Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2005. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 godoi_ds_dr_jabo.pdf: 897423 bytes, checksum: fd8e0025cba418494fc2ff5cab144592 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com o objetivo de estudar a diversidade dos peixes de dois afluentes do rio Teles Pires, foram realizadas expedições bimestrais entre outubro de 2005 e dezembro de 2006. Para amostragem da ictiofauna dos afluentes, foram cercados 75m de cada trecho com rede de arrasto; a coleta foi feita através de redes de arrasto manuais, puçás e peneiras. O esforço de coleta aplicado a cada variante metodológica foi de 40 minutos. No total foram coletados 3362 exemplares, pertencentes a 5 ordens, 26 famílias, 65 gêneros e 106 espécies. A ordem Characiformes, foi a mais representativa. As famílias mais abundantes numericamente foram Characidae e Cichlidae, em ambos os rios e períodos analisados. Para a jusante do rio Taxidermista e do rio Verde Paraíso ocorreu maior diversidade na seca, decaindo na cheia. A menor diversidade encontrada foi no período da seca à montante do rio Taxidermista. Para o rio Taxidermista, ocorreu uma pequena similaridade em todo o período de coletas, entre os dois trechos, 0,1 na cheia e 0,3 na seca. Já para o rio Verde Paraíso, houve maior similaridade entre os dois trechos, sendo que a maior foi no período da seca (0,80) e a menor na cheia (0,72). Para o Taxidermista os resultados dos cálculos da constância de ocorrência indicaram 2 espécies constantes entre os trechos a montante e a jusante no período da cheia e para o período da seca, 5. No Rio Verde Paraíso no período da cheia, 9 espécies foram consideradas constantes entre a montante e a jusante e 22 no período da seca. / With the objective to study the diversity of fishes in two affluents from River Teles Pires there were realized bimonthly expeditions between October of 2005 and December of 2006. For samples of the ichthyofauna from the affluents, there were encompassed 75 meters from each river with dragging net; gathering was done with puca and sieves. The applied effort of gathering with each methodological variant was of 40 minutes. In total, there were collected 3362 samples, from 5 orders, 26 families, 65 genders and 106 species. The order Characiformes was the most representative. The most present in numbers were the families Characidae and Cichlidae, in both rivers and periods analyzed. For the downstream of the river Taxidermista and of the river Verde Paraíso occurred more diversity in drought, decreasing in flood. The minor diversity found was in the drought period in transom of the river Taxidermista. For river Taxidermista, occurred a small similarity in all collecting period, among the two stretch, 0,1 in flood and 0,3 in drought. For the river Verde Paraíso, there was a greater similarity among the two stretches, as for the greater in the drought period (0,80) and the smallest in flood (0,72). For the Taxidermista the results of the calculations of the constant occurrence pointed two constant species between the stretches the transom and the downstream in seasons of flood and for the drought, 5. In the river Verde Paraíso in the flood season, 9 species were considered constant between the transom and downstream and 22 in the season of drought.

