Huwiyya is a term that essentially denotes the non-manifest aspect of God, His essence. But in the works of Ibn 'Arabī and al-Qāshānī, this term has many different applications corresponding to the many different facets of God and the many different modalities of His interaction with the Cosmos. God is fundamentally non-manifest, unfathomable to a creation that is ontologically and epistemologically incapable of comprehending Him - upon this primary signification both Sufis agree. However, al-Qāshānī discreetly breaks ranks with his master when he emphasises God's connection to His creation more than His dissociation from it in the context of this term, and though this aspect is also present in Ibn 'Arabī's usage of the term, in al-Qāshānī it is far more prominent. Moreoever, his scientific style and analytic approach stand in stark contrast to that of his predecessor. Both are the result of a pedagogical concern that supercedes commentative fidelity. However, though it is undeniable that al-Qāshānī's style is far more didactic, it more than just that, it is the forging of a new worldview - one that is completely congruent with, but still subtly different from, that of Ibn 'Arabī. But in order to elucidate this, it is necessary to analyse relevant aspects of Ibn 'Arabī's thought. In attempting to excavate these and other nuances of difference, I have been influenced by the method of Toshihiko Izutsu in using a term, huwiyya, as a window in to the thought and cosmology of Ibn 'Arabī and al-Qāshānī. I have also been influenced by Ronald Nettler's approach in Sufi Metaphysics and Qur'ānic Prophets, where Ibn 'Arabi's thought is rigorously pursued to expose underlying assumptions and arguments. I have used these approaches in my own way, and towards my own interpretative analysis which compares the works of Ibn 'Arabī and al-Qāshāni. Furthermore, I have supplemented this type of analysis, which is primary source based (and appears as such in the works of both Izutsu and Nettler) with secondary material to provide a broader context of the rationale behind the differences in style and content between the master and his disciple.

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Antibodies, as forerunners in the field of biological drugs, are originally an organism’s answer to the invasion of different pathogens. Today, antibodies are a common treatment for many chronic diseases such as the immune-mediated inflammatory diseases rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis. It is suspected that the cytokines interleukin 17a (IL17a) and interleukin 17c (IL17c) are involved in those diseases and are commonly treated with antibodies that inhibit the cytokines. Even though antibodies have been a huge success as biological drugs they also have downsides when it comes to their production, size and stability. In quest of finding alternatives to antibodies in diagnostics and therapy, a novel class of biologics has been developed. So-called alternative scaffold proteins are small polypeptide chains that can be engineered to show affinity towards different biomarkers. ABD-Derived Affinity ProTeins or ADAPTs are one example of these alternative scaffolds that can be modified to bind a biomarker as target and keep their affinity to Human Serum Albumin (HSA) at the same time, making them bispecific. In this project, twenty-four previously selected ADAPT binder candidates that have shown good prospects towards IL17a and IL17c in previous experiments were cloned, produced, purified and characterized to determine if they show potential as tools in diagnostics or therapy of autoimmune diseases. The proteins were produced in E. coli, purified by affinity chromatography and characterized using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Circular Dichroism (CD) and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). All candidates were successfully cloned into E. coli and out of these, 10 could be produced and 5 showed affinity towards their target using SPR. Examination by SEC and CD showed that the protein variants did not seem to be structurally stable and hints of impurities in the samples could be detected. This and a low yield could be further confirmed via SDS-PAGE. In conclusion, binders were produced that could theoretically be promising candidates as tools in diagnostics or therapy of chronic diseases were IL17a and/or IL17c are important. Nevertheless, in order to support these claims further investigations and developments are necessary. / Antikroppar, som föregångare inom området biologiska läkemedel, är ursprungligen en organisms svar på invasionen av olika patogen. Idag är antikroppar en vanlig behandling för många kroniska