Bakgrund: Demens är en vanligt förekommande sjukdom som orsakas av degenerativa förändringar i hjärnan som ger upphov till varierande symtom som försämrat språk, minne och social förmåga. Diverse kognitiva test kan användas som utvärderingsinstrument för att beräkna svårighetsgraden av en demensdiagnos. Det finns studier som visar olika resultat på hur fysisk aktivitet, och specifikt aerob träning, påverkar kognitionen. Vad gäller rekommendationer om fysisk aktivitet så krävs mer forskning för att veta hur fysisk aktivitet påverkar kognitionen hos personer med demens. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt är att undersöka effekten av aerob träning på kognitionen hos personer med demens.  Metod: Sökning efter RCT-studier skedde via Pubmed. Artiklarna granskades separat av båda författarna för att sedan jämföra bedömning av inklusion eller exklusion. Studiernas kvalitet bedömdes med TESTEX, och tillförlitligheten av det sammanvägda resultatet bedömdes med GRADEstud. Även denna bedömning utfördes av författarna separat, för att sedan jämföras och beslut nåddes i konsensus.  Resultat: Åtta artiklar inkluderades. Fyra studier presenterade statistiskt signifikant resultat på något av de använda testen, men endast 8 av 44 totalt utförda kognitiva test var statistiskt signifikanta. Studiernas kvalitet bedömdes god eller mycket god, men det sammanvägda resultatet bedömdes ha mycket låg tillförlitlighet på grund av studiernas bristande samstämmighet och precision. Slutsats: Det finns i dagsläget mycket låg evidens för att aerob träning påverkar kognitiva funktioner positivt. Mer forskning krävs för att utvärdera effekten av aerob träning på kognition. Studier med längre interventionsperioder och större populationer rekommenderas. / Background: Dementia is a common disease caused by degenerative changes in the brain, which presents symptoms such as impaired language, memory and social skills. Various cognitive tests can be used as evaluation instruments to calculate the severity of a dementia diagnosis. There are studies that show different results on how physical activity, specifically aerobic exercise, affects cognition. Regarding recommendations for physical activity, more research is needed to know how physical activity affects cognition in people with dementia. Aim: The aim of this literature review is to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition for people with dementia.  Method: A search for RCT-studies was conducted on PubMed. The articles were reviewed separately by both authors, followed by comparison of assessment for inclusion or exclusion. The quality of the studies was analyzed with TESTEX, and the reliability of the combined result was assessed with GRADEstud. This assessment was also performed by the authors separately, followed by comparisons, and decisions reached in consensus. Results: Eight studies were included. Four studies presented statistically significant results in any of the used tests, however only 8 of 44 total executed cognitive tests were statistically significant. The quality of the studies was assessed to be good or excellent, however the reliability of the combined results was assessed to be very low due to the lack of consistency and precision of the studies.  Conclusion: There is very low evidence that aerobic exercise has a positive effect on cognitive functions. More research is needed to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition. Studies with longer intervention and larger populations are recommended.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects that aerobic exercise activities can have on various stereotypical behaviors found in children on the autism spectrum. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong, developmental disability that can impact how an individual communicates, behaves, as well as moves. Physical activity has long been implemented in the treatment plans of children with diagnoses along the autism spectrum; However, specific data relating to the impact of aerobic activity is quite scattered. Aerobic activities require the body to be able to take oxygen from the air around it and circulate it through the blood as a form of energy production and can include exercises of low to high intensity. This strain on the cardiovascular system then stimulates behaviors for a child with ASD. By using systematic literature review methodology this study discusses the benefits that aerobic activities, in particular, can have on the many stereotypical behaviors found in children on the autism spectrum including, irregular sleep patterns, shortened attention spans, repetitive movements, as well as overall wellness and the health improvements that arise as a result of this physical activity. Results from this review indicate that there is a positive correlation between increased aerobic activities and a decline in stereotypical behavior in children on the autism spectrum, however, the long-term effects of this practice are not discussed in this literature review.

No description available.

