This research shows the results obtained in a life cycle assessment (LCA) coils manufactured with copper wires and aluminum wires in two distribution transformers in order to identify which is less impact on the environment. The research is justified as a tool to assist the manufacturers of transformers industries, utilities and consumers in the choice of material to be used for the manufacture of coils. This research is characterized as a case study, using the NBR ISO 14040:2009 and 14044:2009 methodology. The text is divided into five chapters, the introductory first, second for the literature review, the third analyses the methodology, in the fourth the results are listed, and, the last, the conclusions. The main results of the LCA were in terms of impacts and environmental damage according to the assessment method Eco- Indicator 99. The results showed that the use of transformers with aluminum coils cause less impact on the environment. / Esta pesquisa apresenta os resultados obtidos em uma avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) de bobinas manufaturadas com fios de cobre e com fios de alumínio em dois transformadores de distribuição a fim de identificar a que representa um menor impacto no meio ambiente. A pesquisa justifica-se como uma ferramenta para auxiliar as indústrias fabricantes de transformadores, concessionárias de energia e consumidores na escolha do material a ser utilizado para a fabricação de bobinas. Esta pesquisa se caracteriza como um estudo de caso, utilizando a metodologia NBR ISO 14040:2009 e 14044:2009. O texto está dividido em cinco capítulos, sendo o primeiro introdutório, o segundo destinado à revisão bibliográfica, o terceiro à metodologia, o quarto aos resultados e, o último, às conclusões. Os principais resultados da ACV foram em termos de impactos e danos ambientais de acordo com o método de avaliação Eco-Indicador 99. Os resultados mostraram que o uso de transformadores com boninas de alumínio gera menores impactos sobre o meio ambiente.

Le développement industriel important, le fort accroissement démographique, l'urbanisation intensive, l'expansion des trafics de transports routiers, aériens et maritimes, sont tout autant de facteur contribuant à l'épuisement des ressources planétaires, du foncier et au dérèglement climatique. Faire face aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre et aux autres impacts environnementaux se résume le plus souvent à la conduite d'une politique complémentaire couplant les 3 piliers stratégiques du développement durable : environnement, économie et social. Une normalisation des principes de développement durable est difficile à clarifier, elle dépend du contexte et des objectifs d'un pays ou du territoire d'étude impliqué. La transition énergétique et écologique nécessite un référentiel d'éco-aménagement adapté aux spécificités et aux enjeux des espaces concernés. Ces travaux contribuent à accompagner l'aménagement d'un site en milieu périurbaininsulaire, autour d'activité des secteurs primaires, secondaires, tertiaires et résidentiels.Dans ce cadre, plusieurs outils d'analyse ont été développés pour répondre aux exigences d'un éco-aménagement, à partir notamment des analyses techniques, environnementales et de l'évaluation globale d'un éco-aménagement. Ces outils développés permettent aux acteurs d'aménagement du territoire et de construction d'espaces bâtis, d'analyser les bilans d'impacts environnementaux d'un projet et d'évaluer différentes alternatives d'aménagement. Au delà des outils d'aide à la décision, il est proposé dans cette thèse, une démarche méthodologique basée sur l'approche systémique et typologique et le cadre normatif ISO 14044 relatif à l'Analyse de Cycle de Vie. / Significant industrial development, strong population growth, intensive urbanization,expansion of road, air and sea transports are all factors that contribute to the exhaustion of natural resources, land and climate change. The combination of the 3 strategic pillars of sustainable development : environment, economy and social, in the deployment of complementary policies contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and environmental impacts.The standardization of the sustainable development principles is difficult to implement. It depends on the context of a the studied country or territory. The ecological and energy transition requires a eco-mangement frame of reference adapted to the specificities and stakes of the concerned territories. This work contributes to the development of a surburban site in a tropical islandenvironment, around activities in the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. In this context, several analysis tools have been developed to meet the requirements of an eco-management scheme, including technical and environmental analyzes and the overall evaluation of an eco-management scheme. These tools provide local and regional actors to analyze the environmental impacts of a project and to evaluate different development alternatives. In addition to the decision-supporttools, a methodological approach is proposed in this thesis, based on the systemic and typological approaches and the ISO 14044 normative framework relating to Life Cycle Assessment.

