Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Stuttgart, 1985. / Bibliography: p. 368-377.

Inaug.-diss.--Heidelberg. / "Diese Schrift ist das erste Kapitel eines Buches ... 'Frankfurt am Main und die Revolution von 1948/49' ..."

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Graz--Universität, 1988. / Bibliogr. p. 223-250.

Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-17T06:34:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-09T01:13:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 139107.pdf: 4067426 bytes, checksum: e4a1d7f5834cb78934157a3e69bc2447 (MD5)

For many years, meanings and interpretations of artefacts that are taken to represent African culture including the Ife bronzes have been predominantly produced and fixed by a team of western curatorial experts (Ciolfi, 2012). Such museum practices have prevented visitors and the people being represented by the artefact from participating in the process of interpretation and meaning-making. In the particular case of the ‘Ife bronzes’, the previous meaning and implications of the Ife ‘bronzes’ as part of ‘the cradle of the world’, according to Yoruba oral traditions, are yet to be given the amount of attention they deserve. For a long time the interpretations and meanings produced by curators were drawn from the writings and accounts of earlier western travellers, explorers and colonial officials whose culture affected how the Ife bronzes have been perceived and interpreted (Coombes, 1997: Vogel, 1999). Today despite the impact of ‘the new museology’, strong traces of such biased interpretations and meanings are still evident in the framing of the Ife bronze head, exhibited at the British Museum Sainsbury African gallery as a ‘funerary object’ in postcolonial times. Such narratives highlight ‘relations of power and not relations of meanings’ (Foucault, 1980:114). These contemporary exhibitionary frames highlight the need for interpretations and meanings that will consider how changing roles, ownership, usage, political situations and geographical location have affected and will affect the Ife bronzes. In this thesis I carry out this work, documenting the social life of the Ife bronzes from pre-colonial Ife to postcolonial digital British Museum. I argue that there is a need for a new space that will encourage rewriting, revising and representing the Ife bronzes in a more capacious way to depict their changing meaning as they journeyed through time. This theory is in line with Hall (1997) and Foucault’s (1980) theories that meanings and interpretations are not static but are affected by time and changing context. The thesis therefore explores the multifaceted political, economical and sociocultural implications of the Ife bronzes. Despite these wider implications of Ife bronzes, they are still only too often shrouded in narratives that tend to validate the supremacy, civilisation and intellectual ‘supremacy’ of the West instead of substantiating the ingenuity, civilisation and intellectual capabilities of Africa. Digitisation is critically considered as offering a potential new space for representing Ife bronzes in a new light that might allow meanings with postcolonial ideology to emerge. Focusing on different periods involving the Ife bronzes (the pre-colonial, colonial and postcolonial) the thesis explores the potentials of digital representation. The thesis concludes that digital representation but only combined with a critical contextual approach, have the potentials of initiating a more thorough decolonisation of the Ife bronzes through an inclusive participatory culture.

English Heritage properties contain a wealth of textiles on open display, however these are ephemeral objects. Amongst the natural fibres found in historic houses, silk is reported to be the most vulnerable to damage, especially from light. The critical deterioration factors for silk deterioration have been reassessed highlighting the important role of humidity, which has previously been overlooked. Monitoring behind a number of tapestries has recorded the formation of high humidity microclimates. This is a possible reason for the similar condition of brightly coloured samples taken from the reverse of a tapestry and the same thread which had faded on the displayed side. Kinetics experiments studied the rate of silk deterioration and suggest the activation energy is approximately 50 kJ mol-1, although this may vary for other types of silk, such as weighted materials. However as elemental analysis demonstrated around 10% of the 100 samples, taken from over 1000 objects containing silk in the English Heritage collection, were from tin-weighted silks, plain silks were the study’s focus. Year long accelerated ageing experiments have demonstrated that although the inclusion of UV radiation during light ageing increased the rate of deterioration, light ageing caused small changes to silk. Thermal ageing with different humidity levels demonstrated increasing the relative humidity (RH), increased the rate of silk deterioration significantly. Further degradation of silk was observed when samples had been contaminated by the saturated salt solution used to create the RH environment during ageing. During ageing increased RH and increased temperatures led to greater yellowing of silk samples. Experimental results have been used to make preventive conservation recommendations including lowering the RH below 50%, reducing the temperature and the continued exclusion of UV radiation. A theoretical silk deterioration curve for unweighted silk has been drawn, from which initial isoperms have been plotted. The analytical results have been compared with near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy using multivariate analysis (MVA). This developed a predictive model for the tensile strength of silk using the NIR spectra. The potential of this non-invasive, non-destructive technique to monitor silk condition in situ has been tested at Brodsworth Hall and shown to rank the condition of samples successfully.

