abstract: Background: Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability in the United States (US). Assisted Cycling Therapy (ACT) incorporates the use of an electric motor to enhance the rotations per minute (rpm). ACT of about 80 rpm, has been associated with improvements in motor, cognitive, and clinical function. The acute effects of ACT on motor and cognitive function of persons with stroke induced deficits have not been investigated. Purpose: To compare the acute effects of ACT, voluntary cycling (VC), and no cycling (NC) on upper and lower extremity motor function and executive function in adults with chronic stroke (age: 60 ± 16 years; months since stroke: 96 ± 85). Methods: Twenty-two participants (gender: female = 6, male = 16; types: ischemic = 12, hemorrhagic = 10; sides: left lesion = 15, right lesion = 7) completed one session of ACT, one session of VC and one session of NC on separate days using a 3 x 3 crossover design. Results: ACT lead to greater improvements in lower and upper extremity function on the paretic and non-paretic side than VC or NC (all p < 0.05), except in the non-paretic lower extremity where ACT and VC produced similar improvement (both p < 0.05). ACT and VC, but not NC, were associated with improvements in inhibition (p < 0.05). A positive relationship between cadence and motor function (P < 0.05) was found. Ratings of perceived exertion shared an inverted-U shaped relationship with measures of processing speed (p < 0.05) and a negative linear relationship with measures of executive function (p < 0.05). Conclusion: ACT appears to benefit paretic and non-paretic motor function globally whereas the benefits of VC are more task specific. Faster cycling cadence was associated with greater improvements in global motor function. ACT and VC seem to carry similar acute benefits in inhibition. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Physical Activity, Nutrition and Wellness 2017

Research into the therapeutic potential of aerobic exercise has proven fruitful over the past few years; however, no true experimental research undertakings have investigated the psychological benefits of aerobic exercise with schizophrenic semi-acute in-patients. The main objective of this thesis was to seek out evidence for the possibility that aerobic (submaximal long duration) exercise could be considered an adjunct treatment for hospitalised schizophrenic in-patients. In order to accomplish this objective the effects of a 45-minute walking programme, completed three days a week, for five weeks, was investigated. Various areas of mental health were explored in search of evidence of the therapeutic potential of aerobic exercise. These areas included, amongst other things: transfer and discharge rates, improvements in mood levels - Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, and Brown, 1996) Xhosa version; decreasing of anxiety levels (Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck and Steer, 1993), Xhosa version); improved Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF; DSM-IV), Scale Scores; and decreases in the number of symptoms patients exhibited. 22 schizophrenic inpatients were randomly selected for this study and randomly assigned to either an aerobic (long duration submaximal) treatment group or (primarily anaerobic) control group. Results revealed that statistical significance could not be found in any of the treatment group's t-test results; despite the treatment group generally bordering on significance more so than the control group. Out of the five variables studied (Positive Symptoms, Negative Symptoms, BAI, BDI-II, and GAF Scale) three variables (Negative Symptoms, BDI-II, and GAF Scale) in the treatment group bordered more on significance than did the control group. Thus three (60 %) out of the five areas studied revealed that the treatment group had more significant results. This suggests an overall impression that the treatment group responded slightly better. The Researcher recommended that aerobic exercise therapy be considered a treatment protocol in psychiatric institutions and offered further suggestions pertaining to the effective implementation of these programmes. Included in these recommendations were motivational strategies and warnings about the possible negative effects of exercise therapy. A supplemental goal of this thesis was to explore all of the previously offered theoretical psychological mechanisms of positive mental change; and to seek out evidence, for or against these forces. Participants were given pre- and post- treatment quantitative interviews; as well as, qualitative posttreatment interviews where their phenomenological responses were analysed to seek out evidence of these mechanisms. Evidence of various causative factors was found and a new theoretical mechanism was proposed in this thesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:49:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 brandao_bb_me_prud.pdf: 398716 bytes, checksum: 6a9dceb68e18af5e254c82d9681c19e4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Pro-Reitoria de Auxilio A Pesquisa / Introdução: A prática regular de atividade física pode atuar como uma medida não farmacológica na prevenção e/ou tratamento das alterações metabólicas causadas pela obesidade. Objetivo: 1) Avaliar a aplicabilidade do teste de duplos esforços em animais saudáveis e