La gestion intégrée de l'eau à l'échelle des grandes villes est un réel défi. Cependant, la quantification des flux et des impacts environnementaux liés à l'utilisation de l'eau n'est pas encore suffisamment développée. Dans ce contexte, la question de recherche de la thèse est: "comment modéliser le système d'eau urbain complexe d'une mégapole pour l'évaluation de ses impacts sur l'environnement et des services fournis aux usagers de l'eau, dans le cadre de l'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV)?" Le cœur de la thèse est le développement d'un cadre général définissant les flux d'eau et les impacts environnementaux associés aux trois composants principaux du système d'eau urbain, à savoir, les technologies de l'eau, les usagers de l'eau et les ressources en eau. Le modèle proposé de système d'eau urbain (nommé WaLA) se construit à travers une approche modulaire permettant l'interopérabilité des trois composants. Le modèle fournit des indicateurs d'impacts et de services rendus qui peuvent être utiles aux décideurs et aux parties prenantes. Il simplifie l'évaluation des scénarios et diminue la complexité du système tout en assurant sa bonne représentation du point de vue de l'ACV. En plus de cet objectif principal, la thèse vise à raffiner les indicateurs d'impact sur la privation d'eau afin qu'ils soient pertinents pour les systèmes d'eau urbains. Une méthode qui permet d'évaluer la privation d'eau à l'échelle du sous bassin versant en intégrant les effets en aval a ainsi été développée. Cette méthode permet de différencier les impacts selon les points de prélèvements et de rejets dans un même bassin versant. Enfin, le modèle WaLA et les indicateurs associés sont mis en œuvre pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux du système d'eau urbain de la banlieue parisienne (périmètre du Syndicat des Eaux d'Ile-de-France). L'intérêt et l'applicabilité du modèle pour évaluer et comparer des scénarios actuels et prévisionnels sont ainsi démontrés. / To improve water management at the scale of large cities is a real challenge. However, the quantification of flows and environmental impacts linked to water use are not yet sufficiently developed. This is the objective of the thesis: “how to model complex urban water system of a megacity for assessing its environmental impacts in relation to the provided services to water users, within the life cycle assessment (LCA) framework?” The core of the thesis is the development of a generic framework defining water flows and environmental impacts associated with 3 categories of items – i.e., water technologies, water users and water resources – from a LCA point of view. The UWS model (termed WaLA) is built through a modular approach allowing the interoperation of these three components in an integrated way. The model provides indicators of impacts on services which may be useful to decision makers and stakeholders. It simplifies the evaluation of forecasting scenarios and decreases the complexity of the urban water system while ensuring its good representation from a LCA perspective. In addition to this main objective, the thesis also aims at refining water use impact indicators at a relevant scale for UWS. A methodology that assesses water deprivation at the sub-river basin scale in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) integrating downstream cascade effects has been developed. It allows differentiating the withdrawal and release locations within a same river basin. The WaLA model and its associated indicators are applied to assess the environmental impacts of the water system of a Paris suburban area (perimeter of Syndicat des Eaux d'Île-de-France). It shows the interest and the applicability of the model for assessing and comparing baseline and forecasting scenarios.

O biodiesel é um combustível proveniente de fontes lipídicas renováveis (óleos ou gorduras, vegetais ou animais). Sua obtenção se dá por craqueamento (térmico ou catalítico) ou através das reações de transesterificação ou esterificação. Pela reação de transesterificação, se tem a reação de um triglicerídeo com um alcool de cadeia curta (etanol ou metanol) resultando na mistura de ésteres etílicos ou metílicos (biodiesel) mais a glicerina. Já na reação de esterificação, se tem a reação de ácidos graxos livres com um álcool, também de cadeia curta, resultando a mistura de ésteres sem a formação do glicerol. O biodiesel é considerado na atualidade como uma alternativa em potencial para a substituição do diesel de origem fóssil, pois além da semelhança em suas propriedades, este biocombustível reduz a emissão de poluentes emitidos pelos veículos, como SOx e CO2. O Brasil é contemplado internacionalmente como um dos países com maior potencial de produção e exportação de biodiesel, devido à sua grande extensão territorial com excelentes condições de clima para o plantio de diversas fontes oleaginosas. Frente a grande variedade de óleos vegetais que poderão ser utilizados para a produção de biodiesel, faz-se necessária a adoção de alguns critérios para a tomada de decisão sobre a melhor opção de matéria-prima a ser utilizada. Este trabalho expõe o resultado comparativo da Análise de Ecoeficiência, feita através de uma ferramenta desenvolvida pela BASF, entre duas potenciais matérias primas para biodiesel: óleo de soja e óleo de palma. Esta análise pondera o desempenho ambiental de forma integrada com o desempenho econômico, a qual seu resultado é apresentado em um gáfico de fácil identificação