One of the distinctive features of the Fourth Gospel is the emphasis placed on the divine name (ὄνομα). The name occurs eight times (5.43; 10.25; 12.13, 28; 17.6, 11-12, 26), in key passages and in striking expressions such as “I have made known your name” (17.6) and “your name, which you gave me” (17.11). This thesis uses historical-critical methodology in a close reading of the Fourth Gospel to determine why John is so attracted to the name category. It is argued that, for John, the divine name was fundamentally an eschatological category with a built-in duality or “associative” significance, which he derives primarily from his reading of Isaiah. It is plausible that Isaiah was the primary impetus for John’s interest in the divine name, because name language is bound up with the “I am” expression and glory language in Isaiah— both of which more clearly underlie John’s “I am” sayings and glory motif. Furthermore, the significance of the name in Isaiah as the object of eschatological expectation (Isa 52.6), and as a concept by which God is associated with his Servant, attracted John to the name category as ideal for his nuanced presentation of Jesus. In John’s use of the name category, it is possible to distinguish the question of significance from that of referent, meaning, and function. This, in turn, facilitates a clear evaluation of possible catalysts for John’s name concept. It is demonstrated that a variety of Jewish and Christian background influences contributed to John’s name concept at the level of referent, meaning, and function. However, the eschatological and associative significance of the name in the Fourth Gospel is particularly indebted to the name concept in Isaiah. This is significant, in part, because Isaiah places such emphasis on the exclusivity of God. It may be that a zeal for God’s exclusivity had generated accusations against the community of believers known to John, that, by their allegiance to Jesus, they were guilty of blaspheming the name in particular. The name was, perhaps, a “flashpoint” for the community, and the text of Isaiah a key battle-ground for defining fidelity to God, and the identity of the people of God. By associating Jesus with the divine name, John legitimates the allegiance of believers to Jesus in the face of Jewish opposition, as well as comforts those who were troubled by the continued absence of Jesus, with the point that they were yet identified by the divine name (17.11), and that eschatological revelation of the name promised in Isaiah was extended to their own time as well (17.26b).

