No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Det område som undersöks i detta examensarbete är pedagogisk anpassning inom idrott och hälsa för elever med ADHD (Attention Dificit Hyperactivity Disorder). Syftet med undersökningen är att genom användning av vetenskapsteoretiska utgångspunkten ”Grundad teori” undersöka vilka metoder, pedagogiska anpassningar, lärare säger att de använder för att få elever med ADHD att lära sig i ämnet idrott och hälsa i dagens skola. Detta empiriska material jämförs sedan med vad forskningen inom området visar, för att på så sätt visa ifall forskningen når ut till verksamma lärare eller inte. För att kunna göra dessa jämförelser, har vi intervjuat åtta lärare i idrott och hälsa från fyra olika rektorsområden i en mellanstor stad i södra Sverige. I resultat- och analysdelen beskrivs att lärare generellt har låg kunskap gällande anpassad fysisk aktivitet, trots att vissa former av anpassningar görs. Av åtta intervjuade lärare är det enbart sex av dessa som anser att pedagogiska anpassningar behövs över huvud taget för elever med ADHD. Hos dessa sex finns en vilja att få elever med denna diagnos att utvecklas och lära sig inom ämnet idrott och hälsa. Kunskapen hos dessa lärare vad gäller pedagogiska anpassningar inom ämnet är dock bristfällig i jämförelse med vad forskningen visar. Denna undersökning visar därmed att forskningen inte har nått ut till verkligheten på ett tillfredställande sätt.

Antibiotic Feed Additives (AFA) have been used to prevent many bacterial infections during weaning of livestock. The use of these AFA’s resulted in the development of multiresistant bacterial strains and was therefore banned by the European Union. The United States also restricted the use of these feed additives considerably. Many scientists have started to search for alternatives in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of bacterial infections. Plants have been used traditionally by resource poor people all over the world to treat many infections. Diarrhoea not only causes many problems in the high intensity production of livestock but also leads to many human deaths. A large number of plants have been used to treat diarrhoea in humans and animals. Several authors have selected one or two species based on traditional use to evaluate in depth. In this project several different relevant parameters of 53 plant species used traditionally to treat diarrhoea were investigated in order to develop a model that would identify the species with the highest chance of delivering a useful antibacterial product. Antibacterial activities against two pathogens important in diarrhoea (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) were positive parameters in selecting species. Because tannins frequently have antibacterial activity, but are not useful as prophylactic agents due to their effect on production, high tannin content was considered to be a negative indication. Cellular toxicity was also used as a negative parameter at a later stage. In addition to the in vitro assays there are also other parameters to be investigated to evaluate the potential use of plants. The influence of season of collection was determined on the antibacterial activity and tannin content of acetone leaf extracts of five plant species traditionally used to treat diarrhoea. They were Acacia karroo, Acacia sieberiana var. woodii, Peltophorum africanum, Trichilia emetica and Ziziphus mucronata. The antibacterial activity varied depending on the season of collection with the best activity generally in the months of late summer to autumn (January to April). The activity of Acacia karoo against E. coli was best in the month of April (MIC = 0.11 mg/ml (TA = 332 ml/g)) and against S. aureus in the month of March (MIC = 0.06 mg/ml (TA = 334 ml/g)). Acacia sieberiana subsp. woodii extracts had the best activity against E. coli (MIC = 0.10 mg/ml (TA = 303 ml/g)) in March against S. aureus in April (MIC = 0.08 mg/ml (TA = 303 ml/g)). <i.Peltophorum africanum extracts were most active against E. coli in February (MIC = 0.05 mg/ml (TA = 1188 ml/g)) and against S. aureus in February and March (MIC = 0.04 mg/ml (TA = 1188 ml/g and 1075 ml/g)). Trichilia emetica extracts were generally not very active against the bacterial strains (best activity: MIC = 0.22 mg/ml (TA = 74 ml/g) against E. coli in May and MIC = 0.28 mg/ml (TA = 26 ml/g) against S. aureus in December). Ziziphus mucronata was most active against both bacterial strains and in May (E. coli: MIC = 0.10 mg/ml (TA = 589 ml/g); S. aureus: MIC = 0.04 mg/ml (TA = 1099 ml/g)). The tannin content varied in the extracts as well. The antibacterial activity however did not seem to be directly correlated to the tannin content. Another important parameter in the use of plant species is to determine the interspecies