dos processos evolutivos e ecológicos que sustentam a diversidade e permanência das espécies.