Pour Albert Camus, la littérature était à la fois une activité essentielle à son bonheur et un objet de réflexion. Afin de saisir quelle conception de la littérature et quelle vision du rôle de l’écrivain se dégagent de son oeuvre, ce mémoire aborde dans un même mouvement ses deux principaux essais, Le Mythe de Sisyphe et L’Homme révolté, et une pièce de théâtre, Caligula. Notre premier chapitre consiste dans la recherche de ce qui, pour Camus, fait de la création artistique une activité privilégiée dans l’horizon de la pensée de l’absurde et de la révolte. Dans le deuxième chapitre, les différents commentaires émis par la critique à propos de Caligula seront examinés. La pièce, malgré l’opinion dominante, ne raconte pas l’histoire d’un empereur absurde qui se révolte contre son destin. L’importance du thème de la création littéraire dans cette pièce a également été grandement sous-estimée. Enfin, le troisième chapitre de ce mémoire présente notre propre analyse de la pièce. La confrontation de la fiction avec la théorie révèle une grande concordance entre les deux aspects de l’oeuvre de Camus. L’accord n’est cependant pas parfait, et l’étude des points de friction découverts permet d’apporter des éclaircissements sur un des points les plus obscurs des essais de Camus : l’éthique du créateur placé dans une situation où il doit choisir entre tuer et mourir. / For Albert Camus, literature was both an activity crucial to his happiness and a study object. In order to understand what conception of literature can be found in Camus’ writings and the responsibilities of the writer that this definition implies, this memoir studies his two main essays, The Myth of Sisyphus and The Rebel, and one play, Caligula. Our first chapter consist in a research of what makes artistic creation an exceptional activity in the light of Camus’ thoughts on absurd on revolt. In our second chapter, the critics’ various commentaries about Caligula are examined. In spite of what is still the opinion of a majority of critics, the play is not the tale of an absurd emperor who would revolt against his destiny. Also, the theme of literary creation has not been sufficiently studied in that play, in which it plays a determinant role. Finally, the third chapter of this memoir presents our own analysis of the play. The confrontation of fiction and theory reveals a great similarity between the two aspects of Camus’ writings. However, the match is never perfect, and the study of the friction points allows us to shed light on one of the most obscure part of Camus’ essays: the ethic of the creator placed in a situation where he must kill or be killed.

This dissertation examines the evangelistic theology of Albert B. Simpson and demonstrates how his theology affected his practice of evangelism. A corollary purpose of this work is to provide a framework by which a pastor or an evangelist could evaluate a theology of evangelism in a contemporary setting. Simpson's theology and practice of evangelism are examined mainly along the specific theme of union with Christ. Chapter 1 states the thesis and presents background information, including the research methodology and limitations. A theology of evangelism is defined. Chapter 2 delineates a biographical sketch of Simpson. It includes his birth, childhood, education, conversion, and early Presbyterian ministries. Simpson's responses to the cultural and social context of the years 1881 through 1912 are examined. Chapter 3 examines Simpson's theology of evangelism. Using the theological theme of union with Christ, key concepts that relate to evangelism are examined. These concepts include the interpretation of Scriptures, the Fourfold Gospel, the nature of sin, the atonement and the cross of Christ, the death and resurrection of Christ, salvation, regeneration, faith and repentance, justification, God's sovereignty versus man's free will, the exclusiveness of salvation in Christ, sanctification, and the church. Chapter 4 focuses on evangelistic practices that Simpson used to reach unchurched people in New York City and unreached people around the world. Simpson's evangelistic ministries were carried out through the Gospel Tabernacle and the Christian and Missionary Alliance. His evangelistic practices included preaching, music ministries, prayer ministries, healing ministries, social ministries, publications, the Missionary Training Institute, and cooperative ministries. Chapter 5 concludes with an evaluation of a pastor-evangelist, sets forth specific conclusions from each chapter, and provides implications for a contemporary model for pastoral evangelism. / This item is only available to students and faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. If you are not associated with SBTS, this dissertation may be purchased from <a href="http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb">http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb</a> or downloaded through ProQuest's Dissertation and Theses database if your institution subscribes to that service.

Esta pesquisa analisou a trajetória intelectual e a produção científica do naturalista sueco Johan Albert Constantin Löfgren (1854-1918) contribuindo, assim, com a história das ciências naturais no Brasil na transição entre os séculos XIX e XX. Para atingirmos este objetivo realizamos uma análise do conteúdo da sua produção técnico-científica para identificamos a estruturação das suas publicações (temáticas e abordagens predominantes). Este processo possibilitou a seleção dos tópicos aprofundados na análise do discurso, cuja decodificação revelou a visão de ciência e o papel do conhecimento; o conteúdo geográfico a ele inerente, vinculado à formação e organização do espaço e de formação da identidade nacional; seu pioneirismo em várias áreas do saber; sua atuação em importantes instituições de pesquisa; e, a atualidade de seu pensamento. Apesar de estrangeiro, Löfgren inseriu-se muito bem na sociedade brasileira do século XIX: estabeleceu relações sociais; manteve contato com o governo de diversas províncias e com instituições científicas nacionais e internacionais; e, assumiu a chefia de importantes seções ligadas a institutos de pesquisas, tais como a Seccção Botanica e Meteorologia da Commissão Geographica e Geologica de São Paulo, o Museu Sertório (atual Museu Paulista), o Horto Botânico (atualmente conhecido como Horto Florestal, Parque Estadual Albert Löfgren), a Secção de Botânica da Inspetoria de Obras Contra as Seccas, e Secção de Botânica do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Revelando a influência que as visões de ciência de Humblodt e Ritter tiveram em sua formação, Löfgren valorizou o entendimento da influência do meio físico nas sociedades e se dedicou à preservação de peças de arqueologia e de história natural, em particular dos sambaquis do litoral paulista. Por sua iniciativa, foi organizado o serviço meteorológico em São Paulo e no Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Dedicou-se ao estudo da flora brasileira sob a ótica evolucionista, descrevendo seus aspectos fisionômicos e florísticos, sendo o primeiro a indicar um sistema para caracterizar os tipos e formas de vegetação do Cerrado. Löfgren envolveu-se no discurso científico durante o processo de formação e organização do espaço e da identidade nacional. Seus estudos sobre o potencial agrícola dos campos paulistas e do semiárido nordestino o levaram a combater a prática das queimadas e a dedicação exclusiva à monocultura. Ao denunciar os danos ambientais provocados pelo avanço das atividades econômicas e pelo crescimento desordenado das cidades, conseguiu o apoio de outros conservacionistas, que também se ergueram em defesa dos recursos florestais. Sua maior luta foi pela implantação de um serviço florestal que, por força de lei, garantisse a conservação das florestas. Albert Löfgren foi um cientista de seu tempo e criativo nas análises, propostas e prognósticos futuros. Um personagem da história da ciência paulista e brasileira, pouco conhecido e valorizado, cuja ampla contribuição, se colocada em prática, teria resultado em cenários melhores dos que existem hoje. O resgate histórico, a sistematização e a análise de sua produção permitiram fazer jus à sua memória científica e divulgar seu papel no entendimento do mundo geográfico paulista nos finais do século XIX e início do XX. / This research analyzed the intellectual and scientific history of the swedish naturalist Johan Albert Constantin Löfgren (1854-1918) thereby contributing to the history of natural sciences in Brazil in the transition between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. To achieve this goal we performed a content analysis of its technical-scientific production, to identify the structuring of his publications (predominant themes and approaches). This process enabled the selection of topics in-depth discourse analysis, which revealed the decoding view of science and the role of knowledge; geographic content to it inherently linked to the formation and organization of space and formation of national identity; his pioneering work in several areas of knowledge; his performance in major research institutions; and the current of his thought. Despite being foreign, Löfgren was introduced into Brazilian society of the nineteenth century: established social relations; maintained contact with the government of various provinces and with national and international scientific institutions; and assumed leadership of important sections linked to research institutes, such as Section Botany and Meteorology of Geographical and Geological Commission of São Paulo, the Museum Sertório (now Museu Paulista), the Horto Botânico (now Horto Florestal, Albert Löfgren State Park), Section of Botany, of Inspetoria de Obras Contra as Seccas, and the Section of Botany of Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro. Revealing the influence that the visions of science of Humblodt and Ritter had in his formation, Löfgren gave importance to the understanding of the influence of the physical environment in the societies, and was dedicated to the preservation of archaeological and natural history artifacts, in particular the sambaquis on the coast of São Paulo. By his initiative, was organized the weather service in São Paulo and in the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro. He devoted himself to the study of flora in the evolutionary perspective, describing its physiognomic and floristic aspects, and was the first to indicate a system to characterize the types and forms of Cerrado vegetation. Löfgren engaged in scientific discourse during the formation and organization of space and national identity. His studies on the agricultural potential of the fields in São Paulo and of semi-arid Northeast led him to combat the practice of burning and the dedication to monoculture. Denouncing the environmental damage caused by the advancement of economic activities and the unplanned growth of cities, won the backing of other conservationists, who also rose in defense of forest resources. His biggest fight was for the establishment of a forest service that, by law, guarantees the conservation of forests. Albert Löfgren was a scientist of his time and creative in the analyzes, proposals and future predictions. A character in the history of São Paulo and Brazilian science, little known and valued, whose large contribution, if put into practice, would result in the best scenarios that exist today. The historical review, systematization and analysis of his production allowed doing justice to his memory scientific and disseminating his role in the understanding of the São Paulo geographic world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Charles-Albert Cingria (1883-1954), écrivain de Suisse romande, a été longtemps chroniqueur à La NRF et a mené son activité littéraire aussi bien en Suisse qu'à Paris. Pourtant, il est très peu étudié en France. La question des langues est, chez ce voyageur polyglotte, au centre d'une constellation de considérations poétiques, esthétiques et rhétoriques qui donnent toute sa spécificité à cette oeuvre inclassable. Dans le contexte politique de la première moitié du XXe siècle, éclairé ici par la perspective de l'histoire des idées, ses conceptions sur les langues le placent dans la lignée des Anti-Lumières. Son oeuvre labyrinthique a par ailleurs été peu abordée dans sa globalité même, car elle résiste à toute les catégories d'ordinaire en usage, aussi bien sur le plan générique, thématique ou formel que sur le plan idéologique, tout en donnant au lecteur l'impression d'une oeuvre riche d'échos. Nous prenons ici le risque de la cohérence en choisissant pour fil rouge l'ensemble des représentations sur la langue et les langues dans un discours libéré de ses prétentions scientifiques. Ce parcours se fait d'abord à l'échelle d'un pamphlet précoce contre l'espéranto, puis au niveau de l'oeuvre entière, montrant qu'il relève chez Cingria d'une conception esthétique du monde perçu comme cosmos. L'imaginaire des langues repose enfin sur les mêmes principes que sa stratégie argumentative : au nom du naturel, la monstration prime sur la démonstration et l'évidence sur l'administration des preuves, aboutissant ainsi à des textes dont l'obscurité résulte paradoxalement d'une volonté de les rendre plus tangibles et incarnés. / Charles-Albert Cingria (1883-1954), a Swiss francophone writer, was a long-time columnist for La NRF. He wrote and lived in Paris as well as in his native Switzerland, but has been little studied in France. As a traveller and polyglot, he makes the observation of languages central to a constellation of poetic, aesthetic, and rhetorical considerations in his distinctive, unclassifiable work. In the political context of the beginning of the 20th century, studied here from the history of ideas’ perspective, his ideas about languages set him in the Anti-Enlightenment tradition. His labyrinthine work has never before been studied as a whole, perhaps because it refuses ordinary categorizations. On the level of genre, theme, and form, as well as on an ideological level, Cingria’s work thwarts conventional understanding, while letting the reader feel the echoes and resonances that fill the text. The author chooses to consider this work as coherent, and opts to view Cingria’s work through the lens of a main theme: its representations of language and languages within a discourse freed from scientific pretensions. This journey through Cingria’s thought begins with examining his early diatribe against Esperanto, then moves to a broader discussion of his work, showing that his representation of languages concerns above all an aesthetic conception of the world perceived as cosmos. The imaginary of languages ultimately rests on the same principles as his argumentative strategy: in the name of nature and the natural, obviousness takes precedence over demonstrating. These principles give rise to texts whose obscurity results, paradoxically, from the desire to make them more embodied and more concrete.