Unidades de conservação (UC) tem sido a principal estratégia para conservação biológica ao longo de todo o planeta. Entretanto, nos últimos anos as UC tem sido desacreditadas, diminuidas e desoficializadas. Neste estudo, o papel das UC em relação a proteção da fauna ictica da pesca é investigada no Rio Tapajós. Parâmetros ambientais foram quantificados para distinguir entre as influências relativas dessas variáveis e da pressão pesca. Três hipóteses foram testadas: 1) UC sofrem menor pressão de pesca do que áreas não protegidas; 2) Pescadores de UC têm captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) de peixes maior que os pescadores de áreas desprotegidas; 3) Assembléia de peixes de lagos de planície de inundação localizados em áreas não protegidas tem menor biomassa, abundância, presença de peixes de interesse, riqueza, tamanho médio e nível trófico do que lagos localizados em UC. Doze comunidades ribeirinhas de duas UCs de uso sustentável e uma área não protegida foram amostradas. A pressão pesqueira de cada área foi estimada usando o registro de 2013 desembarques pesqueros de 51 pescadores durante 12 meses. Além disso, duas coletas (período de águas altas e baixas) foram realizadas em 4 lagos em cada uma das áreas para amostrar a assembléia de peixes e 11 variáveis ambientas ligadas a físico-quimica da água, estrutura e morfologia dos lagos. O CPUE dos pescadores foi menor na área não protegida do que nas UCs e a biomassa total de peixes capturados foi maior na área não protegida. Estes resultados são a primeira evidência que UCs voltadas principalmente para conservação terrestre (florestal) podem atuar sinergicamente para reduzir os níveis da pesca e aumentar a densidade de peixes alvo na bacia amazônica. Por outro lado, diferenças consistentes nos descritores biológicos entre as UCs e a área protegida não foram encontrados nos lagos de planície de inundação. Este resultado é corroborado quando os desembarques pesqueiros oriundos dos lagos são analisados seperadamente, os quais mostram valores de CPUE de pescadores similares entre as UCs (áreas protegidas) e a área desprotegida. Estes descritores biológicos estiveram mais relacionados com parâmetros ambientais, como profundidade, cobertura de habitat e tamanho e morfologia dos lagos. Diferença na pressão pesqueira entre os lagos e o rio e também relacionadas ao co-manejo local podem estar influenciando a ausência de relação entre a assembleia de peixe de lagos e as UCs. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho indicam que a variação ambiental entre os lagos cria diferentes associações de espécies de peixe no espaço e no tempo e portanto essas variáveis devem ser levadas em conta em qualquer plano de manejo na Amazônia. 6 Palavras-chave: pesca de pequena escala, conservação, heterogeneidade espacial, Rio Tapajós, manejo pesqueiro, impactos ambientais

Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta para simular a geração, o transporte e a redistribuição de sedimentos em bacias de grande escala, através da integração de uma metodologia simplificada para estimativa da distribuição espacial e temporal da perda de solo na bacia com uma metodologia de transporte de sedimentos em rios com planícies de inundação, e com o modelo hidrológico distribuído MGB-IPH. O MGB-IPH é um modelo hidrológico distribuído de grandes escalas, baseado em processos, que adota uma discretização da bacia em minibacias e o conceito de Unidades de Respostas Hidrológicas (URH). O modelo usa equações de base física para simular os processos hidrológicos, como o modelo de evapotranspiração de Pennan Monteith, e utiliza a abordagem de Muskingum-Cunge e um modelo hidrodinâmico 1D para propagar as vazões nos rios, incluindo efeitos de remanso e inundações sazonais. A integração considera a possibilidade de aplicação em bacias com escassez de dados e o uso de utilização de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas e dados espacializados. Buscou-se representar a dinâmica dos sedimentos em grandes bacias, tendo como estudo de caso a bacia do rio Madeira, caracterizada pela sua grande extensão territorial (~1,4.106 km2) e elevada produção de sedimentos. A MUSLE é utilizada para estimar a perda de solo em cada minibacia considerando um fator topográfico LS bidimensional extraído do SRTM/MDE e os demais parâmetros obtidos da literatura ou por formulações específicas. O transporte de sedimentos nos rios é realizado utilizando uma equação de advecção para partículas de silte e argila (materiais em suspensão) e uma equação da continuidade para partículas de areia (carga de fundo). Uma troca lateral de sedimentos em suspensão também é permitida entre os rios e suas planícies de inundação. As metodologias acopladas ao MGB forneceram resultados satisfatórios na bacia do rio Madeira, possibilitando uma visão distribuída da localização das principais fontes de geração de sedimentos na bacia e dos trechos de rios com maiores cargas de sedimentos transportadas. A dinâmica geral dos sedimentos, desde os principais locais de geração de sedimentos na bacia até a sazonalidade do transporte de sedimentos em suspensão nos principais rios, foi representada de forma distribuída. As concentrações e as cargas de sedimentos em suspensão simuladas foram comparadas com dados observados, nas escalas anual, mensal e diária, com ajustes satisfatórios entre elas ao longo dos principais rios da bacia. A transferência lateral de sedimentos entre rio e planície indicaram que 35% de toda a carga de sedimentos provenientes dos Andes é depositada nas planícies. Essa representação também permitiu o amortecimento dos picos e o retardo da propagação das concentrações. As concentrações e as cargas médias mensais de sedimentos em suspensão apresentaram comportamento semelhante aqueles descritos por outros estudos realizados neste bacia, os quais a avaliaram a partir de dados de campo. Apesar dos resultados satisfatórios, foi feita uma avaliação das potencialidades e limitações do modelo e fornecidas recomendações para trabalhos futuros. / It was developed a tool for modelling the production, transport and redistribution of sediments for large scales river basins, by integrating a simplified methodology to predict the spatial and temporal distribution of the soil loss over the basin with a methodology to transport sediments along river with floodplains, and couple them to the MGB-IPH hydrological distributed model. The MGB-IPH is a large-scale, distributed and process based hydrological model that uses a catchment based discretization and the Hydrological Response Units (HRU) approach. It uses physical based equations to simulate the hydrological processes, such as the Penman Monteith model for evapotranspiration, and uses the Muskingum Cunge approach and a full 1D hydrodynamic model for river routing; including backwater effects and seasonal flooding. The integration considers possible applications of the model in basins with data scarcity and the use of geographic information systems and spatially distributed information. It aimed to represent the sediments dynamics of large basin using the Madeira river basin as a case study, which is a large basin (~1,4.106 km2) with high amount of sediment transportation. The MUSLE model is used to predicts basin sediment production et each catchment considering a bi-dimensional topographic LS factor extract from SRTM/DEM and values of the other parameters derived from literature or specific equations. Sediment transport along the river are performed using an advection equation for silt and clay (suspended materials) and a sediment continuity equation for sand (bed load). A lateral exchange of suspended sediments is also allowed between rivers and its floodplains. The methodologies coupled with the MGB-IPH model provided satisfactory results in the Madeira river basin, allowing a distributed view of sediment production sites over the basin and of the rivers reaches transporting large amount of sediments. General sediment dynamic was represented in a spatialized way, including the main sources of sediment productions and the suspended sediment transport seasonality. Concentrations and loads of simulated suspended sediment were compared with observed data at annual, monthly and daily scales, shown satisfactory adjustments between them along the main rivers of the basin. Lateral exchanges of suspended sediment between rivers and floodplains indicated that near 35% of all Andeans loads are deposited into floodplains. This representation also allowed the damping of the peaks and the routing delay of the concentrations and of the loads of suspended sediments. Mean monthly concentrations and loads of suspended sediments showed similar behaviors of those described by other researches at this basin using observed data. Despite the satisfactory results, an assessment was made of the potential and limitations of the model and provided recommendations for future work.