The problem of this study was to determine if a difference in core body temperature and degree of dehydration exists between able-bodied athletes and wheelchair athletes in response to prolonged aerobic exercise while under thermal stress. Eight subjects, four able-bodied and four wheelchair athletes, volunteered to take part in the study. All subjects performed a 60-minute bout of upper body exercise while subjected to a temperature of 33- 34·c. Core body temperature, heart rate and degree of dehydration were all measured during and after testing, providing three dependent variables: the time that it took to achieve a maximum core body temperature (Time to Max Temp.), the difference between pre-weight and post-weight after the 60 minute bout of exercise (Weight Diff.) and the maximum temperature achieved during the 60 minute bout of exercise (Temp. Diff.). A multivariate factorial design (MANOVA) was used to examine group differences across all dependent variables simultaneously. No significant differences were observed between groups (p>.05). The results of this study may indicate that wheelchair athletes are no more susceptible to elevated core body temperatures or dehydration during aerobic exercise than able-bodled athletes. If this is the case, wheelchair athletes may need only to take the same precautions during aerobic exercise while under thermal stress as their able-bodied counterparts.

Impedance cardiography is an important tool in determining a person's hemodynamic properties. The makers obtained through thoracic impedance have been shown to be of great importance when monitoring critical care patients. Technological developments have made this process noninvasive and ambulatory, opening up new possibilities for potential use. A study was conducted by remotely monitoring healthy subjects (n=5), who performed an 8-minute mild-to-moderate aerobic exercise protocol, followed up by a four minute cognitive stress test. Testing was conducted onsite at Kennedy Space Center in association with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration using the MW1000A (MindWare Technologies LTD, Gahanna, OH) ambulatory impedance cardiography monitoring (ICG) device. The current study was conducted in order to establish the test-retest reliability of the ICG during aerobic exercise and cognitive stress across a 2 week period. For the purpose of this study Heart Rate (HR), Left Ventricular Ejection Time (LVET) Stroke Volume (SV), Cardiac Output (CO), and Pre-Ejection Period (PEP) were acquired and analyzed during three phases. The phases were, walking on a level treadmill, walking at incline, and an at rest mental arithmetic stress test. Testing has shown that the MW1000A device can provide accurate ambulatory impedance cardiography monitoring with no significant difference between testing intervals. The simple application of electrodes makes this device easy to use and requires little training. Its non-invasive properties render employing ICG both a simple and effective means of determining the hemodynamic properties of a subject.

A new and promising trend in solid waste management is to operate the landfill as a bioreactor. Bioreactor landfills are controlled systems in which moisture addition and/or air injection are used as enhancements to create a solid waste environment capable of actively degrading the biodegradable organic fraction of the waste. Although there are many advantages associated with bioreactor landfills, some challenges remain. One such challenge is the ammonia-nitrogen concentration found in the leachate. The concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen tend to increase beyond concentrations found in leachate from conventional landfills because recirculating leachate increases the rate of ammonification and results in accumulation of higher levels of ammonia-nitrogen concentrations, even after the organic fraction of the waste is stabilized. Because ammonia-nitrogen persists even after the organic fraction of the waste is stabilized, and because of its toxic nature, it is likely that ammonia-nitrogen will determine when the landfill is biologically stable and when post-closure monitoring may end. Thus an understanding of the fate of nitrogen in bioreactor landfills is critical to a successful and economic operation. Ammonia-nitrogen is typically removed from leachate outside of the landfill. However, additional costs are associated with ex-situ treatment of ammonia, as separate treatment units on site must be maintained or the leachate must be pumped to a publicly owned wastewater treatment facility. Therefore, the development of an in-situ nitrogen removal technique would be an attractive alternative. Several recent in-situ treatment approaches have been explored, but lacked the information necessary for field-scale implementation. The objectives of this study were to develop information necessary to implement in-situ ammonia removal at the field-scale. Research was conducted to evaluate the kinetics of in-situ ammonia removal and to subsequently develop guidance for field-scale implementation. An aerobic reactor and microcosms containing digested municipal solid waste were operated and parameters were measured to determine nitrification kinetics under conditions likely found in bioreactor landfills. The environmental conditions evaluated include: ammonia concentration (500 and 1000mg N/L), temperature (25o, 35o and 45oC), and oxygen concentration in the gas-phase (5, 17 and 100%). Results suggest that in-situ nitrification is feasible and that the potential for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in field-scale bioreactor landfills is significant due to the presence of both aerobic and anoxic areas. All rate data were fitted to the Monod equation, resulting in an equation that describes the impact of pH, oxygen concentration, ammonia concentration, and temperature on ammonia removal. In order to provide design information for a field-scale study, a simple mass balance model was constructed in FORTRAN to forecast the fate of ammonia injected into a nitrifying portion of a landfill. Based on model results, an economic analysis of the in-situ treatment method was conducted and compared to current ex-situ leachate treatment costs. In-situ nitrification is a cost effective method for removing ammonia-nitrogen when employed in older waste environments. Compared to reported on-site treatment costs, the costs associated with the in-situ ammonia removal process fall within and are on the lower end of the range found in the literature. When compared to treating the leachate off-site, the costs of the in-situ ammonia removal process are always significantly lower. Validation of the laboratory results with a field-scale study is needed.