do produto mais ecoeficiente, segundo os critérios adotados pela ferramenta. O cálculo do desempenho ambiental é feito através da metodologia de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), em conjunto com uma avaliação simplificada de riscos de acidentes. Desta forma, a partir dos dados do inventário, são estimados os potenciais impactos provenientes das emissões atmosféricas (EE, DCO, FFO e CA) que são posteriormente agregados às emissões para o solo e água formando uma classe única de \"rejeitos\". Assim sendo, as classes analisadas pela ferramenta para a determinação do desempenho ambiental são: consumo de energia, consumo de recursos naturais, rejeitos, uso da terra, toxicidade humana e potencial de riscos. O cálculo do desempenho econômico é feito através da somatória dos custos durante o ciclo de vida do sistema de produto considerado. O estudo comparativo considera a quantidade necessária de cada óleo para produzir biodiesel capaz de gerar 40GJ de energia, com as cargas ambientais distribuídas aos subprodutos do sistema, de acordo com critérios econômicos de alocação. A abordagem adotada é do tipo \"cradle to gate\", ou seja, do berço ao portão da usina de extração do óleo bruto. Como resultado, a Matriz de Ecoeficiência aponta o óleo de palma como a alternativa mais favorável quando comparado ao óleo de soja devido ao seu melhor desempenho econômico e melhor desempenho ambiental. / The Biodiesel is a fuel proceeding from renewable lipid sources ( oils and fats from vegetables or animals).It can be obtained from cracking (thermal or catalytic) or through chemicals reactions (trasnesterification or esterification). In transesterification, the reaction is between any triglycerides and an alcohol with short chain such as methanol or ethanol, resulting an ester mix (biodiesel) and glycerin. In esterification, the reaction occurs between free fatty acids and an alcohol with short chain as well, resulting biodiesel without glycerol formation. Now a day, biodiesel is considered as a potential alternative for fossil fuel substitution, because beyond the similarity in its properties, this biofuel reduces pollutants emissions from vehicles such as SOx and CO2. Brazil is internationally contemplated as one of the countries with greater potential to produce and export biodiesel, due to its territorial extension and excellent climate conditions for diverse vegetable lipid agriculture sources . In front of the great variety os vegetable oils that coud be used for biodiesel production, becomes necessary some criteria adoption to decision taking on the better raw material option to be used. This paper displays a comparative eco-efficiency analysis of two potential raw-material to biodiesel production: palm oil and soybean oil. This analysis was made according to Eco-Efficiency tool developed by BASF. The Eco-Efficiency analysis compares environmental and economical performance of two or more alternatives, within an integrated way. The results are shown in a simple portfólio where is possible to identificate the better alternative (more ecoefficient than the others). The environmental approach is based on Life Cycle Assessment methodology (ISO 14040) associated to simplified risks of industrial accidents analysis. In order to determine an environmental indicator, six classes of impact are analysed: energy consumption, natural material resurces consumption, land use, toxicity potential, acidents risks potential and emissions. Emissions values are initially calculated separately as air, water and soil emissions (waste). The emissions to air include four impact categories as well: Global Warming Potential (GWP), Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) and Acidification Potential (AP). All impact classes are combined through weighting factors and the aggregation results in only one environmental indicator. The economical approach is based in Life Cycle costs and generates an economical indicator. This kind of analyse is made to compare products that have the same function, and the functional unity used in this work was biodiesel energy generation of 40 GJ, using palm and soybeam oils as raw-material. The final result of analysis shows that palm oil is betther in both: environmental and economical aspects, resulting in the most ecoefficient alternative.

A descentralização do setor de eletricidade brasileiro associado à premente necessidade de aumento da oferta de energia elétrica tem fomentado a busca por fontes alternativas para produção de energia elétrica. Este fato motiva empresas do setor sucroalcooleiro a produzir eletricidade a partir da queima do bagaço de canade- açúcar em sistemas de cogeração, elevando dessa forma a capacidade de geração de energia elétrica exatamente no período de menor oferta hídrica. A geração de eletricidade a partir da biomassa canavieira revela-se uma opção interessante, pois além de ser produzida de forma distribuída e próxima aos centros consumidores, tem criado oportunidades a destilarias e usinas de açúcar para aumentarem seus portfólios de produtos. Nesse aspecto, o presente estudo se propõe a apresentar e discutir possibilidades de cogeração de energia elétrica em usinas autônomas (destilarias) em diferentes condições de processo e operação. Para atender a estes propósitos, foram definidos cenários de cogeração e desenvolvidos modelos para simulação e análise da produção de energia térmica e elétrica bem como estimar os impactos ambientais associados, considerando um sistema