sjukdomar, såsom de immunmedierade inflammatoriska sjukdomarna reumatoid artrit eller psoriasis. Cytokinerna interleukin 17a (IL17a) och interleukin 17c (IL17c) tros vara involverade i dessa sjukdomar och behandlas vanligtvis med antikroppar som hämmar cytokinerna. Trots att antikroppar har varit en stor framgång som biologiska läkemedel har de också nackdelar när det gäller deras produktion, storlek och stabilitet. För att hitta alternativ till antikroppar inom diagnostik och terapi har en ny klass av biologiska läkemedel utvecklats. Så kallade alternative scaffold proteins är små polypeptidkedjor som kan manipuleras för att visa affinitet gentemot olika biomarkörer. ABD-Derived Affinity ProTeins eller ADAPTs är ett exempel på dessa alternative scaffolds som kan modifieras för att binda en biomarkör som mål utan att påverka affiniteten till Humant Serum Albumin (HSA), vilket gör dem bispecifika. I detta projekt klonades, producerades, renades och karakteriserades tjugofyra tidigare utvalda ADAPT-bindarkandidater som har visat goda förutsättningar gentemot IL17a och IL17c i tidigare experiment. Proteinerna producerades i E. coli, renades genom affinitetskromatografi och karakteriserades med användning av Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Circular Dichroism (CD) och Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). Alla kandidater klonades framgångsrikt i E. coli och av dessa kunde 10 produceras. Fem bindare visade affinitet till deras mål med SPR. Undersökning med SEC och CD visade dock att proteinvarianterna inte var strukturellt stabila och antydan till föroreningar kunde detekteras i proverna. Detta och ett lågt utbyte kunde ytterligare bekräftas via SDS-PAGE. Sammanfattningsvis kunde bindare producerades och dessa kan teoretiskt vara lovande kandidater till diagnostik eller terapi av kroniska sjukdomar där IL17a och/eller IL17c är viktiga. För att stödja dessa påståenden krävs dock ytterligare experiment och utveckling av bindarna.

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The aim of the project was to identify positions and amino acids that contribute to improved structure and stability of bispecific ADAPT proteins. During the 20 weeks project period, different amino acid substitutions were analysed to evaluate the effect on the three-helical structure and stability of bispecific ADAPTs targeting human serum albumin (HSA) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Furthermore, the study also included identification of which amino acid substitutions that affect the simultaneous binding ability of the anti-TNFα ADAPT. The amino acids substitutions that demonstrated improved stability was further evaluated in two other bispecific ADAPT proteins targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), in terms of structure and stability. The TNFα-targeting ADAPT variants was produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli), purified through affinity chromatography using a HSA-coupled matrix and was further analysed and evaluated using SDS-PAGE, circular dichrosim, size-exclusion chromatography and surface plasmon resonance to detect expression levels, yields, thermal stability, secondary structure, and simultaneous binding to TNFα and HSA. Furthermore, the production, purification and evaluation were redone with other bispecific ADAPTs targeting EpCAM, to be able to draw more general conclusions. The outcome showed which amino acids substitutions in the scaffold that improve the structure and stability of the TNFα- and EpCAM-binding ADAPT protein variants, respectively. Some of the ADAPT variants targeting TNFα showed improved stability and increased melting temperature. One of the variants with most potential from these mutants was ADAPT_TNFα5_F21K, both able to refold after heat treatment and demonstrated a higher melting temperature in the same order as the original binder. The variant bound HSA but not TNFα, thus consequently was not able to bind TNFα and HSA simultaneously. The variants ADAPT_TNFα5_V17I and ADAPT_TNFα5_M22Q both demonstrated a clear alpha-helix structure, were able to refold after heat treatment and demonstrated simultaneous binding to TNFα and HSA. The melting temperature for ADAPT_TNFα5_V17I was the same as for the original binder (59°C) and ADAPT_TNFα5_M22Q showed a decreased melting temperature (45°C) compared to the original binder. The amino acid substitutions that improve the stability of the original binder was combined and two variants withthese mutations were designed. Unfortunately, these variants could not express in E. coli cells and were not able to be produced. For the EpCAM targeting mutants one variant, ADAPT_EpCAM_02_X11N, showed