This thesis is based on fieldwork undertaken in a multi-ethnic indigenous organisation, the Native Federation of Madre de Dios and tributaries (FENAMAD), in the Amazonian region of Madre de Dios in Peru. I explore the question “what is a good leader?” and offer a contribution to the literature on indigenous movements by focusing on the significant role that indigenous communities play in the development of leaders. Alterity is at the heart of the Federation as the leaders, who are elected to represent the communities, have to deal with various “others” on a daily basis, both indigenous and non-indigenous. The main focus is on how alterity is managed and made productive by the leaders. By analysing the instrumental use of the term hermano (brother) in indigenous politics I try to understand the way in which the “outside” is constantly defined and redefined in an attempt to produce a stable “inside” space in which indigenous politics can take place. I look at how the native communities affiliated to the organisation actively work towards establishing leaders who fulfil certain roles and expectations, which may at times be different to those promoted by the state. My ethnography shows that communities expect good leaders to be consecuente (consistent, trustworthy). I look at the process of “becoming a leader” and how the experience of these new leaders is understood as both performative and authentic, as an expression and outward display of their values and identity. By problematising authenticity, I explore how leaders not only tap into indigenous discourses, as performance of an identity for Western audiences, but use strategic markers (such as indigenous dress) and discourse to establish themselves as legitimate representatives in their own communities, as the base from which they draw power. Llegando bien a la comunidad (doing right by your community) is seen to be a motivating factor in a leader’s actions and choices, and this highlights the importance given by leaders to being seen in a good light by their home communities. In analysing the importance of presencia en las comunidades (presence in the communities), I show how this helps to embed leaders in community life, both during their time as leaders and afterwards. I also relate the leadership role to its function in “producing people”, as empowered and able to act. The role of the Federation in the production of knowledge is explored to uncover the links between power and knowledge, whereby knowledge becomes significant for constituting power in leaders and communities. An analysis of the language used during important events such as the triannual congress offers insight into how both leaders and communities are producing each other. It is through language that leaders work to produce a trustworthy, reliable social body, necessary for the continuance of the Federation and for furthering its aims of indigenous autonomy and self-determination.

Biomass burning aerosol can perturb the atmospheric energy budget and hence regional and global climates via interactions with solar radiation and cloud microphysics. Furthermore, there are significant deleterious effects on human and ecosystem health. The magnitude and nature of these impacts is driven by the aerosols physiochemical properties and their vertical distribution. However the drivers of these are poorly characterised, especially in the tropics where widespread biomass burning is co-located with complex cloud fields and processes, high levels of solar insolation and rapid land use change. In this work the key drivers determining the geographic, vertical, meteorological and temporal variability of biomass burning haze in tropical South America are identified and quantified. This is based on an analysis of simultaneous and vertically resolved measurements of aerosol burden, aerosol intrinsic properties (composition, size, hygroscopicity and optics), gas phase mixing ratios and atmospheric thermodynamics. These novel in-situ measurements were undertaken during research flights as part of the South America Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA) campaign in September/October 2012. A clear difference is observed between the two distinct fire regimes in tropical South America. Cerrado (deforestation) regimes in the east (west) are found to be characterised by more flaming (smouldering) combustion, leading to a contrast in emissions with relatively more (less) refractory black carbon to organic aerosol and smaller (larger) aerosol sizes. This results in a population which absorbs (scatters) more incoming solar radiation. Furthermore, the aerosol vertical distribution differs between regimes: in the east (west) biomass burning aerosol of a similar loading is distributed from the surface to ~4 km (~2 km). This is driven by contrasting thermodynamics, in particular convective mixing, and plume injection to greater altitudes in the east. This work is the first demonstration of a contrast between these two regions from in-situ measurements. The additional atmospheric heating from biomass burning aerosol, calculated from in-situ measurements for the first time in the tropics, is significant in both fire regimes, but especially so in the eastern Cerrado where it is greater than that from molecular absorption. Heating also increases with altitude in the east, owing to the prevalence of flaming combustion which is observed to inject more absorbing emissions to higher altitudes. Models do not consider this process, nor do they capture (via emissions factors) the regional difference identified. As such, the associated effects on atmospheric stability, cloud formation and large scale dynamics may not be adequately considered in model simulations and thus predictions may not be representative. To contextualise the in-situ measurements, satellite derived climatologies of fire and aerosol properties are presented for the past decade. In the west the aerosol and trace gas burden has significantly declined, in association with deforestation rates, total fire count and fire intensity. In the east, a small increase in aerosol and trace gas burden is coupled to decreasing single scattering albedos and increasing absorption at near-UV wavelengths, fire intensity and relative fire occurrence. The findings presented in this work offer new insight into the nature of tropical biomass burning aerosols: on how and why fire regimes result in contrasting physiochemical properties; on how the population is vertically distributed and why this varies between regimes; and on the significant additional heating biomass burning aerosol transfers to the atmosphere. In tropical South America specifically, the heating rate is greatest in the eastern Cerrado regions, co-located with increases in fire count and intensity and thus likely to have an increasingly significant impact on weather and climate in the region.