Dans le cadre de l'essor des Etats-Unis comme puissance mondiale, nous étudions dans quelle mesure leur croissanceintellectuelle est favorisée par les transferts d'étudiants dans les deux sens ou d'institutions françaises en Amérique. Parmicelles-ci, une attention toute particulière est donnée à l'Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques de Paris, dont nous avons dépouilléles archives, recensé les élèves américains depuis sa création jusqu'à la fin de notre période en 1932. Nous montronsl'importance de certains élèves, et étudions les établissements auxquels elle donne naissance en Amérique. Nous expliquons letransfert aux Etats-Unis du Musée Social de Paris. Nous tenons compte des réseaux d'historiens, de géographes,d'économistes, de sociologues et d'autres universitaires français et américains. Nous analysons les étudiants, y compris ceuxprovenant de programmes créés par James Hyde et Albert Kahn, où l'Université Harvard tient une place de choix. Ladétermination de la France à attirer les étudiants étrangers est au détriment de l'Allemagne où la plupart des grandsuniversitaires américains étaient formés. Nous étudions donc à travers une biographie intellectuelle de Jean Jules Jusserand,ambassadeur de France aux Etats-Unis pendant 22 ans, la guerre d'influence que les intellectuels allemands et français selivrent en Amérique, avant et pendant la Grande Guerre. / Within the context of the expansion of the United States as a world power, we study the extent to which their intellectualdevelopment is enhanced by bidirectional exchanges of students or transfers from French institutions to America. Amongthose, we take in in-depth look at the Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques in Paris. Having combed its archives, we could list theAmerican students there, from its founding to the end of our period of study in 1932. We point out the importance of somestudents and study the schools it gave birth to in America. We explain the transfer from the Musée Social or Paris to the U.S..We take into account the networking between French and American historians, geographers, economists, sociologists andother university scholars. We analyze exchange students, including those from programs created by James Hyde and AlbertKahn, with a particular emphasis on Harvard University. France is determined to attract foreign students at the expense ofGermany where the majority of the best American scholars were trained. Therefore, by way of an intellectual biography of JeanJules Jusserand, French ambassador to the U.S. for 22 years, we study the war of influence on American soil between Frenchand German intellectuals, before and during World War I.

LÉtranger e Le Mythe de Sisyphe fazem parte do que Camus nomeou de ciclo do absurdo,no qual se unem sob esse mesmo tema a escrita literária e a reflexão filosófica. O absurdo é essencialmente definido como um divórcio do homem com o mundo, mas encontramos no percurso filosófico do autor uma noção anterior a essa, as núpcias. A análise de todos os textos anteriores ao ciclo do absurdo nos mostra, porém, que núpcias e absurdo sempre fizeram parte da reflexão camusiana. Essas duas noções opostas sempre conviveram juntas, formando o que chamamos de o avesso e o direito, ideia que se reflete no título da primeira recolha de ensaios do autor. O objetivo dessa dissertação é, através de todos os escritos anteriores à narrativa, definir o avesso e o direito como um tema fundamental para a escritura de LÉtranger, onde se conjugam as núpcias e o absurdo, a literatura e a filosofia. / LÉtranger and Le Myth de Sisyphe make part of what Camus named as the absurd cycle, where the literary writing and the philosophical reflection are joined together under the same theme. The absurd is essentially definite as a divorce of man with the world, but we meet in the authors philosophical course a previous notion to it, the nuptials. The analysis of all former texts to the absurd cycle, show us, nevertheless, that nuptials and absurd always were part of camusian reflection. These two opposite notions always lived together, shaping what we call the wrong side and the right side, the title of the authors first reunion of essays. The purpose of this dissertation is, through the all writings written before the narrative, definite the wrong side and the right side as a fundamental theme to the scripture of LÉtranger, where the nuptials and the absurd, the literature and philosophy are joined together.