de cogeração que opera através do ciclo Rankine, que é o sistema mais utilizado pelas usinas brasileiras. Os cenários foram analisados a partir das técnicas de Análise Exergética (Análise Termodinâmica de Primeira e Segunda Lei) e Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Adotou-se para o caso da avaliação ambiental um enfoque do berço ao portão da fábrica, conforme diretrizes metodológicas descritas nas normas ISO 14040 e 14044. A unidade funcional adotada foi gerar 1,0 MWh de eletricidade excedente em sistema de cogeração energética. O sistema de produto compreende as cargas ambientais da etapa industrial e da produção agrícola da cana-de-açúcar. Especialistas no setor e pesquisadores da área sugerem concentrar esforços de melhoria de desempenho termodinâmico na elevação das propriedades de estado do vapor na saída da caldeira de 20 bar até 100 bar, e simulação de sistemas de cogeração com reaquecimento e regeneração, que são melhorias técnicas próprias de centrais termelétricas, mas com potencial de aproveitamento pelo setor sucroalcooleiro. Os cenários foram projetados com base em diferentes combinações dessas condições considerando duas possibilidades de utilização da biomassa como fonte de energia térmica: exclusivamente bagaço de cana-de-açúcar; e uma composição de bagaço e palha. A comparação dos desempenhos termodinâmicos e ambientais dos cenários ocorreu principalmente em termos da geração específica de eletricidade, da eficiência exergética, do perfil destruição de exergia ao longo do ciclo e dos perfis de impactos ambientais potenciais. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a eficiência exergética é aumenta com a elevação das funções de estado do vapor superaquecido na alimentação da turbina, e ao aumento do grau de complexidade do ciclo Rankine, conseguido à medida que arranjos com reaquecimento e regeneração são integrados ao ciclo. Esses arranjos mostraram-se efetivos na melhoria dos desempenhos exergético e ambiental dos sistemas de cogeração a partir da queima do bagaço e da palha da cana-de-açúcar. Em termos de desempenho ambiental, observou-se a redução sistêmica de efeitos negativos associada ao aumento da eficiência do ciclo termodinâmico. Os resultados da ACV ratificaram também, que a melhoria da eficiência exergética do sistema é seguida de redução de impactos ambientais. Os melhores resultados ambientais, tanto em termos relativos, como absolutos, foram obtidos aproveitando a palha como fonte de energia térmica na caldeira, na condição de geração de vapor a 100 bar e 511 oC, com ciclo Rankine que utiliza reaquecimento e regeneração simultaneamente, numa proposta chamada de ciclo Resultante, cuja redução de impactos ambientais ocorreu entre 5,3% e 15,6% nas categorias analisadas. / The decentralization of the Brazilian electricity sector in association with the internal electricity supply crisis has encouraged companies in the sugarcane industry to produce electricity by burning sugarcane bagasse in cogeneration plants. This approach reduces the environmental impact of the sugarcane production and has opened up opportunities for distilleries and annex plants to increase their product portfolios. Potential scenarios for technically and environmentally improving the cogeneration performance were analyzed by using Thermodynamic analysis and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The method used in this study aimed to provide an understanding and a model of the electrical and thermal energy production and the environmental impacts of conventional vapor power systems which operate with Rankine cycle that are commonly used by Brazilian distilleries. Vapor power system experts have suggested focusing on the following technical improvement areas: increasing the properties of the steam from 20 to 100 bar, regeneration and reheating. The case scenarios were projected based on different Rankine cycle configurations and two possibilities of biomass utilization: only sugarcane bagasse or sugarcane bagasse with straw. The LCA was carried out according to ISO 14040 and 14044 regulations, with focus from cradle to gate. A Functional unit of: \"To delivery 1.0 MWh of electricity to the power grid using cogeneration system\" was defined. The product system covers the environmental burdens of the industrial stage and the agricultural production of sugarcane. Thermodynamic evaluation indicated that the energy efficiency and the potential net power exported to the grid increase as the pressure at which the vapor leaves the boiler increases. From the LCA, it was noted that the improved energy performance of the system is accompanied by reduced environmental impacts for all evaluated categories. In addition, vapor production at 100 bar and 511 °C resulted in greater environmental gains, both in absolute and relative terms. Reheating and regeneration concepts were found to be considerably effective in improving the energy and environmental performance of cogeneration systems by burning sugarcane bagasse and straw. For the evaluated categories, the results indicated that the proposed modifications are favorable for increasing the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle and for decreasing the environmental impacts of the product system. The best results were obtained using bagasse and straw in the boiler furnace and using reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle. In this case it was noted a reduction between 5.3% and 15.6% over all impact categories analysed.