Characterization of an ancestral territory of the indigenous community of Macedonia was performed (Colombian Amazon located 57 km upstream from Leticia); through the cultural maps analysis obtained of ethnographic methodology based on social mapping and one analysis through intersubjective processes of consensus.As a result, georeferenced maps that generate an approximation of non-places that give access to shamanistic macro-space were obtained, which in turn is used to generate a local cultural revaluation that encourage glocalization  processes in the context of globalization. / Se realizó una caracterización ancestral del territorio de la comunidad indígena de Macedonia (Amazonas Colombiano ubicada a 57 km de Leticia río arriba); a partir del análisis de mapas culturales obtenidos de una metodología etnográfica sustentada en cartografía social y un análisis a través de procesos intersubjetivos de consensualización. Como resultado se obtuvieron mapas georreferenciados que generan una aproximación a los no lugares que dan acceso al macroespacio chamanístico, lo que a su vez sirve para generar una revalorización cultural local que fomentaría procesos de glocalización en el marco de la globalización.

Impactos sócio-ambientais negativos têm colocado a gestão do meio ambiente e dos recursos hídricos em cheque. Produção econômica intensiva, especialmente onde existem hidrelétricas, tem conduzido à perda de abundância e riqueza de espécies e conseqüente diminuição de produção de serviços ambientais à sociedade. Em contrapartida, avanços científicos em ecologia têm demonstrado que a conservação de regimes hidrológicos é o caminho para conservação de ecossistemas e para manutenção da produção de serviços ambientais. É neste contexto que cresce em importância a ferramenta de vazões ambientais, que tem como propósito compatibilizar interesses dos diferentes setores de produção, ao manter em corpos d’água regimes hidrológicos que produzam melhores resultados sócio-econômicos com menores impactos ambientais. O objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um método para a escolha de vazões ambientais, especialmente em regiões com escassez de informações ecológicas. O método proposto fundamenta-se na relação de influência direta entre conservação de regimes hidrológicos, conservação de ecossistemas e produção de serviços ambientais. Para isto, as alterações de regimes hidrológicos são quantificadas para qualificar o grau de conservação do ambiente e de produção econômica por serviços ambientais. O método consiste em diagnosticar alterações hidrológicas, elaborar potenciais regras de vazões ambientais, simular numericamente sua aplicação e prognosticar seus impactos via estudos de alteração hidrológica e de produção econômica por atividades antrópicas. A aplicação da metodologia foi dividida em dois estudos de casos. No primeiro, foram analisadas vazões ambientais para o projeto de aproveitamento hidrelétrico de Belo Monte, no rio Xingu, que ainda não sofre de alterações significativas do regime hidrológico. O segundo estudo consistiu do estudo do grau e da extensão de alteração do regime hidrológico pelo aproveitamento múltiplo da Usina de Manso, no rio Manso, afluente ao rio Cuiabá que drena ao Pantanal. Como resultado, o método mostrou ser flexível a diferentes configurações de disponibilidade de informação, além de possibilitar a escolha de vazões ambientais de forma transparente, colaborativa e participativa. A confiabilidade do método, no entanto, depende da representatividade das informações hidrológicas e do grau de incertezas quanto à relação entre alteração hidrológica, degradação de ecossistemas e perda de produção econômica, quando dados ecológicos são escassos. / The natural flow paradigm has not been considered in the Brazilian water resources and environmental management systems yet. Environmental flows studies have just been considered by Brazilian scientific community with too few, if any, experimental studies being undertaken. However, such a tool needs to be considered urgently, once environmental flows sustain ecosystem and their environmental services, which are of great importance to society. This thesis aims to propose a method to subsidize environmental flows selection, especially in regions where ecological data is scarce. We have based such method on the direct influential relation between flow regime alteration, ecosystem degradation and environmental services loss, applying hydrologic alteration indices as proxies of ecosystems degradation and environmental services loss. This new method consists on diagnosing hydrologic alteration, developing potential environmental flows rules, numerically simulate them and assessing