Le débat architectural du début du XXe siècle semble sous-tendu par les oppositions entre les tenants d'une tradition comme transmission historique ou régionale et ceux d'une modernité comme revendication de la tabula rasa. Mais si la modernité « intervient comme une coupure entre le passé et l'avenir […], elle assure aussi la jonction qui permet au passé de s'enrichir et à l'avenir de se souvenir » (Gasselin, 2007). Elle peut ainsi être observée dans les rapports qu'elle entretient avec la tradition, l'intérêt pour les cultures traditionnelles et vernaculaires s'amplifiant simultanément à l'émergence de la modernité architecturale. La thèse interroge les processus de fabrication qui permettent à l'architecte de construire une idée de la modernité architecturale qui se réclame de la tradition. Les enjeux de reconstruction après les guerres mondiales radicalisent les débats, conférant à la presse et aux grandes expositions internationales des rôles stratégiques de diffusion des idées. Les architectes en sont les acteurs principaux. En considérant l'architecture dans toutes ses dimensions de production (édifiée, représentée, écrite et publiée), nous formulons l'hypothèse qu'elle peut être analysée comme médium (c'est-à-dire comme support d'un message) et comme média (c'est-à-dire comme vecteur de communication). Par ailleurs, nous supposons que dans le processus de publication l'architecte fabrique simultanément un imaginaire du passé et une pensée du monde moderne. Nous identifions trois mouvements dans le processus de fabrication de cette pensée de la modernité. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéresserons au passage de l'architecture édifiée à l'architecture représentée en interrogeant la capacité des architectes à construire des filiations historiques et/ou géographiques, notamment à partir de l'observation de l'existant. Dans un deuxième temps, nous analyserons les relations entre architecture édifiée et architecture publiée en considérant, comme Beatriz Colomina, que le média imprimé permet un « nouveau contexte de production, existant en parallèle au terrain de construction » (Colomina, 1988). Enfin, en étudiant le passage de l'architecture publiée à l'architecture racontée, nous interrogerons le rôle des espaces de publication dans les processus de mise en récit de l'architecture. Afin de conduire cette étude, nous nous appuyons sur la production de l'architecte Albert Laprade (1883-1978). Acteur sur la scène architecturale moderne, il va participer également à la reconnaissance de l'architecture traditionnelle. La diversité de sa production nous permet de constituer un corpus édifié, dessiné et écrit qui s'élabore à partir de la forme publiée de son travail : articles parus sur sa production bâtie (publiés par d'autres architectes),articles écrits par Albert Laprade (presse professionnelle ou non),ouvrages de l'architecte tels que les Albums de croquis. / In the early XXth century, the architectural debate in France seems underpinned by the opposition between the proponents of a tradition, as historical or regional transmission, and those of modernity, as a claim of tabula rasa. But if modernity “comes as a cut between past and future […]”, it also ensures the junction that allows the past to enrich itself and the future to remember” (Gasselin, 2007). Thus, tradition can be observed through its relations with tradition, as the interest in traditional or vernacular cultures amplifies simultaneously with the emergence of architectural modernity. The PHD examines the manufacturing processes that allow the architect to build an idea of architectural modernity that claims of tradition.Reconstruction issues after the World Wars radicalized the debate, giving the press and international exhibitions a strategic role of dissemination of ideas, the architects being the main players. Considering architecture in all its production aspects (built, represented, written and published), we hypothesize that it can be analysed as a medium (that is to say, a carrier of a message) and as a media (that is to say, a communication vector). Furthermore, we assume that in the process of publishing, the architect simultaneously produces an imaginary past and a thinking of the modern world.We identify three movements in the manufacturing process of the thought of modernity. First, we will look at the transition from built architecture to represented architecture by querying the architects ability to build historical and / or geographic affiliations, especially from the observation of the existing. Secondly, we analyse the relationship between built architecture and published architecture, considering, as Beatriz Colomina, that the print media enables a “new context of production, existing in parallel to the construction site” (Colomina, 1988). Finally, studying the transition of published architecture to narrated architecture, we will question the role of publication spaces in the architecture storytelling process.To conduct this study, we rely on the production of the architect Albert Laprade (1883-1978). Player on the modern architectural scene, he participated in the recognition of traditional architecture. The diversity of its production allows us to establish a corpus, built, designed and written, that develops from the published form of his work:articles about his builts (published by other architects)articles written by Albert Laprade (trade press or not)books published by the architect as his Albums de croquis.

Pour Albert Camus, la littérature était à la fois une activité essentielle à son bonheur et un objet de réflexion. Afin de saisir quelle conception de la littérature et quelle vision du rôle de l’écrivain se dégagent de son oeuvre, ce mémoire aborde dans un même mouvement ses deux principaux essais, Le Mythe de Sisyphe et L’Homme révolté, et une pièce de théâtre, Caligula. Notre premier chapitre consiste dans la recherche de ce qui, pour Camus, fait de la création artistique une activité privilégiée dans l’horizon de la pensée de l’absurde et de la révolte. Dans le deuxième chapitre, les différents commentaires émis par la critique à propos de Caligula seront examinés. La pièce, malgré l’opinion dominante, ne raconte pas l’histoire d’un empereur absurde qui se révolte contre son destin. L’importance du thème de la création littéraire dans cette pièce a également été grandement sous-estimée. Enfin, le troisième chapitre de ce mémoire présente notre propre analyse de la pièce. La confrontation de la fiction avec la théorie révèle une grande concordance entre les deux aspects de l’oeuvre de Camus. L’accord n’est cependant pas parfait, et l’étude des points de friction découverts permet d’apporter des éclaircissements sur un des points les plus obscurs des essais de Camus : l’éthique du créateur placé dans une situation où il doit choisir entre tuer et mourir. / For Albert Camus, literature was both an activity crucial to his happiness and a study object. In order to understand what conception of literature can be found in Camus’ writings and the responsibilities of the writer that this definition implies, this memoir studies his two main essays, The Myth of Sisyphus and The Rebel, and one play, Caligula. Our first chapter consist in a research of what makes artistic creation an exceptional activity in the light of Camus’ thoughts on absurd on revolt. In our second chapter, the critics’ various commentaries about Caligula are examined. In spite of what is still the opinion of a majority of critics, the play is not the tale of an absurd emperor who would revolt against his destiny. Also, the theme of literary creation has not been sufficiently studied in that play, in which it plays a determinant role. Finally, the third chapter of this memoir presents our own analysis of the play. The confrontation of fiction and theory reveals a great similarity between the two aspects of Camus’ writings. However, the match is never perfect, and the study of the friction points allows us to shed light on one of the most obscure part of Camus’ essays: the ethic of the creator placed in a situation where he must kill or be killed.

The Albert Falls Area had witnessed severe competition over land use between agriculture, recreation, conservation and other land uses. The area also has been the scene for inefficient land management that led to degradation of land resources. For proper land use planning and environmental management, information on land use/cover change is vital. This study has developed a spatial and descriptive historical land use/cover databases for the years 1944, 1967, 1989, and 2000 to provide an understanding of land use/cover patterns in Albert Falls Area. The databases were created by interpreting historical aerial photographs and using Geographic Information Systems. The data was subsequently analyzed to detect relevant trends in land use/cover patterns in the study area. Generally land use/cover pattern of Albert Falls Area during the period 1944 to 2000 may be described as being mainly agricultural. The results showed a marginal increase of indigenous forests attributed to the continuous efforts by different governmental departments and policies that focused on the protection of the remaining patches of indigenous forests. Grassland not only decreased by more than half but it also deteriorated in quality during 1944 to 2000. Commercial Forestry predominates the study area and showed an increasing trend from 1944 to 1967. Cultivated Land was observed to decrease at the expense of Commercial Forestry plantations and Waterbodies. Although sugarcane plantations increased after 1967, total Cultivated Land showed a decreasing trend. The construction of Albert Falls Dam and other small Farm Ponds within the agricultural farms increased the land areas covered by Waterbodies. Residential Area coverage generally decreased irrespective of the encroachment of informal settlements, while that outside Non-Residential Area and Transportation Routes generally increased with the development of commercial agriculture in the area. Barren Land decreased continuously due to higher land demand in the study area. The study showed that land use/cover changes in Albert Falls Area. have resulted in habitat fragmentation, development of monoculture land use, flourishing of Farm Ponds in agricultural farms, and expansion of agricultural activities on marginal lands. Creation of corridors/linkages between the fragmented forest patches; commencement and implementation of the already well drafted land and land resource policies and regulations; commencement of the holistic management plans in the area were recommended for a sustainable land use. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

Habilitationsschrift--Bonn. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 412-415) and index.