A infraestrutura de transportes traz benefícios sociais e econômicos, porém traz também inevitáveis impactos ambientais que não podem ser negligenciados, como supressão da vegetação local e poluição atmosférica. Esses impactos ambientais podem ser quantificados e analisados pela técnica Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), que cria a possibilidade de contemplar o aspecto ambiental na tomada de decisões e pode trazer melhor compreensão da cadeia produtiva. Na última década, é crescente a utilização dessa técnica na área de pavimentação, entretanto ainda é pouco usual no Brasil. O objetivo dessa dissertação é avaliar os impactos ambientais produzidos por duas técnicas de restauração de pavimentos asfálticos, comparando-se os resultados de ACV que observaram as fases de produção de materiais e de transportes. Dois cenários de restauração foram estudados, o primeiro considerou uma mistura asfáltica composta exclusivamente por materiais virgens (restauração convencional), e o segundo, considerou uma mistura asfáltica composta por 35% de Reciclado de Pavimento Asfáltico (RPA). As ACV foram procedidas de três maneiras distintas: (a) com o banco de dados e software alemão GaBi e o método EDIP 1997, (b) com o banco de dados da USLCI e pelo método do EDIP 1997, e (c) com software PavementLCA e o método TRACI. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos três diferentes procedimentos indicaram que a restauração com RPA apresentou redução dos impactos ambientais potencias quando comparada com a restauração convencional. Observou-se também que, para a maioria das análises, a atividade que mais contribuiu para os impactos das duas estratégias de restauração foi a de produção dos materiais. A análise de sensibilidade dos resultados obtidos com o GaBi e com o USLCI mostrou diferenças consideráveis, causadas pelas diferentes fontes de dados. Apesar de ser uma técnica em crescimento, a ACV ainda apresenta limitações quando aplicada a pavimentos, sobretudo, pela complexidade de seu ciclo de vida e pelas incertezas que envolvem sua elaboração, assim, estudos sobre ACV devem continuar, a fim de padronizar a técnica para a área e, com o tempo, obter resultados cada vez mais precisos. / Transportation infrastructure brings social and economic benefits, but it also brings unavoidable environmental impacts that can not be neglected, such as suppression of local vegetation and air pollution. These environmental impacts can be quantified and analyzed by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique, which creates the possibility of contemplating the environmental aspect in decision making and can provide a better understanding of the production chain. In the last decade, the use of this technique in the area of pavement is increasing, although not very usual in Brazil. The goal of this thesis is to analyze the environmental impacts produced by two asphalt pavement rehabilitation techniques, comparing the LCA results of material production and transportation phases. Two rehabilitation scenarios were studied, the first one considering an asphalt mixture composed exclusively by raw materials (conventional rehabilitation), and the second one considered an asphalt mixture composed by 35% of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). The LCA was done in three different ways: (a) with the German database and software GaBi and the EDIP 1997 method, (b) with the USLCI database and the EDIP 1997 method, and (c) with PavementLCA software and the TRACI method. The results obtained from the three different procedures indicated that the rehabilitation with RPA showed reduction of the potential environmental impacts when compared with the conventional rehabilitation. It was also observed that for the majority of the analysis, the activity that contributed the most to the impacts of the two rehabilitation strategies was the material production one. The sensitivity analysis of the results obtained with GaBi and with USLCI showed considerable differences in their values, caused by the different data sources. Although it is a growing technique, LCA still presents limitations when applied to pavements, mainly due to the complexity of its life cycle and the uncertainties involved in its elaboration, so studies about LCA should continue with the aim of standardizing the technique for the area and, over time, achieve increasingly more accurate results.

Foi construído um modelo representativo do ciclo de vida da água em uma refinaria de petróleo, contemplando todos os usos a que esta se presta. Nesse contexto foram avaliados do ponto de vista ambiental, energético e econômico cenários em que etapas adicionais eram incorporadas ao tratamento de efluentes de forma a viabilizar o reúso de água e o fechamento do circuito na própria refinaria, reduzindo assim a necessidade de captação e, consequentemente, de tratamento da água bruta captada pela refinaria. O Cenário I corresponde ao cenário-base, sem implantação de nenhuma ação voltada ao reúso. No Cenário II, é incorporada a etapa adicional chamada Tratamento Fase 1, constituída por um processo de Clarificação seguido de uma Eletrodiálise Reversa (EDR) que permite o reúso de 255,7 m3/h dos 350 m3/h lançados inicialmente ao corpo hídrico no Cenário I. No Cenário III, é incorporada ao arranjo do Cenário II uma etapa de Cristalização Evaporativa para tratar o concentrado salino da EDR, recuperando, assim, mais 55,4 m3/h dos 350 m3/h lançados inicialmente, utilizando, para isso, vapor residual inicialmente não aproveitado pela refinaria. A análise ambiental foi desenvolvida por Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) e constatou um desempenho muito semelhante dos três cenários. Apesar disso, a análise em perfil aberto, de impactos de midpoint, evidenciou ganhos ambientais significativos associados ao fechamento de circuito de água e, embora com vantagens muito discretas, o Cenário III apresentou um desempenho superior ao do Cenário II em todas as categorias e, na grande maioria delas, também superior ao desempenho do Cenário I. A análise de indicador único, em endpoint, destacou o impacto em Mudança Climática, relativo principalmente à queima de gás natural na caldeira para a geração de vapor, como o principal impacto ambiental associado ao ciclo de vida da água na refinaria, responsável por mais de 90% do valor correspondente ao resultado do indicador único. A análise energética foi desenvolvida utilizando-se o indicador de Demanda Cumulativa de Energia (CED) e resultou em um desempenho superior do Cenário I, ainda que com pequenas diferenças em relação aos Cenários II e III. O pior desempenho foi o do Cenário II. Comparando-se a contribuição relativa dos diferentes tipos de energia, destaca-se a energia de origem hidrelétrica, responsável por cerca de 80% do indicador único de CED em todos os três cenários. A análise econômica foi realizada por meio de indicadores tradicionalmente utilizados para a análise de viabilidade de projetos Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) , considerando, como