theirs impacts on hydrologic alteration and economic production by human activities. The method application was split in two case studies in order to use different sets of its techniques. The former study consisted on assessing environmental flows downstream the projected UHE Belo Monte, located in the Xingu river, a tributary to the Amazon river. In this study only one flow station was applied with its “naturalized” flows as a benchmark. The latter study consisted on assessing the degree and extension of APM Manso dam hydrological impacts, located in a tributary to the Brazilian Pantanal. In this study, data from different stations where used as benchmarks. As a result, this hydrological method showed flexibility to work with different information settings, while it could be applied in a transparent, participative and collaborative approach. However, its confidence relies on hydrological data representativity and on the uncertainty over the relation between hydrological alteration, ecosystems degradation and loss of environmental services, when ecological data are scarce.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:42:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_erc_dr_prud.pdf: 6555050 bytes, checksum: 3e004d082c1a391d160ac20c6ff5e852 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A partir de 1960, a dinâmica socioeconômica na Amazônia brasileira se intensificou e as diferenciações internas de seu espaço geográfico se tornaram mais visíveis. No entanto, para muitos ainda prevalece uma visão homogênea sobre a região ou, então, é reconhecida em seu todo por algumas de suas partes espaciais de maior concentração populacional e de dinamismo econômico. É certo que existem muitas lacunas de estudos que visem compreender essas particularidades sub-regionais. Nesse sentido, o objetivo dessa tese é de interpretar uma dessas “Amazônias”, que aconteceu através de uma abordagem regional material funcional e simbólica e, de totalidade histórica, culminando na regionalização e sub-regionalização da Amazônia Setentrional Amapaense (ASA). Três objetivos orientaram o desenvolvimento dissertativo dessa pesquisa: compreender como se deu o processo de formação socioespacial dessa sub-região amazônica, com base em seus sistemas de ações e objetos produzidos historicamente; analisar sua configuração espacial através das articulações de suas redes geográficas, com destaque para os eixos fluviais e rodoviários, por último, com base em dados anteriores foram estabelecidos recortes sub-regionais da ASA, caracterizando algumas das particularidades dessas subunidades regionais e de articulações nesse espaço intra-regional amazônico / From 1960 to socioeconomic dynamics in the Brazilian Amazon has intensified and the internal differentiation of its geographical space became more visible. However, many still prevails to a homogeneous view on the region or, as a whole is acknowledged by some of his shares space with the greatest concentration of population and economic dynamism. Certainly there are many gaps in studies aimed at understanding these particularities sub-regional. In this sense, the objective of this thesis is to interpret one of these Amazons, which came about through a regional approach functional material and symbolic, and historical totality, culminating in the sub‐regionalization and regionalization of North Amazonia Amapaense (NAA). Three objectives guided the development dissertative this research: to understand how was the process of formation of sociospatial Amazon subregion, based on their systems of actions and objects historically produced, to analyze its spatial configuration through the joints of their geographical networks, especially for river and road axes and finally based on the results of the first two, identify their particular sub-regional, which allow understand them as units and their articulations for the composition of the region

Impactos sócio-ambientais negativos têm colocado a gestão do meio ambiente e dos recursos hídricos em cheque. Produção econômica intensiva, especialmente onde existem hidrelétricas, tem conduzido à perda de abundância e riqueza de espécies e conseqüente diminuição de produção de serviços ambientais à sociedade. Em contrapartida, avanços científicos em ecologia têm demonstrado que a conservação de regimes hidrológicos é o caminho para conservação de ecossistemas e para manutenção da produção de serviços ambientais. É neste contexto que cresce em importância a ferramenta de vazões ambientais, que tem como propósito compatibilizar interesses dos diferentes setores de produção, ao manter em corpos d’água regimes hidrológicos que produzam melhores resultados sócio-econômicos com menores impactos