obesos; 2) avaliar os efeitos de dois protocolos de treino, sobre a expressão gênica e atividade de proteínas envolvidas na captação de glicose estimulada pela atividade contrátil e capacidade aeróbia em ratos com obesidade induzida. Metodologia: Ratos machos Wistar foram alojados no biotério, sob temperatura média de 22 ± 2ºC e ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas. Sessenta animais foram distribuídos em seis grupos com dez animais - Controle Sedentário (CS), Controle Exercício Contínuo (CEC), Controle Exercício Intervalado (CEI), Obeso Sedentário (OS), Obeso Exercício Contínuo (OEC) e Obeso Exercício Intervalado (OEI). Dieta: Os animais controles foram alimentados com água e ração padrão ad libitum. Os grupos de ratos obesos foram alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica composta por bacon, mortadela, salsicha, bolacha... / Background: The regular practices of physical activity can be characterized as a non-pharmacological prevention and/or treatment of metabolic disorders caused by obesity. Aim: 1) To evaluate the applicability of double effort test for obese-induced rats; 2) To evaluate the effects of two training protocol, continuous or interval, on gene expression and protein content involved in glucose uptake stimulated by contractile activity and aerobic capacity in rats of obese-induced rats. Method: Sixty male Wistar rats aged 90 days were divided into 6 groups: sedentary control (SC), control continuous exercise (CCE), control intermittent exercise (CIE) obese sedentary (OS), obese continuous exercise (OCE), obese intermittent exercise (OIE). Diet: The control animals were fed with standard chow and water ad libitum... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:19:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_ma_me_botfmvz.pdf: 1113363 bytes, checksum: 657f698879e3d16d17c2a5f13a94adf1 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este estudo objetivou estimar a capacidade atlética em 8 cavalos da raça Árabe, submetidos a um condicionamento físico aeróbico (EBILD) e a um teste ergométrico de resistência (TER). Foram realizadas avaliações das características fisiológicas (freqüência cardíaca, freqüência respiratória e temperatura retal), ambientais (temperatura ambiente e umidade relativa do ar) e bioquímica (lactato sangüíneo). Avaliações musculares foram realizadas 3 dias antes do EBILD e 2 dias após o TER. Com os resultados do EBILD elaborou-se um perfil de resposta dos parâmetros fisiológicos e ambientais. No TER, o estudo preditivo do lactato em função do tempo de exercício utilizou a técnica de análise de regressão exponencial; para os demais dados, foram estudadas associações entre variáveis, utilizando-se o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson entre pares de interesse. Concluiu-se que o EBILD proposto foi satisfatório para avaliação ergométrica, pois demonstrou ser um exercício aeróbico. O protocolo para TER mostrou-se adequado ao possibilitar a distinção de resistência física e revelar diferenças significativas na capacidade atlética de cada indivíduo. A técnica para biópsia de músculo mostrou-se adequada e simples de ser realizada, não produziu seqüela no local de inserção da agulha e não provocou alteração na locomoção. O exercício realizado promoveu modulação e hipertrofia nas fibras tipo IIA. Obteve-se, através de análise estatística, um modelo de regressão exponencial do lactato sangüíneo que deve ser utilizado para se estimar a capacidade atlética de cavalos sem prévio condicionamento físico ou treinamento esportivo (destreinados) e que forem submetidos ao protocolo para teste ergométrico de resistência proposto. / This study aimed at evaluating the athletic capacity in 8 Arabian horses submitted to aerobic physical conditioning (AFC) as well as to ergometric resistance test (ERT). Evaluations of physiological characteristics were accomplished (heart frequency, breathing frequency and rectal temperature) as well as environmental (room temperature and relative air humidity) and biochemical ones (sanguine lactate). Muscular evaluations were accomplished 3 days before AFC and 2 days after ERT. According to AFC results an answer profile of physiological and environmental parameters was elaborated. For ERT the predictable study of lactate in relation to exercise time was carried out using exponential regression analysis technique; for the other data associations among variables were observed using Pearson linear correlation coefficient among interest pairs. It was concluded that the proposed AFC was satisfactory for ergometric evaluation for it showed to be an aerobic exercise. ERT protocol was appropriate when enabling the distinction of physical resistance and revealing significant differences for each individual athletic capacity. The technique for muscle biopsy was appropriate and simple of being accomplished and did not produce any harmful consequences at needle insertion and also did not produce any alteration in locomotion. The accomplished exercise promoted modulation and hypertrophy in IIA fiber types. The obtained statistical analysis resulted in an exponential regression model of sanguine lactate which should be used to evaluate the athletic capacity of horses without previous physical conditioning or sporting training (untrained ones) which are submitted to the proposed protocol for ergometric resistance test.