O estudo da geologia e geoquímica do carbonatito Seis Lagos e da jazida de Nb e ETR associada foi realizado a partir de testemunhos de dois furos de sondagem efetuados pela CPRM nos anos 70. Um dos furos, locado numa parte mais central do morro dos Seis Lagos, perfurou a crosta laterítica mineralizada, interpretada como formada a partir do carbonatito alterado. O outro furo, locado fora da estrutura mineralizada, perfurou a encaixante gnáissica e cortou, a 230 m de profundidade, um dique de carbonatito originalmente descrito neste trabalho. As técnicas utilizadas foram microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica, difratometria de raios X e análises químicas de rocha total por ICP. As características químicas e mineralógicas do carbonatito caracterizam-no como um siderita carbonatito. O Nb ocorre na forma mineralógica de chumbopirocloro; os ETR ocorrem principalmente na monazita e subordinadamente na barita e na gorceixita. O carbonatito apresenta concentrações anômalas de Nb, ETRL (especialmente pelo Ce), Ba, Sr e Pb. A crosta laterítica foi subdividida em 7 tipos texturais/composicionais, do topo para a base: crosta pisolítica, crosta fragmentada, crosta mosqueada, crosta roxa com oólitos, crosta manganesífera, crosta roxa e crosta marrom. Em todas as crostas, a hematita é o mineral mais abundante, seguido pela goethita; na crosta manganesífera (até 32% de MnO), o principal mineral de Mn é a hollandita; os ETR ocorrem na forma de florencita (secundária) e o Nb na forma de Nb-rutilo e Nb-brookita (ambos relictos). A Nb-brookita ocorre na forma de oólitos com estrutura do tipo anéis de Liesegang, sua origem pode ser ligada ao estágio hidrotermal. A crosta manganesífera exerceu um forte efeito (scavenger) sobre a distribuição vertical de alguns elementos, notadamente pelo Co, Ba, Ce e ETRP que, lixiviados de crostas superiores, foram enriquecidos na crosta manganesífera. A remobilização dos ETR durante a lateritização foi bem menor nas crostas mais inferiores. Nestas, o Ce4+ foi fortemente estabilizado e enriquecido em até 10 vezes. Além deste, somente o La foi apenas localmente um pouco enriquecido. O enriquecimento do Nb na laterita em relação ao carbonatito foi da ordem de 10 vezes, eventualmente atingindo 100 vezes. As modificações nas concentrações de Nb ao longo do perfil laterítico são associadas a variações nas composições do protólito e aos processos de abatimento da laterita. Um processo de bauxitização posterior parece ter afetado a parte superior do perfil laterítico; parte da florencita aí existente pode ser ligada a esta fase. / The geology and geochemistry of the Seis Lagos carbonatite and the Nb and REE bearing associated ore deposit were studied using cores of two drill holes performed by CPRM in the 70´s. One of the drills, allocated in a central part of the Seis Lagos hill, cut a weathered and mineralized lateritic crust that was interpreted as formed by the carbonatite alteration. The other core, allocated outside the mineralized structure, cut the gneissic host rock and a carbonatite dyke, at 230m depth. This carbonatite is first described in this report. The techniques used in this work were the optic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and ICP bulk rock chemical analyses. The chemical and mineralogical carbonatite data classify it as a siderite carbonatite. Th and Nb occur as plumbopyrochlore; REE as monazite and, subordinately, in barite and gorceixite. Anomalous concentrations of Nb, LREE (especially Ce), Ba, Sr and Pb were found in the carbonatite. The lateritic crust were subdivided in 7 textural/compositional types, from top to bottom: pisolitic crust, fragmented crust, mottled crust, purple crust with oolits, manganesitic crust, purple crust and brown crust. In all of the crusts, the hematite is the main mineral, followed by goethite; at the manganesitic crust (up to 32% of MnO), the main Mn mineral is hollandite; the REE occurs as florencite (secondary) and the Nb crystallize as Nb-rutile and Nb-brookite (both relict). The Nb-brookite occurs at the form of oolits with Liesegang rings structures, and its genesis may be connected to a hydrothermal stage. The manganesitic crust produced a strong effect (scavenger) over the vertical distribution of some elements, especially the Co, Ba, Ce and HREE that were leached from upper crusts and enriched in the manganesitic crust. The remobilization of REE during the lateritization process was less effective in the lower crusts. In these, the Ce4+ was strongly stabilized and enriched up to 10 times. In addition to this, only the La was locally slightly enriched. The enrichment of Nb in laterite, in relation to the carbonatite, was on average 10 times, eventually up to 100 times. The change in the Nb concentrations along the laterite profile was associated to the changes in the protolith composition and laterite collapse process. A posterior bauxitic process seems to have affected the upper lateritic profile, and part of the florencite can be connected to this stage.