Most authorities on exercise agree that regular vigorous endurance type activity results in aerobic fitness (7, 10, 17, 36, 37). Rhythmic repetitive and dynamic activities using large muscle groups would include such aerobic exercise as Jogging, walking, swimming, cycling, tennis, basketball, racquetball, and soccer (1, 7, 10, 17). In addition, cardiovascular fitness has been suggested to be postively linked with a reduction in the incidence of coronary heart disease (1, 11, 36, 38, 53). Sometimes, problems that lead to adult illnesses are the result of lifestyles that deploy early in childhood (11). Health education procedures have been used to provide awareness of the public regarding health practices, and guidelines by which they can improve their own health (11). Wysocki et al. (68) reported that the American population is generally lacking physical exercise. Vinciguerra et al. (62) and Wysocki et al. (68) used a technique called "Behavioral Contracting" to improve cardiovascular health in college students. This technique provided incentive and encouraged motivation for students to exercise aerobically (62, 68).

Bakgrund: Migrän och huvudvärk av spänningstyp (HST) är två vanligt förekommande hälsoproblem. Traditionellt behandlas dessa åkommor farmakologiskt men på senare tid har fysioterapeutisk behandling blivit allt vanligare. Aerob träning är en av många fysioterapeutiska behandlingsmetoder som kan verka smärtlindrande för dessa patienter. Syfte: Att undersöka effekten av aerob träning på upplevd smärtnivå för personer med migrän och/eller HST. Metod: Studiens design var litteraturstudie. Systematiska sökningar genomfördes i databaserna PubMed och PEDro. Sökresultatet granskades utefter urvalskriterierna. Inkluderade artiklars risk för snedvridning bedömdes utifrån PEDro granskningsmall och det sammanvägda resultatets tillförlitlighet utvärderades med hjälp av GRADEstud. Resultat: Efter urvalsprocessen inkluderades åtta randomiserade kontrollerade studier. En av artiklarna bedömdes ha hög kvalitet och resterande hade måttlig kvalitet. Inkluderade artiklars olikheter gällande intervention och population ledde till subgruppering av resultaten. Antal dagar med migrän per månad minskade inom samtliga grupper som hade aerob träning som intervention men mellangruppsjämförelserna var ej statistiskt signifikanta. Samma minskning gick inte att se gällande HST. Den sammanvägda tillförlitligheten utifrån GRADEstud bedömdes som låg eller mycket låg gällande alla subgrupper. Konklusion: Baserat på artiklarnas resultat, låga kvalitet och det sammanvägda resultatets låga tillförlitlighet kan inga säkra slutsatser dras gällande effekten av aerob träning på upplevd smärtnivå för personer med migrän och HST. Fler studier behövs. / Background: Migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) are two common health problems. These health problems are traditionally treated pharmacologically but physical therapy has lately gained popularity as a treatment option. Aerobic exercise is one of many physiotherapeutic treatments that can reduce pain for these patients. Purpose: To examine the effect of aerobic exercise on perceived pain level for individuals with migraine and/or TTH. Method: The study design was literature review. Systematic searches were performed in the databases PubMed and PEDro. The search result was reviewed according to the selection criteria. The risk of bias in the included articles was assessed using PEDro scale and the certainty in evidence of the articles summarized outcomes was assessed using GRADEstud.  Results: Eight randomized controlled studies were included after the selection process. One article was considered to have high quality and the remaining seven to have fair quality. The results were sub-grouped due to differences in the included articles regarding intervention and population. Number of days with migraine per month decreased within all groups with training as intervention but the between group comparisons were not statically significant. The same reduction could not be found regarding TTH. The certainty in evidence of the articles summarized outcomes was considered to be low or very low in all subgroups. Conclusion: No certain conclusion could be drawn regarding the effect of aerobic exercise on perceived pain level in individuals with migraine and TTH based on the articles results, low quality, and low certainty in evidence. More studies are needed.