Universiẗat, Diss., 1999--Kassel. / Lizenzpflichtig.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Dortmund.

Zugl.: Bielefeld, Univ., Diss., 2006

Freie Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Berlin. / Dateiformat: zip, Dateien im PDF-Format.

Vem vill inte vara sig själv [Who Doesn't to be Himself]  opens a discussion on the meaning and function of the alter ego in contemporary culture. In the essay the writer goes back and forth between describing and analyzing the examples he presents, mainly subcultural and media influenced facts and phenomena, and here and there he connects them to personal experiences, among other things the part the alter ego played in his first meeting with art.

Cette étude présente l'un des parcours possibles d'analyse comparée sur la création poétique de la deuxième moitié du XXème siècle, en tâchant, sous l'égide de la notion de non-dualisme, de parvenir à la formulation de concepts qui puissent contribuer à redéfinir les épistémologies d'action propres à la poésie des années 1960-80 mais aussi, en perspective, de l'extrême contemporain. Cette approche de littérature générale nous amène à étudier des ouvrages d'auteurs hétérogènes, relevant du domaine moderniste francophone (Jean Daive, Michel Deguy, André du Bouchet, Denis Roche, Claude Royet-Journoud, etc.), germanophone (Paul Celan), et italien (Antonio Porta, Andrea Zanzotto, etc.), ainsi que de la poésie sonore (Bernard Heidsieck, Henri Chopin, Ernst Jandl, etc.) et de la poésie concrète, conceptuelle et minimaliste d'aire euro-américaine (Vito Acconci, Robert Barry, Aram Saroyan, etc.), dans la conscience qu'une proposition de théorie de la poésie ne saurait être formulée sans rendre compte des entrecroisements entre de multiples pratiques qui résultent, d'après l'étude des textes, étroitement reliées. Étant donnée la perspective théorique qui caractérise cette thèse, une attention particulière est consacrée aux interactions entre poésie, poétique et philosophie, la French Theory d'une part et la pensée de Wittgenstein de l'autre constituant les deux apports principaux pour la formulation des concepts proposés. Cette étude souhaite enfin offrir une proposition alternative de théorie de la poésie moderne, et elle est par conséquent en dialogue critique avec d'autres approches de ce genre, notamment celles de Jean-Marie Gleize, de Michael Hamburger et d'Henri Meschonnic. / This study proposes a comparative analysis of the poetry of the second half of XXth century. It aims, through the notion of non-dualism, to formulate concepts able to redefine the epistemologies of action of poetry from the 1960s to the 1980s but also, in a general perspective, of contemporary poetry. As a typical approach in general literary studies and literary theory, this thesis investigates the work of heterogeneous authors, with a focus on French (Jean Daive, Michel Deguy, André du Bouchet, Denis Roche, Claude Royet-Journoud, etc.), German (Paul Celan) and Italian modernism (Antonio Porta, Andrea Zanzotto, etc.), as well as sound poetry (Bernard Heidsieck, Henri Chopin, Ernst Jandl, etc.) and Euro-American concrete, conceptual and minimalist poetry (Vito Acconci, Robert Barry, Aram Saroyan, etc.). This choice is due to the scientific awareness that a proposition of a theory of poetry has to be formulated all the way through multiple approaches that result, thanks to text analyses, as deeply intertwined. Given the theoretical perspective of this dissertation, a specific attention is brought on the interactions among poetry, poetics and philosophy, French Theory and Wittgenstein being the two main inputs. Finally, this thesis wishes to offer an alternative proposition for a modern theory of poetry and it is therefore in a constant critical dialogue with other studies of the same genre, such as those of Jean-Marie Gleize, Michael Hamburger and Henri Meschonnic.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) on historical printings is a challenging task mainly due to the complexity of the layout and the highly variant typography. Nevertheless, in the last few years great progress has been made in the area of historical OCR resulting in several powerful open-source tools for preprocessing, layout analysis and segmentation, Automatic Text Recognition (ATR) and postcorrection. Their major drawback is that they only offer limited applicability by non-technical users like humanist scholars, in particular when it comes to the combined use of several tools in a workflow. Furthermore, depending on the material, these tools are usually not able to fully automatically achieve sufficiently low error rates, let alone perfect results, creating a demand for an interactive postcorrection functionality which, however, is generally not incorporated. This thesis addresses these issues by presenting an open-source OCR software called OCR4all which combines state-of-the-art OCR components and continuous model training into a comprehensive workflow. While a variety of materials can already be processed fully automatically, books with more complex layouts require manual intervention by the users. This is mostly due to the fact that the required Ground Truth (GT) for training stronger mixed models (for segmentation as well as text recognition) is not available, yet, neither in the desired quantity nor quality. To deal with this issue in the short run, OCR4all offers better recognition capabilities in combination with a very comfortable Graphical User Interface (GUI) that allows error corrections not only in the final output, but already in early stages to minimize error propagation. In the long run this constant manual correction produces large quantities of valuable, high quality training material which can be used to improve fully automatic approaches. Further on, extensive configuration capabilities are provided to set the degree of automation of the workflow and to make adaptations to the carefully selected default parameters for specific printings, if necessary. The architecture of OCR4all allows for an easy integration (or substitution) of newly developed tools for its main components by supporting standardized interfaces like PageXML, thus aiming at continual higher automation for historical printings. In addition to OCR4all, several methodical extensions in the form of accuracy improving techniques for training and recognition are presented. Most notably an effective, sophisticated, and adaptable voting methodology using a single ATR engine, a pretraining procedure, and an Active Learning (AL) component are proposed. Experiments showed that combining pretraining and voting significantly improves the effectiveness of book-specific training, reducing the obtained Character Error Rates (CERs) by more than 50%. The proposed extensions were further evaluated during two real world case studies: First, the voting and pretraining techniques are transferred to the task of constructing so-called mixed models which are trained on a variety of different fonts. This was done by using 19th century Fraktur script as an example, resulting in a considerable improvement over a variety of existing open-source and commercial engines and models. Second, the extension from ATR on raw text to the adjacent topic of typography recognition was successfully addressed by thoroughly indexing a historical lexicon that heavily relies on different font types in order to encode its complex semantic structure. During the main experiments on very complex early printed books even users with minimal or no experience were able to not only comfortably deal with the challenges presented by the complex layout, but also to recognize the text with manageable effort and great quality, achieving excellent CERs below 0.5%. Furthermore, the fully automated application on 19th century novels showed that OCR4all (average CER of 0.85%) can considerably outperform the commercial state-of-the-art tool ABBYY Finereader (5.3%) on moderate layouts if suitably pretrained mixed ATR models are available. / Die Optische Zeichenerkennung (Optical Character Recognition, OCR) auf historischen Drucken stellt nach wie vor eine große Herausforderung dar, hauptsächlich aufgrund des häufig komplexen Layouts und der hoch varianten Typographie. In den letzten Jahre gab es große Fortschritte im Bereich der historischen OCR, die nicht selten auch in Form von Open Source Tools interessierten Nutzenden frei zur Verfügung stehen. Der Nachteil dieser Tools ist, dass sie meist ausschließlich über die Kommandozeile bedient werden können und somit nicht-technische Nutzer schnell überfordern. Außerdem sind die Tools häufig nicht aufeinander abgestimmt und verfügen dementsprechend nicht über gemeinsame Schnittstellen. Diese Arbeit adressiert diese Problematik mittels des Open Source Tools OCR4all, das verschiedene State-of-the-Art OCR Lösungen zu einem zusammenhängenden Workflow kombiniert und in einer einzigen Anwendung kapselt. Besonderer Wert liegt dabei darauf, auch nicht-technischen Nutzern zu erlauben, selbst die ältesten und anspruchsvollen Drucke selbstständig und mit höchster Qualität zu erfassen. OCR4all ist vollständig über eine komfortable graphische Nutzeroberfläche bedienbar und bietet umfangreiche Möglichkeiten hinsichtlich Konfiguration und interaktiver Nachkorrektur. Zusätzlich zu OCR4all werden mehrere methodische Erweiterungen präsentiert, um die Effektivität und Effizienz der Trainings- und Erkennungsprozesse zur Texterkennung zu optimieren. Während umfangreicher Evaluationen konnte gezeigt werden, dass selbst Nutzer ohne nennenswerte Vorerfahrung in der Lage waren, OCR4all eigenständig auf komplexe historische Drucke anzuwenden und dort hervorragende Zeichenfehlerraten von durchschnittlich unter 0,5% zu erzielen. Die methodischen Verbesserungen mit Blick auf die Texterkennung reduzierten dabei die Fehlerrate um über 50% im Vergleich zum etablierten Standardansatz.

Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2006.

Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ, Diss., 2005.

Nesta pesquisa, discutem-se, à luz da teoria de Butler dedicada ao ciclo de vida da destinação turística, as particularidades que tornam a experiência de visitação da Vila de Alter do Chão, distrito de Santarém e pertencente ao Pólo turístico do Tapajós, situado a oeste do Estado do Pará. Com base numa abordagem teórico-empírica, constata-se que houve, naquele distrito, um percurso cíclico, com a transformação gradual de um pequeno vilarejo de pescadores e artesãos em um destino integralmente turístico. Como processo metodológico para a realização desta investigação fez-se uso de um vasto exame da literatura especializada, referente ao modelo de ciclo de vida da destinação. No intuito de ampliar o raio de ação da base teórica aqui visitada e atestar in loco os detalhes que fizeram de Alter do Chão uma referência no cenário turístico regional e nacional realizou-se entrevistas com quatro segmentos sociais do destino (Comunidade, Sociedade civil organizada, Poder Público e Iniciativa privada), complementadas por pesquisa documental. Dentre os itens analisados, observou-se a existência do atrativo em fase de exploração e envolvimento, porém, sem o aporte de infra-estrutura adequada e com deficiências de gestão turística pública e privada. Daí a necessidade de um planejamento voltado à sustentabilidade do turismo em Alter do Chão - PA. / It has been discussed on this research based on Butlers Theory of the life cycle of a tourist destination, particular features associated with the experience of visiting the village of Alter do Chão, Santarém district, belonging to Tapajós Tour Pole, located on the western portion of Pará State. Based on a theoretical and empirical approach, it can be stated that there is a cyclical path in that district with a gradual change from a small fishermen and craftsmen village into a tourist destination. Method involved a broad literature review about the model life cycle of a destination, acquisition of secondary data from official documents and primary data collect through field interviews conducted with representatives of four social segments of the destination (community, organized civil society, Government and private sector). Results show that this tourist destination is positioned exploration and involvement phase. They also show that there is no appropriate infrastructure investment, and, the private and public tourism management bodies are still deficient. Therefore, there is a needs for better planning that should focus on the sustainability of the tourism in Alter do Chão - PA.