referência, as regras de cobrança pelo uso da água vigentes na bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul. Com os preços cobrados atualmente pelo uso da água desta bacia, a implantação de ambos os cenários de reúso (II e III) não se viabiliza economicamente. Para que isso ocorra, o valor cobrado pelo uso da água teria que ser da ordem de 50 a 80 vezes maior do que o que é cobrado atualmente. Dentre os cenários de reúso, o Cenário II apresentou desempenho econômico superior ao do Cenário III. / It was built a representative model of the water life cycle within a petroleum refinery, considering all the uses in which it is applied. In this context, under environmental, energetic and economic perspective, different scenarios were analyzed, where further treatment stages were added to the wastewater treatment process so that recycled water could be provided back to the refining process, reducing, therefore, the need for freshwater intake and pretreatment by the refinery. Scenario I is the base scenario, without implementation of any water reuse aimed action. In Scenario II, it is incorporated the additional stage called Phase 1 Treatment, which consists of a Clarification process followed by an Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR).This enables the recycling of 255.7 m3/h from the 350 m3/h previously discharged to the water body in Scenario I. In Scenario III, it is incorporated to the Scenario II setting an Evaporative Crystallization process for treating the concentrated brine resulting from the EDR process. This enables the recovery of more 55.4 m3/h from the 350 m3/h initially released, using, for that, the energy from residual steam previously not used by the refinery. The environmental analysis was developed through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and found very similar performances for all three scenarios. Despite that, the open profile analysis, of midpoint impacts, showed significant environmental gains from the closure of the water circuit and, though with very small advantages, Scenario III showed a better performance than Scenario II in all impact categories and, in most of them, also better than Scenario I performance. The single score analysis, considering endpoint impact categories, highlighted Climate Change, specially related to the natural gas burning in the boiler for steam generation, as the main impact category associated to the water life cycle within the refinery, being responsible for more than 90% of all the value of the single score indicator. The energetic analysis was developed using the Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) indicator and resulted in a better performance of Scenario I, even if with just small differences from Scenarios II and III. The worst performance was from Scenario II. Comparing the relative contribution of the different types of energy, the hydroelectricity was the most important one, being responsible for around 80% of the CED single score in all three scenarios. The economic analysis was developed through traditional indicators used for assessing projects viability Internal Return Rate (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV), considering, as reference, the rules of charging for water use valid nowadays at the Paraíba do Sul river basin. With the prices charged nowadays for the water use from this basin, the implementation of both reuse scenarios is not economic viable. In order to make it viable, the charged value would have to be around 50 to 80 times higher than it is today. Among the reuse scenarios, Scenario II had a better economic performance than Scenario III.

Ce travail est une contribution à l’évaluation environnementale des projets d’aménagements en phase amont de conception. Il porte plus spécifiquement sur l’intégration des questions de morphologie urbaine à l’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) appliquée à l’environnement bâti à l’échelle du quartier. La performance énergétique des bâtiments est en partie conditionnée par les choix de conception en termes d’aménagement, et notamment par la forme urbaine (géométrie et types de surfaces) et ses interactions avec le climat. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer aux équipes de conception d’opérations d’aménagement un moyen de prendre en compte l’influence de la forme urbaine sur les potentiels énergétiques du quartier avec perspective cycle de vie.Une étude préalable a permis d’expliciter l’influence de la forme urbaine sur les potentiels énergétiques à l’échelle du quartier. Une approche de modélisation de l’énergie grise et de l’empreinte carbone des bâtiments est proposée, sur la base de laquelle une analyse de sensibilité à la forme urbaine et une analyse de contribution sont réalisées. Les résultats démontrent notamment l’influence primordiale de la forme des bâtiments ainsi qu’un lien très fort entre énergie grise et compacité du bâti. Une approche d’évaluation du potentiel de chauffage passif et du potentiel de confort d’été passif à l’échelle du quartier est également développée. Elle repose sur la réduction d’un quartier en quartier équivalent (réseau régulier de bâtiments parallélépipédiques), et sur l’application de métamodèles d’un moteur de simulation thermique. La méthode est testée est discutée sur un corpus de 45 cas d’étude. Ces développements méthodologiques ont vocation à être intégrés dans un outil existant d’ACV à l’échelle du quartier (NEST). / This work is a contribution to the environmental assessment of urban development projects in the upstream design phase. It focuses on integrating urban morphology issues with life cycle analysis (LCA) applied to the built environment at the neighborhood scale. The energy performance of buildings is partly determined by design choices relating to the urban form and its interactions with climate. The objective of this thesis is to provide to the design teams a way to take into account the influence of the urban form on the energy potentials of a neighborhood with a life cycle perspective.A preliminary study was conducted on two neighborhoods to detail the influence of the urban form on their energy potentials. An approach to modeling the embodied energy and embodied carbon of buildings is proposed. A sensitivity analysis and a contribution analysis of this model are performed on two generic building shapes. The results demonstrate the key influence of the shape of the buildings and a very strong link between the embodied energy and the building’s compactness. An approach to assessing the passive heating potential and passive summer comfort potential at the neighborhood scale is also developed. It is based on the transformation of a neighborhood in an equivalent urban form (regular array of block buildings), and on the application of metamodels of a thermal simulation engine. The method is tested and discussed on a corpus of 45 case studies. These methodological developments are intended to be integrated into an existing tool for neighborhood LCA (NEST).

