Thesis (M.A.)--Bowling Green State University, 2009. / Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 71 p. Includes bibliographical references.

My thesis is that many of Tennyson's apparently paranormal experiences are explicable in terms of temporal lobe epilepsy; and that a study of the occurrence, in the work of art, of phenomena associated with these experiences, may be useful in elucidating the workings of the aesthetic imagination. A body of knowledge relevant to paranormal experience in Tennyson's life and work, assembled from both literary and biographical sources, is applied to a Subjective Paranormal Experience Questionnaire, compiled by Professor V.M. Neppe, in order to establish the range of the poet's apparently "psychic" experiences. The information is then analysed in terms of the symptomatology of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and the problems of differential diagnosis are considered. It is shown, by means of close and comparative analyses of a number of poems, that recurring clusters of images in Tennyson's poetry may have their genesis in TLE. These images are investigated in terms of modern research into altered states of consciousness. They are found to be consistent with a "model" of the three stages of trance experience constructed by Professor A.D. Lewis-Williams to account for shamanistic rock art in the San, Coso and Upper Paleolithic contexts. My study of the relevant phenomena in the work of a nineteenth century English poet would seem to offer cross-cultural verification of the applicability of the model to a range of altered-state contexts. This study goes on to investigate some of the psychological processes which may influence the way in which pathology is manifested in the poetry of Alfred Tennyson. But, throughout the investigation, the possible effects of literary precursors and of other art forms are acknowledged. The subjective paranormal phenomena in Tennyson's poems are compared not only with some modern neuropsychiatric cases, but also with those of several nineteenth-century writers who seem to have had similar experiences . These include Dostoevsky and Edward Lear, who are known to have been epileptics, and Edgar Allan Poe. Similarity between some aspects of Tennyson's work and that of various Romantic poets, notably Shelley, is stressed; and it is tentatively suggested that it might be possible to extrapolate from my findings in this study to a more general theory of the "Romantic" imagination.

A presente dissertação se propõe a estudar a criação do espaço Centro Cívico de Curitiba, partindo de três momentos. O primeiro refere-se ao Plano Agache de Curitiba, elaborado na década de 1940 pelo arquiteto que deu nome ao plano. O segundo refere-se ao Projeto do Centro Cívico propriamente dito, de 1951, que é elaborado atendendo a uma demanda do governo do estado do Paraná para a comemoração de seu centenário. O terceiro momento refere-se ao desdobramento de releituras feitas do projeto original, que culminarão com a criação do Museu Oscar Niemeyer, projeto do arquiteto que dá nome ao Museu. O nexo condutor do trabalho é a simbologia desses projetos para a criação de uma identidade coletiva. / The proposition of this dissertation is the study of the space known as Centro Cívico de Curitiba, in three different moments. The first refers to the Plano Agache, elaborated by the architect that named the plan in 1940. The second refers to the original Project of the Centro Cívico, from 1951, responding to a demand of the government of the state of Paraná, as part of the celebrations of its first centenary. The third moment refers to new lectures of the original project that led to the construction of the Museu Oscar Niemeyer, project of the architect that named the museum. The central idea that is developed in this dissertation is the simbology of these projects in the articulation of a collective identity.

The aim of this thesis is to examine whether Venezuela's democratic decline could be explained by the consolidation theory of Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan. Between the years 2005 – 2017, the organization Freedom House concluded that Venezuela’s political and civil rights declined, resulted in that Freedom House classified Venezuela from “partly free” in 2005 to “not free” in 2017, and several scientists classified Venezuela year 2017 as an autocracy. The method is to apply the consolidation theory and its five arenas (the civil society, the political society, rule of law, state bureaucracy and economic society) in the case Venezuela between the years 2005 – 2017. Each arena contains different qualifications which are all needed for a state to transition from democracy to consolidated democracy. However, in this thesis the aim is to study if the consolidation theory is able to explain a state’s transition from democracy to autocracy. By using material as scientific articles and reports, it is concluded that each arenas’ qualifications have deteriorated between the years 2005 - 2017. Therefore, it is found that the consolidation theory works very well in explaining a state’s transition from democracy to autocracy, which in this case is Venezuela.