Resumo: Este estudo objetivou estimar a capacidade atlética em 8 cavalos da raça Árabe, submetidos a um condicionamento físico aeróbico (EBILD) e a um teste ergométrico de resistência (TER). Foram realizadas avaliações das características fisiológicas (freqüência cardíaca, freqüência respiratória e temperatura retal), ambientais (temperatura ambiente e umidade relativa do ar) e bioquímica (lactato sangüíneo). Avaliações musculares foram realizadas 3 dias antes do EBILD e 2 dias após o TER. Com os resultados do EBILD elaborou-se um perfil de resposta dos parâmetros fisiológicos e ambientais. No TER, o estudo preditivo do lactato em função do tempo de exercício utilizou a técnica de análise de regressão exponencial; para os demais dados, foram estudadas associações entre variáveis, utilizando-se o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson entre pares de interesse. Concluiu-se que o EBILD proposto foi satisfatório para avaliação ergométrica, pois demonstrou ser um exercício aeróbico. O protocolo para TER mostrou-se adequado ao possibilitar a distinção de resistência física e revelar diferenças significativas na capacidade atlética de cada indivíduo. A técnica para biópsia de músculo mostrou-se adequada e simples de ser realizada, não produziu seqüela no local de inserção da agulha e não provocou alteração na locomoção. O exercício realizado promoveu modulação e hipertrofia nas fibras tipo IIA. Obteve-se, através de análise estatística, um modelo de regressão exponencial do lactato sangüíneo que deve ser utilizado para se estimar a capacidade atlética de cavalos sem prévio condicionamento físico ou treinamento esportivo (destreinados) e que forem submetidos ao protocolo para teste ergométrico de resistência proposto. / Abstract: This study aimed at evaluating the athletic capacity in 8 Arabian horses submitted to aerobic physical conditioning (AFC) as well as to ergometric resistance test (ERT). Evaluations of physiological characteristics were accomplished (heart frequency, breathing frequency and rectal temperature) as well as environmental (room temperature and relative air humidity) and biochemical ones (sanguine lactate). Muscular evaluations were accomplished 3 days before AFC and 2 days after ERT. According to AFC results an answer profile of physiological and environmental parameters was elaborated. For ERT the predictable study of lactate in relation to exercise time was carried out using exponential regression analysis technique; for the other data associations among variables were observed using Pearson linear correlation coefficient among interest pairs. It was concluded that the proposed AFC was satisfactory for ergometric evaluation for it showed to be an aerobic exercise. ERT protocol was appropriate when enabling the distinction of physical resistance and revealing significant differences for each individual athletic capacity. The technique for muscle biopsy was appropriate and simple of being accomplished and did not produce any harmful consequences at needle insertion and also did not produce any alteration in locomotion. The accomplished exercise promoted modulation and hypertrophy in IIA fiber types. The obtained statistical analysis resulted in an exponential regression model of sanguine lactate which should be used to evaluate the athletic capacity of horses without previous physical conditioning or sporting training (untrained ones) which are submitted to the proposed protocol for ergometric resistance test. / Orientador: Armem Thomassian / Coorientador: Ana Liz Garcia Alves / Banca: Wilson Roberto Fernandes / Banca: Maeli Dal Pai Silva / Mestre

Resumo: Objetivou-se estudar o valor nutritivo e desenvolvimento de fungos e de Listeria spp. no capim-Tifton 85 (híbrido de Cynodon, PI 290884 originário da África do Sul com o Tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis) ensilado sem emurchecimento (umidade 60-70%), submetido a pré-secagem (umidade 40-50%) e com adição ou não de polpa cítrica (5% do peso verde). As amostras foram colhidas na abertura dos silos e aos 15 e 30 dias após a abertura, para avaliação da ocorrência de Listeria spp e de fungos, do padrão de fermentação (pH, N amoniacal, ácidos orgânicos), teores de matéria seca, de proteína bruta, de nitrogênio associado a parede celular, dos constituintes da parede celular e digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca (DIVMS). Os dados foram analisados segundo o delineamento em blocos completos casualisados, em esquema de parcela subdividida, sendo que nas parcelas foram avaliadas as silagens submetidas ao emurchecimento e uso ou não de polpa cítrica e nas subparcelas os períodos de