<p>Syftet var att undersöka om det fanns skillnader i retoriken i bifallsärenden respektive avslagsärenden och om besluten var logiska utifrån argumentationen. Vid genomförandet av studien användes kvantitativ och kvalitativ textanalys av tolv biståndsutredningar gällande särskilt boende enligt Socialtjänstlagen.</p><p>En av Stockholms stadsdelar hade arbetat med kvalitetssäkring av verksamheten. Biståndsenheten hade granskat tolv biståndsutredningar. Hälften av ansökningarna avslogs och hälften ledde till beslut om bifall. Biståndsenheten visste inte med säkerhet varför utfallet blev som det blev och det fanns därmed betänkligheter om godtycke i beslutsfattandet.</p><p>Studiens innehållsanalys visade att klienternas egna resurser, sociala skäl, anhöriga och juridiska skäl (riktlinjer) angavs som skäl för avslag. Medicinska skäl och medicinsk expertis förekom i bifallen. Det fanns ett samband mellan vilka skäl som var avgörande för beslutet och var i utredningen dessa skäl förekom.</p><p>Studiens argumentationsanalys visade att avslagsärendena inte styrkte tesen att klienten inte hade behov av den ansökta insatsen. Detta gällde alla utom ett ärende. Argumentationen i alla bifallsärendena styrkte däremot tesen att klienten hade behov av insatsen. Argumentationsanalysen visade även att avslagen var mer argumenterande medan bifallsärendena var i det närmaste propagerande. Argumentationen var emellanåt inkonsekvent.</p>

Within a distributed system, autonomous agents may find it necessary to cooperate in order to achieve their objectives. Interaction protocols provide standard frameworks within which to conduct common classes of interaction, but they are only useful when the agents using them have a common interpretation of the constraints imposed by those protocols. In open systems, where there are no system-wide objectives and components are contributed from a variety of sources, this is difficult to ensure. An agent within a sufficiently complex environment will find it necessary to draw inferences from information sources of varying integrity and completeness. Given flawed or incomplete information, it may be necessary for an agent to resort to nonmonotonic reasoning in order to be able to make concrete decisions within limited windows of opportunity. This can be expected to create inconsistencies in the joint beliefs of agents which can only be repaired by dialogue between peers. To verify and repair all possible sources of inconsistency is impractical for any sizable body of inference however—any belief revision must therefore be subject to prioritisation. In this thesis, we introduce a mechanism by which agents can perform opportunistic argumentation during dialogue in order to perform distributed belief revision. An interaction portrayal uses the protocol for a given interaction to identify the logical constraints which must be resolved during the interaction as it unfolds. It then compares and reconciles the expectations of agents prior to the resolution of those constraints by generating and maintaining a system of arguments. The composition and scope of arguments is restricted in order to minimise the information exchange whilst still trying to ensure that all available admissible viewpoints are adequately represented immediately prior to any decision. This serves both to make interaction more robust (by allowing agents to make decisions based on the distributed wisdom of its peer group without being explicitly directed by a protocol) and to reconcile beliefs in a prioritised fashion (by focusing only on those beliefs which directly influence the outcome of an interaction as determined by its protocol).

Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka de retoriska förutsättningarna som möjliggör att reklam-filmen Equal Pay Is Not Enough kunnat ge upphov till så olika tolkningar hos publiken. I del ett av analysen kunde jag med hjälp av pragmadialektisk argumentationsanalys samt Barthes mytbegrepp visa hur publiken argumenterat och att deras argument anknyter till myten om kvinnan som känslostyrd varelse. I del två av analysen har jag med hjälp av Qvarnströms prag-matiska perspektiv och Barthes mytbegrepp visat hur reklamfilmens utformning via användning av stereotypa miljöer och karaktärer möjliggör publikens olika tolkningar. Del tre av analysen visade att de myter som – via reklamfilmens utformning – aktualiseras i reklam-filmen samt användningen av ironi kan förklara varför den fått så olika responser.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This essay examines the advantages and disadvantages of the merge of municipalities in 1971, in municipality of Värnamo. The government had stipulated that a consolidation of the municipalities was necessary to lower the numbers of municipalities in Sweden, which had to be done till year 1974. By looking in municipal records and newspaper articles this study will try to recognize if the municipalities that consolidated with Värnamo, was favoured or disadvantaged. The method that has been used in this essay is an argumentation analysis. The results show that the municipalities received more advantages then disadvantages.

The central theme of my thesis are theoretical assumptions of Plato's arguments based on the figure appearance in dialogues X. Republic and Sophist. Separated chapters are devoted to the interpretation of selected passages of dialogue. Some partial assumptions are developed in details, such as The one over many argument in dialogue X. Republic and the essence of the image from Sophist. One conclusion follows from these work: the use of figures appearance is extremely problematic, for that reason, because we can not clarify the nature of image, as its a definitional feature. Reduction of imitation and in the second case of the art of Sophists on a certain type of representation, however, does not lead to the intended goal (to know the subjects of interpretation), but pointed out some non-trivial descriptions of the philosophical framework of Plato's thought. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Neste trabalho, buscamos propor atividades e relacionar ações que o professor de Matemática pode adotar durante as aulas, com o objetivo de propiciar a melhora do nível de argumentação e prova de seus alunos da Educação Básica. Inicialmente, pesquisamos sobre as definições de prova sob a ótica do ensino de Matemática, em que concluímos que o desenvolvimento de argumentações e provas é fundamental para que os objetivos dos PCN sejam alcançados. Com análise das avaliações do PISA, notamos que, em geral, os estudantes brasileiros possuem baixo desempenho em relação as habilidades que envolvem generalizações e desenvolvimento de provas. Na tentativa de propor melhorias a esse cenário, acreditamos que o desenvolvimento de provas na Educação Básica não deve se restringir as demonstrações aceitas pela comunidade matemática. Para isso, o professor deve conhecer e aceitar os diversos tipos de provas apresentados por seus alunos. Nesse ponto, a formação do professor de Matemática é essencial. Por fim, desenvolvemos atividades e aplicamos em uma sala do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental, o que possibilitou, após as análises, que realizássemos conclusões sobre as características das atividades que propiciam o desenvolvimento de provas e ações que possibilitam a melhora do nível de argumentação de nossos estudantes. / In this study e seek to propose activities and to relate actions that the Mathematics teacher can adopt during the classes, seeking to improve the level of argument and proof of his students of Middle and High School. Initially, we investigated the definitions of proof from the point of view of mathematics teaching, in which we concluded that the development of arguments and proofs is fundamental for the goals of PCN been achieved. With the analysis of the PISA assessments, we noticed that, in general, Brazilian students have poor performance in relation to the skills that involve generalizations and the development of proofs. In an attempt to propose improvements to this scenario, we believe that the development of proofs in Middle and High School should not be restricted to the demonstrations accepted by the mathematical community. About that, the teacher must know and accept the different types of proofs presented by his students. At this point, the courses to the Mathematics teachers, preservice and inservice, are essential. Finally, we developed activities and applied in a class of 9th grade students, which made it possible, after the analysis, to make conclusions about the characteristics of the activities that help to the development of proofs and actions that allow the improvement of argumentations level of our students