huge improvements of the stability and structure compared to the original binder ADAPT_EpCAM_02. This variant improved the melting temperature with 24°C compared to the original binder and was able to refold after heat treatment, which the original binder did not have the ability to do. However, ADAPT_EpCAM_02_X11N was not able to simultaneously bind EpCAM and HSA, demonstrating that the mutation also had an effect on the binding ability. In the variant ADAPT_EpCAM_08 the mutation Y5I improved the melting temperature with 14°C compared to the original binder and was able to refold after thermal denaturation. However, the simultaneous binding to EpCAM and HSA was negatively affected. The project results have contributed to better understanding of the bispecific ADAPT proteins, which enables further development of the scaffold. The amino acid positions in the scaffold that showed to be important for ADAPT structure and stability will be used in the design of a new ADAPT-library, from which new binders with improved structure and stability hopefully can be selected, which might have the potentially to be used as future therapeutics. / Syftet med projektet var att identifiera positioner och aminosyror som bidrar till ökad struktur och stabilitet hos bispecifika ADAPT proteiner. Under projektperioden på 20 veckor har olika aminosyrasubstitutioner i ett bispecifikt TNFα/HSA-bindande ADAPT protein analyserats med syftet att undersöka om dessa substitutioner förbättrar stabiliteten och strukturen hos proteinet. Vidare analyserades hur dessa aminosyrasubstitutioner påverkar ADAPTs förmåga att binda HSA och TNFα samtidigt. De aminosyrasubstitutioner som visade på förbättrad stabilitet, utvärderades vidare med avseende på struktur, stabilitet och bindning i två andra bispecifika ADAPTs riktade mot EpCAM. De TNFα-bindande ADAPT-varianterna producerades i E. coli, renades fram med affinitetskromatografi med en HSA-kopplad matris, analyserades och utvärderades med metoder som SDS-PAGE, cirkulär dichroism, gelfiltrering och surface plasmon resonance för att detektera uttrycks-nivåer, utbyten, termisk stabilitet, sekundärstruktur och om proteinerna upprätthöll bindning till både HSA och TNFα. Vidare utvärderas de aminosyrasubstitutionerna som visade på förbättrad stabilitet även i andra bispecifika ADAPTs riktade mot EpCAM för att kunna dra mer generella slutsatser. Resultaten visade vilka aminosyrasubstitutioner i proteinet som förbättrade strukturen och stabiliteten hos de TNFa- respektive EpCAM-bindande ADAPT-protein varianterna. Några av ADAPT-TNFa varianterna visade förbättrad stabilitet och ökad smälttemperatur. ADAPT_TNFα5_F21K hade en tydlig alpha-helix struktur och kunde återveckas efter värmebehandling. Varianten hade en smälttemperatur i samma storleksordning som den ursprungliga TNFα-bindande ADAPT varianten. ADAPT_TNFα_F21K hade dock inte förmågan att binda simultant till TNFα och HSA. Varianterna ADAPT_TNFα_V17I och ADAPT_TNFα_M22Q visade en tydlig alpha-helix struktur, kunde återveckas efter värmebehandling och visade simultan bindning till TNFα och HSA. ADAPT_TNFα_V17I hade samma smälttemperatur som den ursprungliga bindaren (59°C) medan ADAPT_TNFα_M22Q visade en minskad smälttemperaturen (45°C) jämfört med original-bindaren. Två varianter bestående av kombinationer av de aminosyrasubstitutioner som visade på förbättrad stabilitet skapades. Dessa kunde tyvärr inte uttryckas och produceras i E.coli-celler. Gällande de EpCAM-bindande ADAPT-proteinerna var det en variant, ADAPT_EpCAM_02_X11N, som visade stor förbättring i stabilitet och struktur jämfört med originalbindaren ADAPT_EpCAM_02. Denna variant hade 24°C högre smälttemperatur jämfört med originalbindaren och kunde återveckas efter värmebehandling, vilket inte original-bindaren kunde. Dock kunde inte ADAPT_EpCAM_02_X11N binda simultant till EpCAM och HSA. Detta tyder på att denna mutation har en negativ effekt på ADAPTs bindingskapacitet. Varianten ADAPT_EpCAM_08_Y5I visade en förbättrad smälttemperatur på 14°C jämfört med original-bindaren ADAPT_EpCAM_08 och kunde återveckas efter värmebehandling. Dock resulterade även denna mutation i en negativ effekt på den simultana bindningen till EpCAM ochHSA. Projektets resultat har bidragit till en bättre förståelse av de bispecifika ADAPT-proteinerna och möjliggör en vidareutveckling av scaffoldet. Aminosyranspositionerna som visade sig vara viktiga för ADAPTs struktur och stabilitet kommer användas för design av ett ny ADAPT-bibliotek, från vilket nya bindare med förbättrad struktur och stabilitet förhoppningsvis kan bli selekterade. Dessa nya, förbättrade bindare, ökar de bispecifika ADAPT proteiners användningsmöjligheter inom terapi.

La société musicale égyptienne est épanouit au début du vingtième siècle avec l’apparition des mouvementsréformistes. La constitution de cette société marquera sans doute profondément le paysage musical du répertoireclassique, mais c’est surtout à partir des années vingt et trente que tout un mouvement de jeunes musiciens essaierade faire une musique d’inspiration occidentale. Le compositeur-interprète égyptien Mohammad ‘Abd al- Wahhāb abien reflété ce mouvement rénovateur à travers son style de création musicale varié entre tradition et modernité,intertextualité et originalité, formalisme et liberté. Le répertoire de M. ‘Abd al- Wahhāb est un exemplereprésentatif pour étudier les premières tentatives de modernisation faisant appel à un métissage avec la musiqueoccidentale et bouleversant les paramètres : syntaxe, esthétique et style. Notre thèse a pour but de détecter les signesde la tradition et de la modernité apportés sur la forme musicale la plus authentique telle que l’improvisation vocalelayālī et mawwāl, en se basant sur une analyse comparative des oeuvres des grands maîtres qui ont marqué de leursempreintes le corpus de la musique égyptienne savante. Cette étude va permettre de dégager les constantes et lesvariantes qui ont déterminé l’évolution du répertoire de la musique traditionnelle au lendemain de la premièreguerre mondiale et d’étudier le processus adopté par M. ‘Abd al-Wahhāb pour imposer le renouveau contre leconservatisme tout en assurant le maintient de l’identité du système musical. / The Egyptian music society flourished in the early twentieth century with the apparition of the reformist movements.The constitution of this society would with no doubt deeply leave its marks on the music landscape of the classicrepertoire. However, it is especially from the twenties and the thirties that an entire movement of young musicianswould try a new music of western inspiration. The Egyptian composer-singer Mohammad ‘Abd al-Wahhāb wellreflected this innovation movement through his style of music creation, varying between tradition and modernity,intertextuality and originality formalism and liberty. The repertoire of Mohammad ‘Abd al-Wahhāb is arepresentative example to study the first attempts of modernization appealing to a mixture with western music andturning upside down the parameters: syntax, aesthetics and style. The aim of our thesis is to detect the signs oftradition and modernity brought to the most authentic music form such as vocal improvisation layālī and mawwāl,taking as a basis a comparative analysis of the works of the great Masters who left their marks on the corpus of theEgyptian skilful music. This study will allow to extract the constants and the variants that determined the evolutionof the repertoire of the traditional music in post World War I and to study the process adopted by Mohammad ‘Abdal-Wahhāb to impose the renewal against conservatism by assuring the maintaining of the identity of the musicsystem.

The religious school of thought that is involved in the control of Saudi Arabia is called Wahhabism and is a form of Islam that is usually accused by outsiders of being misogynist. This paper will deal with the founder of this alignment of Islam, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, and his view of women in marriage. Another movement which in turn goes to work to lift the women's rights is Islamic feminists. Two branches of Islam who belief that Islam is the only right path to take for issues surrounding gender and life. In this essay, I will compare their respective interpretations of three points which concern the role of women in marriage; men's right to polygamy, men's higher status than the woman and the men's right to beat his wife. The purpose of this paper is to ask two different interpretations of the same issues, with the same verses in the Quran against each other to see how they resemble or differ from each other to try to contribute for a greater understanding of the interpretative pluralism in Islam. The paper concludes that these two movements are looking at the three points with different eyes and in different ways as they are originated from two different contexts and have different purposes when their interpreting the verses from the Quran.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1974, with a new preface. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 409-427) and index.