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is considered the leading cause of inactivity and lost employment time. It can be extremely difficult to treat as most conventional therapies have poor success rates. People with LBP need to be made more aware of the diverse and economical treatments available in order to save on expenses and diminish stress. Patients and healthcare professionals have many choices when deciding on the best plan of care; however, it is often difficult to determine which option is best. Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to determine if aerobic exercises play a role in reducing pain in the low back. Methods: A computerized electronic search was performed using CINAHL, Medline, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials with key words including low back pain or lumbar pain combined with aerobic and exercise. Inclusion criteria consisted of studies that were randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials, peer reviewed, published in the English language, identified low back pain as the primary concern, and identified aerobic exercises as one of the treatment options. Results: The initial search of the database revealed a total of 40 studies. Hand searching of the references had also revealed an additional 7. Of those 47 studies, 13 were selected as potentially meeting the inclusion criteria. Ultimately, 10 studies were retained for the final results of the systematic review. Conclusion: The evaluations provided evidence to suggest that aerobic exercise has positive effects on subjects with LBP. Aerobic exercise encourages strength, flexibility, and muscular endurance. This outcome has also shown to promote levels of activity, leaving the subject feeling better both physically and mentally.

As motor learning in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) has been poorly elucidated, this study aimed to apply an acute aerobic exercise (AE), well-known intervention favorable to motor learning in typically developing individuals, to assist people with ID in motor learning, and examine its underlying mechanisms via EF and EEG assessments. 17 adults with ID (11 males, aged 31.41 ± 9.7, & mental aged 7.69 ± 3.06) participated in this within-group counterbalanced study. They participated in 2 interventions, a vigorous treadmill walking (AE) or seated rest (CON) condition, with having a month of wash-out period in between interventions. The pre-test, post-test, 24-hour retention test, and 7-day retention test was administered, and each testing phase administered a golf putt performance under both original (i.e., with guideline) and transfer putt tasks (i.e., without guideline), EF (i.e., Knock and Tap test, forward and backward Digit span test, forward and backward Corsi block test), and resting EEG assessment. Golf putting accuracy in post-test was not significantly different from the pre-test; however, the putt accuracy under the transfer putt task indicated an interaction effect at 24-hour retention test phase compared to pre-test, F(1, 32) = 5.26, p = .03, ηp2 = .14, and paired t-test indicated a near significant improvement in putt accuracy in AE (p = .07), but not in CON condition (p = .23). The pre-test and 7-day retention phases did not indicate a significant effect on golf putt skill. As EF variables and resting EEG temporal alpha asymmetry (TAA) remained unchanged throughout the procedure, underlying mechanisms of change in putt skill need to be further investigated. This study revealed a trend that the AE positively influenced golf putt accuracy and offline motor memory consolidation at 24-hour retention phase, but the effects were not statistically significant. Given that the study procedure did not include practice blocks, the observed positive impact of AE on golf putt accuracy is promising; thus, a future study is recommended to further verify the benefit of AE on motor learning in individuals with ID, as well as with rigorous EF and EEG measures to elucidate possible underlying mechanisms of AE-dependent improvement in motor skill.