ambientais. O objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um método para a escolha de vazões ambientais, especialmente em regiões com escassez de informações ecológicas. O método proposto fundamenta-se na relação de influência direta entre conservação de regimes hidrológicos, conservação de ecossistemas e produção de serviços ambientais. Para isto, as alterações de regimes hidrológicos são quantificadas para qualificar o grau de conservação do ambiente e de produção econômica por serviços ambientais. O método consiste em diagnosticar alterações hidrológicas, elaborar potenciais regras de vazões ambientais, simular numericamente sua aplicação e prognosticar seus impactos via estudos de alteração hidrológica e de produção econômica por atividades antrópicas. A aplicação da metodologia foi dividida em dois estudos de casos. No primeiro, foram analisadas vazões ambientais para o projeto de aproveitamento hidrelétrico de Belo Monte, no rio Xingu, que ainda não sofre de alterações significativas do regime hidrológico. O segundo estudo consistiu do estudo do grau e da extensão de alteração do regime hidrológico pelo aproveitamento múltiplo da Usina de Manso, no rio Manso, afluente ao rio Cuiabá que drena ao Pantanal. Como resultado, o método mostrou ser flexível a diferentes configurações de disponibilidade de informação, além de possibilitar a escolha de vazões ambientais de forma transparente, colaborativa e participativa. A confiabilidade do método, no entanto, depende da representatividade das informações hidrológicas e do grau de incertezas quanto à relação entre alteração hidrológica, degradação de ecossistemas e perda de produção econômica, quando dados ecológicos são escassos. / The natural flow paradigm has not been considered in the Brazilian water resources and environmental management systems yet. Environmental flows studies have just been considered by Brazilian scientific community with too few, if any, experimental studies being undertaken. However, such a tool needs to be considered urgently, once environmental flows sustain ecosystem and their environmental services, which are of great importance to society. This thesis aims to propose a method to subsidize environmental flows selection, especially in regions where ecological data is scarce. We have based such method on the direct influential relation between flow regime alteration, ecosystem degradation and environmental services loss, applying hydrologic alteration indices as proxies of ecosystems degradation and environmental services loss. This new method consists on diagnosing hydrologic alteration, developing potential environmental flows rules, numerically simulate them and assessing theirs impacts on hydrologic alteration and economic production by human activities. The method application was split in two case studies in order to use different sets of its techniques. The former study consisted on assessing environmental flows downstream the projected UHE Belo Monte, located in the Xingu river, a tributary to the Amazon river. In this study only one flow station was applied with its “naturalized” flows as a benchmark. The latter study consisted on assessing the degree and extension of APM Manso dam hydrological impacts, located in a tributary to the Brazilian Pantanal. In this study, data from different stations where used as benchmarks. As a result, this hydrological method showed flexibility to work with different information settings, while it could be applied in a transparent, participative and collaborative approach. However, its confidence relies on hydrological data representativity and on the uncertainty over the relation between hydrological alteration, ecosystems degradation and loss of environmental services, when ecological data are scarce.

Denna rapport behandlar utvecklingen av tagg-bearbetningssystemet Video Analyser andTag Generator (VATG). Projektet har utförts som en del av kursen TDDD96 - Kandidatarbetei programvaruutveckling på Linköpings universitet i en grupp på sju personer och på uppdragav företaget Flowplayer. Syftet med projektet har varit att undersöka hur befintligatjänster såsom Amazon Web Services kan användas i ett videoanalyssystem med målet attta fram en lösning för automatiserad taggning av videoklipp. Resultatet av projektet bleven mikrotjänst somanvänder sig av Amazon Rekognition, en tjänst för objektidentifiering ivideoklipp och bilder, och sedan bearbetar resultatet för att skapa en beskrivande samlingetiketter för videoklipp. Det visade sig att etiketter genererade av VATG i slutändan varbättre på att beskriva videoklipp än etiketter som enbart kom från Amazon Rekognition.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP