Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases of lifestyle, cause the greatest burden of disease globally. The major risk factors for NCDs are hypertension, hyperglycaemia, high cholesterol, tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse, overweight/obesity and physical inactivity. NCDs in South Africa are increasing in black South Africans with the transition from rural to urban areas. The transitions have resulted in a change in lifestyle. Regular moderate intensity physical activity (PA) has many health benefits and decreases the risk for NCDs. PA is often determined by means of questionnaires, motion sensors (pedometers and accelerometers), heart rate and accelerometry combined. Within the South African context PA has traditionally been determined with internationally composed questionnaires adapted for South Africa. In South Africa the relationship between PA and risk factors for NCDs has not been investigated in populations in transition, and limited information on the relationship between change in PA and the change in risk factors in a South African population is available. The objectives of this study was to determine the correlation between the adapted Baecke physical activity questionnaire and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short version) (IPAQ-S), the changes in PA and how the changes relate to changes in BMI, and finally the relationship between the changes in PA and the changes in the risk factors for NCDs of black South Africans. The study forms part of the baseline and five year follow-up of the South African leg of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study. This study is a longitudinal study of which the baseline data was allocated in 2005 and the five year follow-up allocated in 2010. 2 000 participants aged 30 years and older were recruited for the initial study – 1 000 urbanised (from Ikageng), and 1 000 rural black adults (from Ganyesa, Moswana and Tlakgameng). Data, including the PA questionnaires (Baecke & IPAQ-S) were collected by a specialised multidisciplinary team. After signing an informed consent form, questionnaires were completed during individual interviews and conducted by extensively trained fieldworkers in the language of the participants’ choice. The variables used in this study were anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, serum lipids and fasting blood glucose. BMI was calculated from the body weight divided by the height squared. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for windows (Version 21.0). Descriptive statistics were performed to determine the characteristics of the participants. The relationship between Baecke and IPAQ-S was determined by means of a partial correlation adjusting for age and BMI. Linear regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between the changes in PA (dependent variable) and BMI (predictor variable) and then adjusted for gender and age. Where a significant relationship was observed (in the case of setting, urban versus rural) separate analyses were performed for the rural and urban participants; likewise the relationship between the changes in PAI (dependant variable) and the change in the risk factors for NCDs (predictor variable) was determined by means of linear regression analysis, and also adjusted for gender, change in age and setting (urban/rural). The results from this study indicated that a weak but significant relationship was found between the Baecke and IPAQ-S (Spearman r = 0.243; p = 0.00) when adjusted for age and BMI. Significant differences were found between rural and urban participants for age and BMI in 2005, where the urban participants where older and reported a higher BMI compared to the rural participants. Rural women gained significantly more weight than the urban women. The PAI in the urban participants increased from 2005 (6.40 ± 1.84) to 2010 (7.50 ± 1.40), but decreased in rural participants from 2005 (8.21 ± 1.48) to 2010 (5.10 ± 1.54). Change in BMI was significantly inverse associated with change in PA for the urban population after adjusting for gender, setting (rural/urban) and change in age (β = -0.10; p = 0.004). Significant differences were found for resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) for the rural (129.72 ± 23.30) and urban (137.33 ± 25.14) participants as well as the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of rural (86.16 ± 14.48) and urban (89.28 ± 14.46), fasting glucose of rural (4.88 ± 1.23) and urban (5.10 ± 1.86), triglycerides of rural (1.21 ± 0.64) and urban (1.38 ± 0.92) and physical activity index (PAI) of rural (8.21 ± 1.48) and urban (6.40 ± 1.84) in 2005. There were significant changes in the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and in the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Although the overall PAI decreased from 2005 (7.30 ± 1.90) to 2010 (6.46 ± 1.85), it increased in urban participants (6.40 ± 1.84 – 7.50 ± 1.40) and decreased in rural participants (8.21 ± 1.48 – 5.10 ± 1.54). A significant negative relationship between changes in PAI and changes in blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol was found when adjusted for gender. When changes in PA and changes in risk factors were separated according to gender, a significant negative relationship was found between PA and diastolic blood pressure (β -0.63; p 0.02) in the male population, and a significant negative relationship for females between PA and systolic blood pressure (β -1.05; p 0.002), diastolic blood pressure (β -0.59; p 0.003), total cholesterol (β -0.05; p 0.01) and LDL-cholesterol (β -0.07; p 0.00). In conclusion, the study found that the low but significant correlation between PAI assessed with the Baeck questionnaire and IPAQ-S makes both questionnaires applicable for the South African context, however the Baecke questionnaire is based on various domains for PA, while the IPAQ-S report on time spent in physical activity. Over the 5-year period PA decreased in this black South African population with a concomitant increase in BMI. Biological risk factors for NCDs increased from 2005 to 2010. The change in PA was inversely related to changes in total blood pressure. Future in PA interventions would be beneficial in the management of hypertension in the at risk South African black population. / PhD (Human Movement Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The aim of this thesis was to investigate how physiological and environmental factors affect surfing performance. Studies were performed that assessed the effect of anthropometric and physiological characteristics of surfers on rank and ability, the effect of creatine supplementation on surfing performance and the effect of wave size, wave period and the ability of surfers on physiological and performance indices of surfing. Study one investigated the effect of the anthropometric variables on rank and rating of ability. This was measured across a sample of 79 surfers ranging from intermediate to professional surfers. Significant correlations were found for endomorphy (r = -0.366, P <0.01), sum of six skinfolds (r = -0.274, P <0.05), Body fat percentage (r = -0.268, P <0.01) and mesomorphy (r = 0.442, P <0.01). Findings suggest that levels of adiposity and muscularity might influence the potential for progression between intermediate and professional level surfing performance. Study two investigated the effect of physiological variables on the national ranking of 18 elite male junior surfers using assessments of maximal oxygen uptake, lower body explosive power, upper body power, agility, and balance. Partial correlations were used to account for the influence of age within the sample and a significant correlation was found between power output at (rp = -0.879, P <0.01). Findings suggest that power output at is an important factor for achieving competitive success in high performance junior surfers. Study three investigated the effect of short term (20g.day-1 for 5 days) creatine supplementation on body composition, repeated upper body anaerobic power and competition performance was assessed in 17 club level surfers. Testing comprised assessment of body mass and total body water using bioelectrical impedance analysis, a repeated upper body Wingate based on time motion analysis of competitive surfing. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA found no significant effects of supplementation on laboratory measures of anaerobic power or competitive performance. The fourth study investigated the effects of changes in wave conditions on physiological response and performance parameters of surfing. This was assessed using 39 surfers who participated in 60 surfing sessions where wave conditions were recorded and performance was measured using GPS. The study found that wave height was significantly related to energy expenditure (rp =-0.351, P <0.05), maximum ride speed (rp = 0.866, P <0.01), the standard deviation of maximum ride speeds (rp = 0.654, P <0.01), mean ride time (rp = 0.354, P <0.01), maximum ride time (rp = -0.296, P <0.05), the standard deviation of the ride times expenditure (rp = -0.344, P <0.01), mean ride distance (rp = 0.398, P <0.01), maximum ride time (rp = 0.318, P <0.05), minimum ride distance (rp = 0.268, P <0.05), standard deviation of the ride distances (rp = -0.362, P <0.01), percentage of total distance riding (rp = 0.310, P <0.05), percentage of time spent waiting (rp = -0.272, P = 0.05), percentage of total time spent riding (rp = 0.396, P < 0.01), percentage of total time in miscellaneous activities (rp = 0.471, P <0.01), total distance riding (rp = 0.310, P =0.05), total distance per hour (rp = 0.427, P <0.01). Wave period was found to be significantly related to average heart rate as a percentage of maximum (rp = 0.490, P <0.01), the percentage of time spent in the “easy” training zone (rp = -0.408, P <0.01), maximum ride speed (rp = 0.371, P <0.01), mean ride time (rp = 0.283, P <0.05), maximum ride distance (rp = 0.279, P <0.05), and the standard deviation of the ride distances (rp = 0.325, P <0.05). The ability levels of the surfers were found to be significantly related to average heart rate as a percentage of maximum (rp = -0.412, P <0.01), percentage of time in the “steady” zone (rp = 0.435, P <0.01), percentage of time in the “intermittent” zone (rp = 0.483, P <0.01), maximum ride speed (rp = 0.454, P <0.01), mean ride distance (rp = 0.392, P <0.05), standard deviation of the ride distances (rp = 0.264, P <0.05), percentage of the total distance riding(rp = 0.267, P <0.05), percentage of time paddling (rp = 0.364, P <0.05), percentage of time in miscellaneous activities (rp = -0.299, P <0.05), total distance riding (rp = 0.267, P <0.05) and average speed (rp = 0.428, P <0.01). This thesis has found that ability in surfing is related to anthropometric and physiological measures, creatine supplementation improves peak anaerobic power but does not significantly improve surfing performance in club level surfers and that wave conditions and the skill levels of surfers are significantly related to the physiological and performance parameters of surfing.

published_or_final_version / Sports Science / Master / Master of Science in Sports Science

Fifty-five wrestlers from Tucson, Arizona were studied to develop equations using anthropometric measurements to predict a wrestler's minimum wrestling weight (MWW). This sample was also used to cross-validate seven equations that predict MWW by using anthropometric measures. All estimates of percent fat and MWW were validated by densitometry. The mean age, weight, percent fat and MWW for this sample, with standard deviations, were 16.8 ± 1.1 yrs, 63.7 ± 12.7 kg, 8.8 ± 5.49 percent, and 60.6 ± 9.49 kg. Using multiple regression analysis, the best combination of variables predicted MWW with an adjusted R2 of.93 and standard error of estimate (SEE) of 2.45 kg. The next best equation from this sample predicted MWW with an adjusted R2 of.91 and SEE of 2.8 kg. All seven of the equations from other samples were successfully cross validated on this sample. These equations predicted the criterion MWW with respective adjusted R2's and SEE's ranging from.91 and 2.84 kg to.79 and 4.28 kg.

A spinal cord injury is a serious medical condition, often caused by a physical trauma. An injury to the spinal cord affects the neurotransmission between the brain and spinal cord segments below the level of injury. The SCI causes a loss of motor function, sensory function and autonomic regulation of the body, temporary or permanent. Significantly improved acute care, primary comprehensive rehabilitation and life-long structured follow-up has led to persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) living longer than ever before. However, increased long-time survival has allowed secondary conditions to emerge, like diabetes mellitus and where cardiovascular disease (CVD) now is the most common cause of death among SCI patients. Other possible CVD-related comorbidities in this patient group have been reported to be pain and mood disturbances. There is still lack of, and need for more knowledge in the field of CVD-related screening and prevention after SCI. The overall aim of this thesis was to contribute to a scientific ground regarding the need for CVD-related screening and prevention after SCI. In Paper I and Paper II, patients with wheelchair-dependent post-traumatic SCI (paraplegia) were assessed. The results in paper I showed that 80% of the examined patients had at least one cardiovascular disease risk marker irrespective of body mass index (BMI). Dyslipidemia was common for both men and women at all BMI categories. The study also showed a high prevalence of hypertension, especially in men. Paper II showed a low frequency of self-reported physical activity, where only one out of 5 persons reported undertaking physical activity &gt;30 min/day. The physically active had lower diastolic blood pressure but no significant difference in blood lipids. In paper III and IV, patients with SCI (tetraplegia and paraplegia) participated in the studies. Eighty-one percent of the patients had dyslipidemia, where also a majority of the patients with normal abdominal clinical measures had dyslipidemia. Self-reported physical activity &gt;30min/day was reported by one third of the patients. No differences were found between physically active and not physically active patients when it came to blood glucose, serum lipid values and clinical measures (paper III). Pain was common in the patient group, however, most often on a mild to moderate level. Anxiety and depression was less common than reported in other studies (paper IV).

L’anthropométrie est le domaine scientifique qui étudie les dimensions du corps humain. La complexité de la morphologie du corps nécessite une analyse 3D, aujourd’hui permise par les progrès des scanners 3D. L’objectif de cette étude est de comparer les populations et utiliser les résultats pour mieux adapter les produits sportifs à la morphologie des utilisateurs. Des campagnes de mensuration 3D ont été réalisées et des algorithmes de traitement automatique ont été créés pour analyser les nuages de points des sujets scannés. Basés sur les méthodes d’images et de géométrie, ces algorithmes repèrent des points anatomiques, calculent des mesures 1D, alignent les sujets scannés et créent des modèles anthropométriques 3D représentatifs des populations. Pour analyser les caractéristiques anthropométriques, des statistiques de premier ordre et factorielles ont été adaptées pour être utilisées dans l’espace 3D. Les méthodes ont été appliquées à trois parties : le pied, la tête et la poitrine. Les différences morphologiques entre les populations, mais également au sein d’une population donnée, ont été révélées. Par exemple, la différence à chaque point de la tête entre des têtes a été calculée. Les statistiques en trois dimensions ont aussi permis de mettre en évidence l’asymétrie de la tête. La méthode de création de modèles anthropométriques est plus adaptée à nos applications que les méthodes dans la littérature. L’analyse en trois dimensions permet d’obtenir des résultats qui ne sont pas visibles par les analyses 1D. Les connaissances acquises par cette étude sont utilisées pour la conception de différents produits vendus dans les magasins DECATHLON à travers le monde. / Anthropometry is the scientific field that studies human body dimensions (from the greek άνθρωπος (human) + μέτρον (measure)). Anthropometrical analysis is based actually on 1D measurements (head circumference, length, etc). However, the body’s morphological complexity requires 3D analysis. This is possible due to recent progress of 3D scanners. The objective of this study is to compare population’s anthropometry and use results to adapt sporting goods to user’s morphology. For this purpose, 3D worldwide measurement campaigns were realized and automated treatment algorithms were created in order to analyze the subjects’ point cloud. Based on image processing methods and on shape geometry, these algorithms detect anatomical landmarks, calculate 1D measurements, align subjects and create representative anthropometrical 3D models. In order to analyze morphological characteristics, different statistical methods including components’ analysis, were adapted for use in 3D space. The methods were applied in three body parts: the foot, the head and the bust. The morphological differences between and inside the populations were studied. For example, the difference in each point of the head, between Chinese and European head, was calculated. The statistics in three dimensions, permitted also to show the asymmetry of the head. The method to create anthropometrical models is more adapted to our applications than the methods used in the literature. The analysis in three dimensions, can give results that they are not visible from 1D analyses. The knowledge of this thesis is used for the conception of different products that they are sold in DECATHLON stores around the world.

A dissertação Espaços para o corpo: antropometria na arte contemporânea apresenta a pesquisa em relação às operações poéticas desenvolvidas em uma série de trabalhos artísticos; dentre os quais, recortes da produção tridimensional de Hélio Oiticica, Anish Kapoor e Ana Maria Tavares, que visam à criação do que chamaremos de escala antropométrica. Partindo da escultura, a construção desses tridimensionais, ainda que neles seja superada toda figuração, pode se aliar à escala que dimensiona o ser humano. Desse modo, essas obras se relacionam com o corpo do visitante ao se darem à sua experiência como trabalho artístico, uma dimensão, tanto poética, que inclui o espectador, ou o convida a participar dela. Em segundo passo, apresenta a pesquisa estética do próprio autor deste texto e em parceria com Deyson Gilbert, cuja produção resulta em explorações espaciais e temporais propondo questionamentos parcialmente sucedâneos aos dos artistas precedentes. / The dissertation Spaces for the body: anthropometry in contemporary art presents the research related to operations carried out in a poetic series of artworks, among which cutouts of Hélio Oiticicas, Anish Kapoors and Ana Maria Tavares three-dimensional production, aimed at creating what we will call anthropometric scale. Based on the sculpture, the construction of three-dimensional, although they can be overcome every figure representation, can be allied with the human scale. Thus, these works relate to the visitor\'s body when they give to their experience as artwork, a dimension, so poetic, that includes the viewer, or invites to participate. The second part presents the text author\'s aesthetic research (on his own and in partnership with Deyson Gilbert), whose production results in temporal and space exploration by proposing questions to partially succeed the previous artists.

Com base em algumas variáveis sócio-antropológicas e três medidas antropométricas - altura, peso e índice de Kaup - de um Estudo realizado no Município de Santo André, elaboramos o presente trabalho. Para este trabalho excluímos crianças púberes, incluindo treze idades: O, 3, 6 e 9 meses, 1 ano, 1a e meio, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 anos, de ambos os sexos. As variáveis independentes utilizadas foram: ISSE - índice de situação sócio-econômica, construído com base na média de gasto mensal familiar per capita e segundo as 14 categorias de ocupação do pai e as de instrução. Considerou-se para tal, as interrelações das variáveis com o gasto, que foram tomadas como desvios em relação à média de gasto familiar per capita mensal da amostra e a média para cada casela, medidas como múl tiplos de T. CATANCES - construída a partir da informação sobre a nacionalidade dos ascendentes das crianças até a 3ª geração. Constitui-se de 2 categorias: \"todos ascendentes brasileiros\" e \"pelo menos um estrangeiro\". Grupo Residencial - dividido em três categorias: \"poucos\", \"médio\" e \"grande\", dependendo de quantas pessoas residissem na casa. Dado que já se conhecia a existência de uma relação positiva entre melhores condições de vida e desenvolvimento físico queríamos observar se isso se dava igualmente nos dois sexos e nas várias idades, e assim poder apreender diferenças entre esses grupos uma vez que só havia sido possível estratificar a amostra por idade e sexo. Essas interrelações ajudariam a melhor caracterizar a população estudada. Como esperado, encontramos uma associação positiva entre melhores condições sócio-econômicas, menor tamanho do grupo residencial e as médias das medidas. Porém, também verificamos a existência de relações entre as variáveis independentes: a) que a categoria de ISSE \"alto\" associava-se com a categoria \"pelo menos um estrangeiro\" da variável Catances, o inverso sendo verdadeiro quando a categoria era \"todos brasileiros\"; b) que, medido pelo tamanho médio do grupo residencial, há indicações de uma fecundidade diferencial, sendo esta maior para o grupo \"todos nacionais\" da variável Catances. Nesse sentido chamamos a atenção à grande concentração de migrantes de Minas e Nordeste nessa categoria. As médias das medidas foram testadas pelo método de ordenação de médias de DUNCAN, e também pela técnica de ajuste por mínimos quadrados para análises de variâncias. Verificamos ao analisar as tabelas das medidas, segundo os vários controles, que o índice de Kaup não se apresentava diferente de uma idade para outra, enquanto tal acontecia com altura e peso. Uma série de outros resultados somados a esse, evidenciou que o índice não media, ao menos para crianças em crescimento, aquilo que se propunha medir, ou seja, diferenças de estados nutricionais. Sugere-se então um ajuste de curva a fim de que, baseados nos dados empíricos, se encontre uma dada função para cada idade. Também constatou-se que embora as médias das medidas diferissem segundo as variáveis independentes, isso não acontecia igualmente nas mesmas idades e nos 2 sexos. Ainda, através dos resultados das análises de variância, observou-se que apesar das diferenças estatísticas significantes, as variáveis selecionadas explicavam muito pouco da variação das medidas nas várias idades e sexos. Esses resultados nos levaram a concluir que a amostra estudada, segundo as variáveis independentes deste estudo, difere entre idades em ambos os sexos. Isso levanta uma série de questões sobre quais as variáveis mais adequadas a um estudo desse gênero e sobre a utilização desses dados para construção de curvas de velocidade. Permitimo-nos sugerir que as tabelas por nós apresentadas no anexo 1, se consideradas as duas categorias de Catances, fossem consideradas como dois padrões: Leste-Nordeste e Sul, utilizando a idéia das tábuas de vida padrão. / The present dissertation was based in some of the data collected during the first semester of 1969, in the Município de Santo André, State of São Paulo, Brasil. The original data was partly constituted of several anthropometric measurements in 17 different ages of children from zero month onto twelve years. Some socio-economic information of their families and data concerning the country of birth (or the State of birth, if Brazilian) was also collected for three generations of the children\'s ancestors. The sample was based in the population of these ages living at the Município mentioned. The total sample was of 9,258 children, stratified by age and sex, so that one could estimate the degree of confidence of the actual sample. It is worthwhile to call attention to the criterium adopted to asses age, which was very strict, and not common in studies as such. Zero month children were measured on 2d or 3d day of life. From three to eighteen months, ± 7 days from the day of birth and from two to twelve years old, ± 14 days from the day of birth. For this study we choose only three of the measurements: height, weight and Kaup index and related them by age and sex, with three independent variables as follows: ISSE - index of socio-economic conditions, which was built considering the joint distribution of occupation and education of the father and the amount of the family expenses per capita, per month. CATANCES - meaning \"categories of ancestors\", divided into two categories: \"all ancestors were Brazilians\" and \"at least one was foreigner\". Residencial Group - (household). Depending of the size or the household, there were three different categories: \"small\", \"medium\" and \"large\". Our objectives were to study the relations between the socio-anthropological variables and the measurements selected. At the same time to have a better knowledge of the variability of the population, sampled by age and sex only. for our purposes we dealt only with 13 ages, from zero months to eight years old, excluding in this manner children entering puberty, after the definition of puberty adopted in the study. Amongst the main findings concerning the relationship between the socio-anthropo1ogical variables and the anthropometric ones, was the fact that many combinations of the independent variables showed differences in measurements, as expected. At the same time, we found interrelationships among the independent variables: a) that better conditions of ISSE were related to few people in the household and with the category \"at least one foreigner\" of the variable Catances; the opposite was also true in relation to the category \"all Brazilians\"; b) we found indications of different fertility between the two categories of Catances. The higher were \"all Brazilians\". This category included a high percentage of Brazilians migrants from other States. We did not have sufficient information (if this is possible anyway), to state that the differences in the means of height and weight were due to socio-anthropological conditions, since they could be due to the tendency of more endogamous marriages between the migrants, that generally got into Santo André already married. We also found that the Kaup index did not measured what it is supposed to, at least in growing children, because of the relative variability of weight and height. Thus, it was suggested that a curve should be fitted having per base our empirical data, so that it could have meaning by each age. The means were tested by DUNCAN multiple range tests, and least aquares technique of analysis of variance. By this last test we get to know that despite of significant statistic influences of the independent variables (measured by weight and height) these influences varied depending on age, sex, eatances and the anthropometric variables, showing that the sample varied differently depending on age, sex and the controls used. But however important were the selected variables, there was still 2/3 of variability to be explained by other variables. For this matter, velocity curves based in this data should be taken carefully, once one cannot say children that are 2 year old in the sample, will be one year latter, exactly as the ones that are 3 years in the sample, or that theirs velocity of growth will be the same.