variation of plants based on genetic or environmental influences. Leaves from 42 plants of Combretum molle were collected at different locations during the same season. The average MIC against E. coli was 0.227 mg/ml. The low standard deviation of 0.07 indicates that there was very little variation in activity. The average value against S. aureus was 0.399 mg/ml with a slightly higher standard deviation of 0.16. However due to the fact that the samples from different areas extracted different amounts, the total activity varied. The tannin assays revealed that there was with one exception no correlation between the antibacterial activity and the tannin content. So it can be safe to assume that genetic variation does not influence the activity too much at least in C. molle leaves Fifty three plant species traditionally used to treat diarrhoea in published literature were then ranked using a novel system in order to determine which species had the most potential value. Ranking was based on the lowest MIC value against E. coli, lower activity against S. aureus (to limit selecting for general metabolic toxins), low tannin concentration and high extract yield. From this ranking, five plants were chosen to investigate their potential value further: Acacia sieberiana var. woodii (E. coli: MIC = 0.13 mg/ml, TA = 108 ml/g; S. aureus: MIC = 0.13 mg/ml, TA = 108 ml/g; Yield = 14 mg), Albizia adianthifolia (E. coli: MIC = 0.14 mg/ml, TA = 239 ml/g; S. aureus: MIC = 0.04 mg/ml, TA = 765 ml/g; Yield = 34 mg), Deinbollia oblongifolia (E. coli: MIC = 0.17 mg/ml, TA = 158 ml/g; S. aureus: MIC = 0.08 mg/ml, TA = 338 ml/g; Yield = 27 mg), Spirostachys africana (E. coli : MIC = 0.13 mg/ml, TA = 300 ml/g; S. aureus: MIC = 0.09 mg/ml, TA = 438 ml/g; Yield = 38 mg) and Tetradenia riparia (E. coli : MIC = 0.09 mg/ml, TA = 214 ml/g; S. aureus: MIC = 0.13 mg/ml, TA = 149 ml/g; Yield = 20 mg). None of the plants contained any tannin. The next step towards the recommendation of a plant for the development of a commercial product was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the selected five species. The following values were obtained: Acacia sieberiana var. woodii LC50 = 0.026 mg/ml, Albizia adianthifolia LC50 = 0.068 mg/ml, Deinbollia oblongifolia LC50 = 0.078 mg/ml, Spirostachys africana LC50 = 0.025 mg/ml and Tetradenia riparia LC50 = 0.028 mg/ml. Deinbollia oblongifolia (for its low LC50 value) and Spirostachys africana (for its good antibacterial activity and total activity) were potentized by removing inactive compounds through solvent-solvent fractionation. The antibacterial activity against E. coli was increased this way (MIC = 0.08 mg/ml for Deinbollia oblongifolia (chloroform fraction) and MIC = 0.08 mg/ml for Spirostachys africana (chloroform fraction)) The LC50 values for both chloroform fractions were determined (LC50 = 0.188 mg/ml for Deinbollia oblongifolia and LC50 = 0.062 mg/ml for Spirostachys africana ). The selectivity index (SI) was also determined and proved that the potentization was indeed successful (Deinbollia oblongifolia SI = 2.35 compared to a value of 0.45 for the crude extract; Spirostachys africana SI = 0.78 compared to a value of 0.19 for the crude extract). Based on these values, the chloroform fraction of Deinbollia oblongifolia was chosen as the less toxic one with similar activity and a higher selectivity index to be worked on further. One of the active compounds was isolated and evaluated for its activity against E. coli (MIC = 0.74 mg/ml) The LC50 value of 0.042 mg/ml indicated that the activity of the extract was a result of synergism rather than being due to a single active compound (the selectivity index (SI) was 0.06 compared to the values of 0.45 for the crude and 2.35 for the potentized extract). The plant extracts should of course be as effective against pathogenic strains as they were against the ATCC strains and so the extracts and pure compound of Deinbollia oblongifolia were tested for their activity against four different pathological E. coli strains. The results showed that the crude extract and the fraction were as active as in the preliminary screening results against only one of the four pathological strains. The pure compound on the other hand was more active against all four pathological strains than against the ATCC strain. The next step was to test the safety of the extracts of Deinbollia oblongifolia in mammals. Unfortunately neither the crude extract nor the chloroform fraction of Deinbollia oblongifolia could be used safely in a living organism or in an isolated organ study. A part of the problem may have been caused by the vehicle used in the study despite reports in the literature that an acetone water mixture is safe to use. In general all the species investigated had good antibacterial activity against E. coli this supports the traditional use of these species although we used acetone as extractant rather than the water used traditionally. There were major differences in antibacterial activity over a season indicating that mature leaves were more active than young leaves before senescence started. At least in the case of Combretum molle there was little difference in the antibacterial activity of many plants collected at different locations during the same season. The results obtained in this study could be useful in further studies to develop extracts that can be used to control diarrhoea in animals. Possibly more emphasis should be put on the difference in activity towards E. coli and S. aureus to eliminate the presence of general metabolic toxins. Such an approach would lead to a different priority order for species to examine. A major first step would probably be to test the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of selected species. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

Bjärum, Malin (2015). Idrott och hälsa i gymnasiesärskolan: Anpassad undervisning ur ett idrottslärarperspektiv (Physical education in upper secondary special school: Adapted teaching from a PE teacher perspective). Speciallärarprogrammet, Skolutveckling och ledarskap, Lärande och samhälle, Malmö Högskola.Problemområde:Lärande i rörelse och välmående kombineras i ett skolämne av betydelse för alla. Detta lärande i idrott och hälsa kan utifrån ogynnsammare hälsoläge för vuxna med utvecklingsstörning, ses som än mer betydelsefullt för elever i gymnasiesärskolan. Tillgänglig och anpassad utbildning utifrån funktionsnedsättningen i idrott och hälsa, utgör i gymnasiesärskolan en rättighet. I yrkesutövandet som idrottslärare, har jag alltmer saknat vetenskapligt samlad kunskap kring denna anpassade undervisning av unga med utvecklingsstörning. Syfte och preciserade frågeställningar:Syftet med arbetet är att belysa och fördjupa kunskapen kring anpassad undervisning i idrott och hälsa i gymnasiesärskolan, genom en studie av undervisande idrottslärares syn på didaktiska möjligheter och utmaningar i en skolform anpassad för unga med utvecklingsstörning. Frågeställningar i fokus för studien är utifrån i gymnasiesärskolan undervisande idrottslärares perspektiv:¤ Vad innebär anpassad undervisning i idrott och hälsa av unga med utvecklingsstörning?¤ Vad behövs för att bedriva anpassad idrott och hälsoundervisning av unga med utvecklingsstörning?¤ Vilka didaktiska möjligheter och utmaningar finns i anpassad idrott och hälsoundervisning av unga med utvecklingsstörning? Teoretisk inramning:Forskningsöversikten indikerar att ämnesområdet är angeläget för unga med utvecklingsstörningsmotorik, hälsa och lärande. Den kunskapslucka som framträder i översikten är, avsaknaden av forskning bedriven kring idrott och hälsoundervisning i gymnasiesärskolan. Relationellt perspektiv präglar denna specialpedagogiskastudie somhar inspirerats av systemteori och tillgänglighet i lärmiljö genom Specialpedagogiska skolmyndighetens tillgänglighetsmodell. Metod:Studien bygger på ett kvalitativt synsätt med inspiration av hermeneutik, där tolkning och förståelse är central. Tio enskilda strukturerade forskningsintervjuer med undervisande idrottslärare i gymnasiesärskolan genomfördes. Inom ramen för intervjuerna användes skattning av utmaning i didaktiska överväganden, vilket ger studien ett visst inslag av kvantitativ data. Centrala begrepp i vald teori utgjorde verktyg i analys och tolkning. Resultat och analys:Resultatet utifrån intervjuade idrottslärare tyder på att idrott och hälsa i gymnasiesärskolan innebär anpassningar utifrån elevers individuella behov i såväl fysisk, social som pedagogisk lärmiljö i ett flertal idrotts- och friluftsmiljöer. För att realisera anpassad undervisning av unga med utvecklingsstörning behövs insatser på samtliga nivåer: samhälls-, organisations-, grupp- och individnivå i systemet. Att didaktiska utmaningar och möjligheter skiljer sig mellan tre kontexter (Individuella program, Nationella program, Idrottsgymnasium) i vilka idrott och hälsa i gymnasiesärskolan utövas. Särskilt när det gäller didaktiska utmaningar i fysisk miljö, progression och KASAM (känsla av sammanhang) märks skillnader. Kunskapsbidrag:Genom studien har ett inom forskning mindre uppmärksammat område belysts. Med hjälp av den teoretiska tillgänglighetsmodellen och systemnivåer, har kunskap om tillgänglighetsanpassning och beroende i en mångfacetterad och komplex idrott- och hälsoundervisning i gymnasiesärskolan synliggjorts och fördjupats. Specialpedagogiska implikationer:Förhoppningen är att studien ska bidra med ny kunskap och inspirera till anpassad undervisning i idrott och hälsa av unga med utvecklingsstörning, samt väcka intresse för didaktiska möjligheter och utmaningar i gymnasiesärskolan.