exposição ao ar, com quatro repetições. Constatou-se a presença de Listeria spp em 65,6% das silagens de alta matéria seca, sendo que destas 10% foram positivas para Listeria monocytogenes. As silagens de alta matéria seca apresentaram pouca estabilidade aeróbia, tendo sido registrado aumento na ocorrência dos fungos Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces com o prolongamento do período de exposição ao ar. Esses resultados evidenciaram o risco potencial que silagens de gramíneas com alto conteúdo de matéria seca pode representar para a saúde dos animais e humanos. Em termos de padrão de fermentação observou-se baixos teores de ácidos orgânicos e de N amoniacal, altos valores de pH, provavelmente devido aos elevados conteúdos de matéria seca causados pelo emurchecimento e adição de polpa cítrica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and fungal and Listeria spp. occurrence of the no wilted (60 to 70% of moisture) and wilted (40 to 50% of moisture) Tifton 85 ensiled with or without citrus pulp (5.0% of the wet weight). The high dry matter silage were harvested, immediately after the silos opening, also 15 and 30 days after the air exposition. It was evaluated the Listeria and fungal occurrences, fermentation characteristics (pH, amoniacal nitrogen, organic acids), values of dry matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and "in vitro" dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The data were analyzed according to a randomized block design in split plot scheme, being the silages studied in plots and the periods of air exposure in the split plots, with four replications. It was observed Listeria spp in 65.6% of the high dry matter silage samples, and Listeria monocytogenes occurred in 10.0% of these samples. The high dry matter silage was air unstable and Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces occurrence increased during the air exposition period. These data showed the potential risk that the high dry matter grass silage could represent to the animal and human health. In relation to the fermentation characteristics, it was observed lowest values of amoniacal nitrogen, organic acid, and highest pH values, probably due to the high dry matter content of the silage. The high dry matter silage showed lowest N-NH3/N total values, preserving the crude protein content, probably caused by the low Clostridium activity. The NDIN and ADIN contents increased during the air exposition periods, in function of the microorganism's activity, resulted in high temperature of the high dry matter silage... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address) / Orientador: Ruben Pablo Schocken-Iturrino / Coorientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: Luis Roberto de Andrade Rodrigues / Banca: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Banca: Ciniro Costa / Banca: Luciano de Almeida Corrêa / Doutor

A geração de grande quantidade de vinhaça resultante da produção de etanol induziu questionamentos a respeito de sua disposição e possível armazenamento. No Estado de São Paulo, a norma P4.231 da CETESB restringiu a aplicação de vinhaça em muitos solos, resultando na necessidade de distribuí-la em áreas distantes da usina. Porém, devido a grande quantidade de água no resíduo, o transporte torna-se inviável do ponto de vista econômico. Uma alternativa para diminuir os custos de transporte é reduzir o volume por evaporação, originando a vinhaça concentrada (VC). No entanto, as temperaturas altas durante o processo de concentração provocam modificações na matéria orgânica, consequentemente, alterando a dinâmica das transformações do N no solo e, considerando ainda que a sua aplicação é realizada na linha de plantio, diferentemente da vinhaça não concentrada (VNC) que é aplicada em área total, pouco se conhece sobre os efeitos no solo e a sua eficiência agronômica. Com o objetivo de (1) conhecer algumas propriedades físico-químicas da VC e compará-la com a VNC, (2) avaliar os efeitos das doses de VC na fertilidade do solo, percolação de íons, produtividade de soqueira de cana-de-açúcar e qualidade tecnológica dos colmos e (3) determinar a mineralização líquida do N (Nm) foram: (I) coletadas amostras de VC e VNC em duas usinas entre os anos de 2010 e 2011, (II) realizado um experimento na cidade de Batatais, SP, em uma área comercial de cana-de-açúcar, (III) conduzido um experimento de incubação aeróbia com os objetivos de determinar o Nm e, através do ajuste a equação de primeira ordem, determinar a mineralização potencial do N (N0), a constante de mineralização do N (k) e (4) parametrizar o módulo SoilN do modelo APSIM para solo que recebeu aplicação de vinhaça. Verificou-se que o processo de concentração da vinhaça promove grande variação no teor de alguns elementos, especialmente o Na+ e as formas de nitrogênio amoniacal e nítrica. A aplicação de 30 m3 ha-1 de VC na linha da cana promoveu aumento nas concentrações de Cl-, NO3 -, Ca+2, Mg+2 e SO4 -2 nas soluções coletadas pelos extratores a 0,80 m de profundidade. De maneira geral foi observado aumento do pH, CTC e dos teores dos cátions trocáveis em função das doses, ao mesmo tempo que os valores de m% decresceram, resultando dessa forma em maior disponibilidade de nutrientes, aumento da fertilidade do solo e consequentemente aumento de produtividade, pois os tratamentos com VC promoveram ganhos de 8 Mg ha-1 em relação ao tratamento controle e, mesmo pela grande quantidade de K+ concentrado na linha de plantio as características tecnológicas dos colmos não foram prejudicadas. Com base nos valores de Nm, N0 e k, pode-se concluir que ocorreu imobilização do N mineral pela biomassa microbiana nos tratamentos com VC. O módulo SoilN do APSIM apresentou bom desempenho em simular a produção de NO3 -, pois a nitrificação calculada diariamente a partir do modelo se ajustou adequadamente aos valores de nitrato observados nas incubações; o modelo foi bem sucedido em calcular as perdas de N no tratamento com a maior dose de VNC a partir dos valores da curva de retenção e do volume de água aplicada no solo. / In São Paulo State, the legislation from CETESB restricts the application of vinasse in many soils, resulting in the need to distribute it in areas distant from the mill. However, due to the large amount of waste water, the transport becomes unfeasible economically. An alternative is to reduce the volume by evaporation, resulting in the concentrated vinasse (CV). But, high temperatures during the evaporation cause changes in the organic matter. So, considering that its application is in the row of sugarcane, unlike the not concentrated vinasse (NCV) which is applied in the total area, the objectives were (1) study some physicochemical properties of the CV and compare it with NCV, (2) evaluate the effects of CV in soil fertility, ions percolation, productivity, and technological quality of stems and (3) evaluate the net N mineralization (Nm). (I) Samples of CV and NCV were collected at two sugarcane mills in 2010 and 2011, (II) an experiment was conducted in São Paulo, in a commercial sugarcane area, (III) an aerobic incubation was conducted to determine Nm, potential N mineralization (N0), rate of N mineralization (k) and (IV) parameterize SoilN APSIM model for soil with vinasse application. It was found that the evaporation of the vinasse leads to greater variation in the concentration of some elements, especially Na+ and ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen. 30 m3 ha-1 of CV applied in the sugarcane line caused high concentration of Cl-, NO3 -, Ca +2, Mg+2 and SO4 -2 in the soil solutions collected at 0.80 m. There were increase in pH, CEC and the content of the cations, while the values of m% decreased, resulting in availability of nutrient, increasing the soil fertility and productivity. CV promoted gains of 8 Mg ha-1 compared to control and, even the large amount of K+ concentrated in the sugarcane line, the technological characteristics of the stems were not impaired. Based on the values of Nm, k and N0, we can conclude that the mineral N was immobilized by microbial biomass in CV treatments. The APSIM showed good performance to simulate NO3 - production. The nitrification calculated daily from the model was successful to fit to the values observed. The model was successful to calculate N losses in treatment with the highest dose of NCV.

The objective of this project was to treat petroleum refinery wastewater using a combination of anaerobic and aerobic processes, namely an Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor paired with a Rotation Algae Biofilm Reactor (RABR), respectively, to produce a treated effluent. The treatment method developed needed to produce a cost-effective and efficient way to decrease nitrogen, phosphorous, total suspended solids (TSS), and COD concentrations to below State of Utah limitations. It was demonstrated that RABR treatment was capable of reducing effluent concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and TSS to State of Utah limitations. RABR treatment did not significantly reduce COD from the wastewater. The COD reduction requirement, however, was met through anaerobic digestion of the wastewater. Therefore, our system proved effectual at the treatment of the wastewater and met all design criteria.

Title: The effects of the application of insoles in sports shoes on aerobic capacity of soccer players Objectives: Effects of insoles Bootmatetsi on aerobic capacity of football players. Methods: The research sample included a soccer player in the U16 category (n = 19). The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 was used to verify the interventional effect of the Bootmatetsi insoles. For the subjective perception of physical activity during the pretest and posttest was used a 15-degree Borg scale of 6 - 20. A five-point Likert scale was used to evaluate the comfort of Bootmatetsi insoles. The data was processed using Microsoft Office Excel 2010. Results: The application of Bootmatetsi insoles to football boots has provided a significant improvement in aerobic performance compared to original insoles (d = 1.1). Performance improved on average by 24%, i.e average improvement VO2max by 2,43 ml.min-1.kg-1. At the same time, research group claims that Bootmatetsi insoles have been rated as comfortable. Keywords: insoles, Bootmatetsi, aerobic capacity, VO2max

This study examined the extent to which physiological and psychological concomitants of aerobic terrestrial performance were affected by body cooling of varying degrees induced by cold water immersion (CWI). Thirteen male and 13 female subjects underwent three randomly assigned 30 min treadmill runs: a control run without prior manipulation of the subjects' thermal status and the same exercise after "central" (core temperature 1°C below pre-immersion) and "peripheral" cooling (skin heat loss 100kcal.m⁻².h⁻¹). During treadmill runs core temperature was measured, together with chest, leg, arm and hand temperatures, from which mean skin temperature (T [subscript]s[subscript]k) and mean body temperature (T[subscript]b) were calculated. Heart rate, oxygen consumption (VO₂,), carbon dioxide production (VCO₂), minute ventilation (V₂ (BTPS)), breathing frequency (f), cadence and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (PTS) were also measured. Both central and peripheral cooling resulted in significantly reduced T[subscript]r[subscript]e (males : control 37.9±0. 3°C; central cooling : 36.8±0.5°C; peripheral cooling: 37.5±0.4°C; females: control: 37.9±0.4°C; central cooling: 37.2±0.5; p<0.05) during subsequent treadmill running, except following peripheral cooling for females (37.9±0.3°C) . For males and females T[subscript]s[subscript]k was lower following peripheral cooling than control values and lowest after central cooling (males: control: 30.0±1.3°C; central cooling: 36.8±0.5°C; peripheral cooling: 37.5±0.4°C; females: control: 30.5±1.2°C; central cooling: 25.9±1.8°C; peripheral cooling: 26.9±1.9°C; p<0.05). Female subjects experienced significantly higher T[subscript]r[subscript]e than males following central and peripheral cooling and a lower T[subscript]s[subscript]k following central cooling. Females experienced less of an increase in heart rate than males during exercise following central and peripheral cooling (control: l57.7±23.7b.min⁻¹; central cooling: 143.5±20.5b.min⁻¹; peripheral cooling 151.7±16.7b.min⁻¹; p<0 .05). Male responses were the same following central cooling but higher for peripheral cooling than control values (control: 139.1±7.3b.min⁻¹; central cooling 134.7±17.5b.min⁻¹; peripheral cooling: 145.0±16.4b.min⁻¹; p<0.05). These data indicate a depression in cardiovascular function for females following peripheral cooling that was not apparent for males. The VO₂ was not different between tests for males; only peripheral cooling resulted in a raised VO₂ of 28.6±3 .3ml.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹ (p<0 .05) for females compared to 27.6±2.6ml.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹ (control). A biphasic response was evident for VO₂ VCO₂ and V[subscript]B (BTPS). For both sexes overall RPE was lower for peripheral cooling (males: 9.4±1.9; females: 8.7±1.3; p<0 .05) than for control and central cooling. Central RPE was only changed for females following peripheral cooling. Changes in cadence and step length together with the effect of low skin and leg temperatures resulted in higher local RPE for females after central cooling (9.6±1.2; p<0.05) than control (9.4±1.9) and peripheral cooling (8.9±1.2 ). Males and females rated the same ambient temperature during the same exercise lower after peripheral cooling (males: 4.6±1.5; females : 5.3±1.3) than control values and lower still after central cooling (males: 3. 8±1.8; females: 2 .7±l. 5) In this study T[subscript]s[subscript]k was the primary determinant of PTS after precooling. / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in