Os objetivos do trabalho foram, com relação a jovens atletas de basquetebol do sexo feminino com idades de 14 à 17 anos de duas categorias competitivas diferentes (mirim e infanto-juvenil): 1) Descrever as características antropométricas, tempo de prática na modalidade, idade cronológica, idade de menarca e fundamentos técnicos por categoria competitiva; 2) Verificar o efeito das categorias competitivas sobre as variáveis antropométricas e fundamentos técnicos; 3) Verificar a relação entre os fundamentos técnicos e as variáveis antropométricas, tempo de prática na modalidade, idade cronológica. Em média as atletas da categoria infanto-juvenil apresentam melhores resultados que as atletas da categoria mirim na maioria das variáveis consideradas; porém só foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos nos testes de arremesso, drible e passe, o teste de movimentos defensivos apresentou valor significante marginal (p=0,05). Os fundamentos técnicos apresentaram correlações significantes com as variáveis de tempo de prática na modalidade e idade cronológica, por outro lado as variáveis antropométricas apresentaram baixas correlações não significantes com os testes de fundamentos técnicos. Assim, conclui-se que o estudo permitiu uma reflexão sobre a importância dos fundamentos técnicos na formação de jovens atletas de basquetebol do sexo feminino / The purposes of this study were: 1) to describe anthropometrics characteristics variables, time of practical in basketball, chronological age, age of menarca and technical skills; 2) to verify the effect of the competitive categories on the variables anthropometrics and technical skills; 3) to calculate the correlation among technical skills, anthropometrics characteristics, time of practical in basketball and chronological age. The sample composed by 34 youth female basketball players aged 14 to 17 years old, from two competitive young categories. It was observed significant differences between the groups for tests of shooting, dribbling and passing, the test of defensive movements showed marginal significant value (p=0.05). The technical skills showed significant correlations with the variables of time in practice in basketball and chronological age. However, anthropometric variables showed low correlations with the tests of technical skills. In conclusion, our results provided the opportunity to think about basketballs technical skills in the process of development of the female young basketball players

A Antropologia Forense desempenha um importante papel nas Ciências Forenses e, apesar de não consistir em um método primário de identificação humana, ou seja, só a sua execução não basta para conferir identidade a um indivíduo questionado, é um método auxiliar trivial para reduzir o universo de suspeitos a serem analisados na busca da identidade. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a acurácia e aplicabilidade do software AncesTrees, desenvolvido por Navega et al. (2015), em um conjunto de medidas cranianas de uma amostra brasileira. Em uma amostra constituída por 114 crânios identificados, originários de duas coleções osteológicas localizadas no estado de São Paulo, predominantemente composta por indivíduos brancos (59), seguido por negros (35) e pardos (20), foram realizadas 25 diferentes medidas craniométricas que foram alocadas no AncesTrees em dois algoritmos diferentes, sendo que um deles foi utilizado em três configurações distintas, com diferentes grupos ancestrais integrando o modelo. O software teve desempenho superior na estimativa de indivíduos brancos, chegando a 73% de acurácia neste grupo e 66% no grupo de indivíduos negros. Indivíduos classificados como pardos apresentaram inconstância na classificação ancestral, sendo classificados majoritariamente como Europeus. No geral, a combinação mais precisa do AncesTrees foi no algoritmo ancestralForest com apenas os grupos Europeu e Africano integrando o algoritmo, chegando a 70% de acerto. Conclui-se que a aplicabilidade desse software no Brasil é frágil, devido à alta carga de miscigenação da população, sendo necessária a criação de uma base de dados antropométricos mais representativa do povo brasileiro / Forensic Anthropology develops an important role in Forensic Sciences. Although it is not a primary method of human identification, that is, its execution alone is not enough to establish an identity to a questioned individual, it is a trivial secondary method, to reduce the universe of suspects to be analyzed by the primary ones. The objective of this research was to analyze the accuracy and applicability of the software AncesTrees, developed by Navega et al. (2015), in a set of cranial measurements of a Brazilian sample. In a sample consisted of 114 identified skulls, coming from two osteological collections located in the São Paulo State, predominantly composed of white individuals (59), followed by blacks (35) and admixed (20), 25 different craniometric measurements were performed and allocated to AncesTrees in two different algorithms, one of which was used in three different configurations, with different ancestral groups integrating the model. The software had superior performance in the estimation of white individuals, reaching 73% accuracy in this group and 66% in the black individuals\' group. Individuals classified as admixed showed inconstancy in the ancestral classification, being classified mainly as European. Overall, the most accurate combination of AncesTrees was in the ancestralForest algorithm with only the European and African groups integrating the algorithm, reaching 70% accuracy. It is concluded that the applicability of this software in Brazil is fragile, due to the high admixing load of the population, and it is necessary to create a more representative anthropometric database of the Brazilian people