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80–85% of all lung cancers and is associated with significant mortality. As epidermal-growth-factor receptor (EGFR) is over-expressed in 80-90% of NSCLC, its inhibition via EGFR-Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is a main therapeutic strategy. However, patients with mutations in KRAS are resistant to EGFR-TKIs. A study in mutant KRAS-driven lung cancer in transgenic mice showed that tumor growth was dependent on the activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Therefore, we hypothesized that KRAS-mutant NSCLC will be sensitive to FAK-TKIs and, given known FAK-EGFR cross-talk, FAK inhibition will sensitize KRAS-mutant NSCLC to EGFR-TKIs. We performed cell viability assays of WT versus mutant KRAS NSCLC cell lines following treatment with FAK-TKI alone or in combination with a clinically relevant EGFR-TKI. We found that KRAS-mutant cells were more sensitive to FAK-TKI than KRAS-WT NSCLC. In addition, we found that the combination treatment including FAK and EGFR TKIs resulted in reduced tumor cell viability as compared to treatment with either drug alone. This enhanced anti-tumor response could be due to FAK-TKI’s ability to down-regulate EGFR downstream targets. Our preliminary data suggests that in KRAS-mutant cells the drug combination appears to more effectively inhibit Akt activity than single drug treatment alone. This suggests an enhanced ability to impair cell survival following treatment with the drug combination. We also found that treatment with FAK TKI in KRAS mutant NSCLC cells resulted in increased activation of EGFR which was due in part to modulation of EGFR recycling and production of endogenous EGFR ligands. Thus, the combination of FAK- and EGFR-TKIs may be more effective in KRAS mutant NSCLC as treatment with EGFR-TKI overcomes the unexpected ‘side effect’ of treatment with FAK-TKI, namely activation of the EGFR pathway by this drug. The findings of our study are novel and have uncovered previously unrecognized outcomes of FAK inhibition on EGFR activity. Moreover, our data support the notion that the combination of FAK- and EGFR-TKIs could be an effective treatment for KRAS mutant NSCLC patients.

Title: Rating postural stability in synchronized swimming Objectives: The aim of the diploma thesis is to detect, with a use of the system Gaitview ® AFA - 50 systém (Foot Scanner), if synchronized swimming has effect on postural stability of synchronized swimmers. Methods: Therotical part of diploma thesis is about synchronized swimming, influence of the aquatic environment, postural stability, stabilization and balance. A sample of 113 female athletes aged 6-35, who were long term synchronized swimmers at competition level, was chosen for this survey. Postural stability of athletes was tested while standing still with open and closed eyes by Gaitview ® AFA-50 system (Foot Scanner). Measured data were processed through Gaitview software, Microsoft Excel 2010 and anaylzed by statistical methods (average percentage, ratio, linear trend). Results: Results confirmed the effect of synchronized swimming on athletes postural stability. The longer are athletes dedicated to synchronized swimming the better is postural stability. From the age of 15 years and after 9 years of experience in synchronized swimming postural stability was shown to be better without access to visual information than with it. In the youngest category there is the biggest difference in postural stability while standing still with...