viii, 214 p. / In this study, I examine the various techniques used by poets to provide consolation. With Tennyson's In Memoriam, I explore the relationship between formal and thematic consolation, i.e., the ways in which the use of formal elements of the poem, particularly rhyme scheme, is an attempt by the poet to attain and offer consolation. Early in his laureateship after the Duke of Wellington's funeral, Tennyson wrote "Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington," but this poem failed to meet his reading audience`s needs, as did the first major work published after Tennyson was named Poet Laureate: Maud. I argue that form and theme are as inextricably linked in Maud as they are in In Memoriam, and in many ways, Maud revises the type of mourning exhibited in In Memoriam. Later, I examine in greater detail the hallmarks of Victorian mourning. Although most Victorians did not mourn for as long or as excessively as Queen Victoria, the form her mourning took certainly is worth discussion. I argue that we can read Tennyson's "Dedication" to Idylls of the King and his "To the Mourners" as Victorian funeral sermons, each of which offers explicit (and at times, contradictory) advice to the Queen on how to mourn. Finally, I discuss the reactions to Tennyson's death in the popular press. Analyzing biographical accounts, letters, and memorial poems, I argue that Tennyson and his family were invested in the idea of "the good death"; Tennyson needed to die as he had lived--as the great Laureate. / Committee in charge: Richard Stein, Chair; Tres Pyle, Member; Deborah Shapple, Member; Raymond Birn, Outside Member

Ce travail propose de considérer l’oeuvre de Jarry comme une déformation, simple ou indirecte, de textes antérieurs écrits par autrui. Afin de décrire et d’analyser les différents aspects de son travail de seconde main, d’établir une typologie de ses formes et de ses pratiques, nous adoptons ces deux approches : l’intertextualité et l’historicité. D’une part, nous distinguons les deux formes de son écriture, allusive et dynamique : la réécriture comme production linéaire et le bricolage comme production combinatoire. D’autre part, nous situons l’oeuvre de Jarry dans un temps et un lieu déterminés. En dépit de la forte singularité de la personne de Jarry, ses textes sont indissociables des contextes qui caractérisent la fin du XIXe siècle. On ne saurait comprendre en effet le véritable enjeu de sa littérature au second degré sans tenir compte de ses multiples références à la philosophie occulte, à l’idéalisme subjectiviste, à l’esthétique archaïsante ou encore à la politique des faits divers. / This study sets out to consider Jarry’s works entirely as a deformation of texts written by others, whether direct or indirect. In order to describe and analyze the various aspects of this “creation at secondhand” and establish a typology of its forms and practices, we have approached it from the dual angle of the intertextual and the historical. In the first case we can discern both an allusive form and a dynamic form of Jarry’s writing: rewriting as a linear product and bricolage as a patchwork product, uniting various elements. In the second case we have situated Jarry’s work in the specific time and place of their appearance. Despite Jarry’s very individual personality, his texts cannot be taken out of the context that binds them to the end of the nineteenth century. It is impossible to understand the real issues underlying his literature of allusion without taking his many references to occult science, idealism and the prevailing archaizing aesthetics into account, to say nothing of the politics of “faits divers’’, the newspaper sensations of the day.

A presente dissertação se propõe a estudar a criação do espaço Centro Cívico de Curitiba, partindo de três momentos. O primeiro refere-se ao Plano Agache de Curitiba, elaborado na década de 1940 pelo arquiteto que deu nome ao plano. O segundo refere-se ao Projeto do Centro Cívico propriamente dito, de 1951, que é elaborado atendendo a uma demanda do governo do estado do Paraná para a comemoração de seu centenário. O terceiro momento refere-se ao desdobramento de releituras feitas do projeto original, que culminarão com a criação do Museu Oscar Niemeyer, projeto do arquiteto que dá nome ao Museu. O nexo condutor do trabalho é a simbologia desses projetos para a criação de uma identidade coletiva. / The proposition of this dissertation is the study of the space known as Centro Cívico de Curitiba, in three different moments. The first refers to the Plano Agache, elaborated by the architect that named the plan in 1940. The second refers to the original Project of the Centro Cívico, from 1951, responding to a demand of the government of the state of Paraná, as part of the celebrations of its first centenary. The third moment refers to new lectures of the original project that led to the construction of the Museu Oscar Niemeyer, project of the architect that named the museum. The central idea that is developed in this dissertation is the simbology of these projects in the articulation of a collective identity.