Le nombre croissant de déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques (DEEE) et le renforcement des législations relatives à leur collecte et leur traitement développent l’intérêt porté à la gestion de ces déchets. En Belgique, outre le système conventionnel de collecte-traitement géré par les organismes officiels mis en place par les producteurs d’équipements électroniques afin de se conformer à l’obligation de reprise imposée par l’Europe, d’autres acteurs de collecte et de traitement existent. Parmi eux se retrouvent les entreprises d’économie sociale (ES) actives dans le réemploi et le démantèlement manuel. Si certaines d’entre elles sont impliquées dans la filière conventionnelle, d’autres ont développé leur propre filière de fin de vie des DEEE.Bien que le recyclage et le tri des déchets ne fassent pas partie des secteurs principaux investis par les entreprises d’ES, ils constituent pour elles un domaine important pour trois raisons principales. Premièrement, le secteur du recyclage et de la récupération est une activité historique des entreprises d’ES qui y ont été des pionnières. Deuxièmement, le recyclage, la récupération ainsi que, plus largement, le développement durable et l’économie circulaire sont des secteurs d’activité et des concepts gourmands en main-d’oeuvre qui offrent de ce fait de grandes perspectives en matière de création d’emplois. Le secteur du recyclage et du tri des déchets, ne nécessitant généralement pas une main-d’oeuvre très qualifiée, est donc investi par des entreprises se positionnant dans l’insertion par l’emploi. Troisièmement, les entreprises d’ES poursuivent différents objectifs parmi lesquels se retrouvent la préservation de l’environnement et la favorisation du développement durable. Le recyclage et la récupération y sont incontestablement attachés. Il existe donc un lien inhérent entre les entreprises d’ES et la gestion des déchets. Cette constatation amène à se demander si ces entreprises génèrent des impacts environnementaux spécifiques liés à leur gestion des DEEE.Ce travail s’intéresse plus particulièrement à la gestion de fin de vie de deux types de DEEE :les tours d’ordinateurs de bureau et les panneaux photovoltaïques de première génération. Pour ces deux flux, les différentes filières de collecte et de traitement sont tout d’abord mises en évidence sur la base de données de la littérature et de contact avec des acteurs actifs dans la fin de vie des DEEE. Ensuite, une analyse des flux de matières est réalisée pour déterminer les quantités de DEEE générés en Belgique francophone et leur répartition dans les différentes filières. Enfin, une analyse de cycle de vie permet de déterminer les impacts spécifiques des entreprises d’ES, avec une attention particulière pour l’épuisement des ressources abiotiques.Les résultats obtenus montrent que les entreprises d’ES actives dans la fin de vie des deux flux étudiés, grâce au réemploi et à la récupération plus importante de matériaux permise par le démantèlement manuel, contribuent positivement à l’impact environnemental global de cette fin de vie. En particulier, dans le cas d’étude dédié aux ordinateurs, les bénéfices environnementaux relatifs à l’épuisement des ressources sont près de 30% plus importants dans la filière de l’ES que dans la conventionnelle. Pour une tonne d’ordinateurs traitée, cette différence correspond à des bénéfices équivalents aux émissions de trois européens. L’importance de cette contribution positive est toutefois conditionnée par les quantités captées par les entreprises d’ES et le potentiel de démantèlement qu’offre le DEEE.La comparaison des deux cas d’étude permet de mettre en évidence que l’implication des entreprises d’ES dans la gestion de fin de vie d’un DEEE dépend de critères législatifs et technico-économiques. Sur cette base, des recommandations peuvent être dégagées pour soutenir les entreprises d’ES. Ainsi, les inclure dans la législation relative aux DEEE ou favoriser leur inclusion via l’utilisation d’indicateurs de recyclage effectif et des clauses sociales dans les appels d’offre permettrait à ces entreprises d’occuper une place plus importante dans la gestion des DEEE en Belgique francophone et en améliorerait le bilan environnemental global. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La valorisation de déchets de démolition en tant que granulats à béton présente un double objectif de préservation des ressources naturelles et de désengorgement des sites de stockage. Les granulats recyclés de béton présentent la particularité de contenir du mortier résiduel qui influence certaines de leurs propriétés et, par voie de conséquence, celles des bétons dans lesquels ils sont utilisés. Cette thèse a pour but de développer l’utilisation de bétons de granulats recyclés en remplacement total des matériaux naturels. Elle a été réalisée en partenariat industriel avec l’entreprise CHRYSO.Une étude approfondie des propriétés des granulats recyclés de béton sur plusieurs lots (plateforme industrielle et laboratoire) a conduit à l’identification puis à l’analyse des spécificités de ces matériaux comparés aux matériaux naturels. La validité des protocoles expérimentaux a été testée, et de nouveaux protocoles ont été proposés axés sur ces spécificités. Les granulats recyclés présentent une absorption plus élevée, une résistance à l’abrasion plus faible, une distribution granulaire plus étalée et une circularité moindre que les granulats naturels. La granulométrie, la proportion d’éléments fins et l’absorption d’eau des sables recyclés sont des caractéristiques dépendantes d’une part, du prélèvement des granulats recyclés et d’autre part, de la robustesse des protocoles expérimentaux. Une réactivité des éléments fins a été démontrée pour les lots issus de laboratoire, mais son influence sur les propriétés des bétons peut être considérée de second ordre lorsque les éléments fins sont constitutifs du sable. Enfin, l’absorption et la morphologie des granulats recyclés sont dépendantes de la classe granulaire étudiée. Des corrélations entre les propriétés morphologiques/géométriques et l’absorption ont été démontrées. A l’issue de l’analyse de ces propriétés, des corrections ou adaptations aux modèles prévisionnels de performances ont été proposées. La faisabilité de réalisation de bétons de granulats recyclés de béton avec remplacement total des matériaux naturels (BGRB à 100%) a ensuite été démontrée. Pour de tels matériaux, la conservation des éléments fins inférieurs à 63μm est conseillée car nécessaire à l’obtention d’un squelette granulaire correct.Afin de compenser la perte d’ouvrabilité et de résistance mécanique observée avec l’utilisation des granulats recyclés de bétons, une recherche d’adjuvant a été menée et a conduit au choix de superplastifiants de la famille des polycarboxylates. Les interprétations proposées permettent de mieux comprendre la formulation des bétons de granulats recyclés de béton et des mortiers de bétons équivalents (MBE). Ainsi, la complexité des cinétiques d’absorption et de désorption d’eau conduit à une discussion autour de la notion d’eau efficace ; la différence de morphologie des granulats recyclés implique une correction du squelette granulaire ; enfin la fragilité des granulats recyclés à l’abrasion pose la question de sa prise en compte dans la détermination du squelette granulaire optimal.Enfin, une analyse comparative des impacts environnementaux des bétons de granulats recyclés de bétons ouvre des perspectives intéressantes. / Promoting the use of demolition waste as recycled aggregates presents a double objective: first to preserve natural resources and secondly to relieve storage site. In regards to natural aggregates, recycled aggregates contain mortar that influences theirs properties and those of concrete in which they are used. The objective of this thesis is to develop the use of 100 % recycled aggregates in concrete. This study was realised in patnership with the company CHYRSO. Properties of recycled concrete aggregates collected from several sources were studied to identify and analyse their specificities ; results were compared to natural ones. Normalised methods were modified in order to be applied on recycled aggregates and new methods were also proposed. Recycled aggregates present higher water absorption, lower mechanical strength, spreader granular distribution and a less circular shape compared to natural aggregates. The granulometry of recycled sand, fines content and the water absorption are properties that depend on the sampling and the robustness of protocols used. A reactivity of fines obtained from materials made at the laboratory have been established, meanwhile their influence on concrete properties is considered as minor. Finally, the absorption and morphology of recycled aggregate depend on the granular fraction. Correlation between morphological and mechanical properties with water absorption have been demonstrated. After analysing these properties, correction were proposed on mechanical performance forecasting models. It was also shown that the use of fines in recycled aggregate concretes provides better mechanical properties. For such materials, keeping aggregates less than 63μm is advisable because it provides correct granular skeletton. In order to balance the loss of workability and mechanical strength observed with the use of recycled aggregates, studies were carried with several superplasticisers. Polycarboxylates were identified as appropriate superplasticisers. Interpretations facilitate understanding of concrete formulation and concrete equivalent mortar formulation made with recycled aggregates. Thus, the complexity of absorption and desorption kinectics lead to a discusion around effective water definition. The difference between the morphology of recycled aggregates and natural ones involved a correction of the granular skeletton; finally, their weakness during mechanical test modifies the granular skeletton and need to be taken into consideration.Finally, studies on environmental impacts of recycled aggregates concrete were done and compared with those of natural aggregates concrete. This study starts interesting perspectives.