A presente dissertação se propõe a estudar a criação do espaço Centro Cívico de Curitiba, partindo de três momentos. O primeiro refere-se ao Plano Agache de Curitiba, elaborado na década de 1940 pelo arquiteto que deu nome ao plano. O segundo refere-se ao Projeto do Centro Cívico propriamente dito, de 1951, que é elaborado atendendo a uma demanda do governo do estado do Paraná para a comemoração de seu centenário. O terceiro momento refere-se ao desdobramento de releituras feitas do projeto original, que culminarão com a criação do Museu Oscar Niemeyer, projeto do arquiteto que dá nome ao Museu. O nexo condutor do trabalho é a simbologia desses projetos para a criação de uma identidade coletiva. / The proposition of this dissertation is the study of the space known as Centro Cívico de Curitiba, in three different moments. The first refers to the Plano Agache, elaborated by the architect that named the plan in 1940. The second refers to the original Project of the Centro Cívico, from 1951, responding to a demand of the government of the state of Paraná, as part of the celebrations of its first centenary. The third moment refers to new lectures of the original project that led to the construction of the Museu Oscar Niemeyer, project of the architect that named the museum. The central idea that is developed in this dissertation is the simbology of these projects in the articulation of a collective identity.

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In its earliest form, the Tristram legend was probably a Celtic folk-tale known in oral tradition as early as the eighth or ninth century. During the early part of the twelfth century it became known in France and Brittany; and there, in the later years of that same century, it was recorded in a lost romance now referred to as the Ur-Tristan. From this source, so it is believed, the earliest extant romances upon the subject were derived. During the twelfth century, two main versions developed—first the version des jongleurs, given in the poems of Béroul and Eilhart von Oberge, and second, the version courtoise given in Thomas's Tristan and some derivatives of it. Among these last, the Tristan of Gottfried von Strassburg, written about 1215, is generally regarded as one of the masterpieces of medieval literature. In the early thirteenth century, the legend was employed in an anonymous romance, the French prose Tristan. In this version, which was greatly influenced by the prose Lancelot cycle, the narrative is so grossly adulterated by the machinery of thirteenth-century courtly romance that the original love story is all but obscured. In most texts of the prose Tristan, even the traditional love-death scene is altered. This account of the legend became for five centuries the only version in which it was known. Two treatments of the legend appeared in Middle English literature. First is the northern Sir Tristrem, an anonymous poem composed about 1300 and based upon the Tristan of Thomas. Secondly, the Morte d'Arthur, composed by Sir Thomas Malory about 1469, contains an account of the Tristram legend based entirely upon the French prose Tristan. The legend did not again receive a major treatment in English literature until the mid-nineteenth century, when it became the subject of poems by Matthew Arnold, Alfred Lord Tennyson, and Algernon Charles Swinburne. Arnold's "Tristram and Iseult" is based, except for the love-death episode, upon the version courtoise. Arnold regarded as the central problem of the narrative, not the love story itself, but Tristram's conflicting loyalties to the two Iseults, and sympathized, not with the ill-fated lovers, but with Iseult of Brittany, the innocent victim of the tragic love. She becomes in his poem symbolic of the Stoic way of life, the compromise which Arnold offered to resolve the conflict of emotion and intellect. Tennyson treated the Tristram legend in "The Last Tournament," one of the Idylls of the King based upon Malory's Morte d'Arthur. The legend is employed in the moral allegory of the Idylls as an illustration of the evil consequences of adultery. In thus regarding the love story merely as a tale of adultery, Tennyson deviated greatly from the traditionally sympathetic treatment of the narrative. Swinburne's Tristram of Lyonesse is, like Arnold's poem, based chiefly upon the version courtoise. In Swinburne’s treatment the love story is again central, the theme being an exaltation of the ennobling and sanctifying power of human love. Along with the explicit exaltation of passionate love is an implied criticism of the hypocritical morality and distrust of passion which Swinburne regarded as prevalent in his age. Although these three Victorian poems differ widely in plot, characterization and purpose, the Tristram legend is employed didactically in each, and the purposes governing its didactic treatment are dictated by the age in which and for which the poems were written. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate