<p>  </p> <p>This thesis is motivated by the author’s observation that no systematic methodology is available to characterize and model mechanical behaviors of 3D printed parts in terms of their elastic modulus and critical loading capacities. Note that the more controlled and steadier printing process is, the easier the mechanical properties parts can be predicted. This research focuses on the methods for the prediction and validation of mechanical properties of 3D printed parts, and the focus is the responses of the printed parts subjected to tensile loads. The mathematic models are derived to characterize the mechanical properties of a part along three principal directions, and the models are validated experimentally by following the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D638 testing standards. It is assumed that a unidirectional plane stress occurs to each lamina to (1) simplify a compliance matrix with a size 3 by 3 and (2) characterize the mechanical properties by the elastic modules and strengths in three principal directions. Two mathematical models are developed using the experimental data from the classical laminate theory and finite element analysis (FEA) by the SolidWorks. Both of the developed models are used to predict the ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the specimens that are printed by setting different raster angles on different layers. This thesis work aims to (1) gain a better understanding of the impact of printing parameters on the strengths of printed parts and (2) explore the feasibility of using the classical laminate theory to predict the mechanical properties of the parts printed with different raster angles and patterns. To validate the proposed mathematic models, parts by FDM are tested by following the ASTM testing standards; moreover, it testifies if the selected ASTM-D638 is suitable to test 3D printed parts by FDM. </p>

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The primary reinforcement used for construction of structural concrete members has a yield strength of 60 ksi. This reinforcement grade was incorporated into construction over 50 years ago and remains the standard. Recent advances in material technology have led to the development of commercially available reinforcing steel with yield strengths of 100 ksi. While greater yield strengths can be utilized in design, it is essential that the bars can be properly anchored and spliced to fully develop their strength. Although design expressions are available for this purpose, they were established considering 60 ksi reinforcement. Therefore, the objective of this research program is to evaluate the development of high-strength reinforcing steel and establish a design expression for the development and splicing of this steel. Two phases of experimental tests were conducted. Phase I was performed by Glucksman (2018) and investigated the influence of splice length and transverse reinforcement on bond strength over four series of beam tests. This study (Phase II) was conducted following Phase I and consisted of reinforced concrete slab and beam testing over three series. An investigation was conducted on reinforcement development with a focus on the effect of splice length, concrete compressive strength, stress-strain relationships of the steel (ASTM A615 vs. ASTM A1035), and transverse reinforcement. Based on the results, the influences of test variables were identified, and a new confinement model was developed that estimates the transverse reinforcement contribution to bond strength. Finally, a design expression is provided for calculating the development and splice lengths of high-strength reinforcement.

This study deals with technology of abrasive water jet material cutting and influence of cutting head feed rate on surface topography of cut walls with regards to roughness. Eight parameters were chosen based on the CSN EN ISO 4288 standard representing quality of surface after AWJ cutting. When AWJ cutting the chosen material – commercially pure ASTM B265 grade 2 titanium – feed rate was being changed and in order to obtain information about each parameter´s distribution in various depths of the cut, surface composition was evaluated. It was found out that feed rate has significant influence on surface and that the profile elements´ width grows when increasing the feed rate and cut depth. Furthermore, two selected feed rate results were compared to laser beam technology and conclusion for the selected material was made that AWJ cutting is more preferable due to final roughness and no heat affect on the material.

Carbon nanotubes, graphene and nano sized core shell rubber particles have all been extensively researched for their capability to improve mechanical properties of thermoset resins. However, there has been a lack of research on their evaluation for energy absorption in high velocity impact scenarios, and the fundamental mechanics of their failure mechanisms during highly dynamic stress transfer through the matrix. This fundamental research is essential for laying the foundation for improvement in ballistic performance in composite armor. In hard armor applications, energy absorption is largely accomplished through delamination between plies of the composite laminate. This energy absorption is accomplished through two mechanisms. The first being the elongation of the fiber reinforcement contained in the resin matrix, and the second is the propagation of the crack in between the discreet fabric plies. This research aims to fundamentally study the energy absorption characteristics of various nano-particles as reinforcements in thermoset resin for high velocity impact applications. Multiple morphologies will be evaluated through use of platelet, tubular and spherical shaped nano-particles. Evaluations of the effect on stress transfer through the matrix due to the combination of nano sized and micro scale particles of milled fiber is conducted. Three different nano-particles are utilized, specifically, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene, and core shell rubber particles. The difference in surface area, aspect ratio and molecular structure between the tube, platelet and spherical nano-particles causes energy absorption through different failure mechanisms. This changes the impact performance of composite panels enhanced with the nanoparticle fillers. Composite panels made through the use of dispersing the various nano-particles iv in a non-contact planetary mixer, are evaluated through various dynamic and static testing, including unnotched cantilever beam impact, mixed mode fracture toughness, split-Hopkinson bar, and ballistic V50 testing. The unnotched cantilever beam testing showed that the addition of milled fiber degraded the impact resistance of the samples. Addition of graphene nano platelets unilaterally degraded impact resistance through the unnotched cantilever beam testing. 1.5% loading of MWCNT showed the greatest increase in impact resistance, with a 43% increase over baseline. Determining the critical load for mixed mode interlaminar shear testing can be difficult for composite panels that bend without breaking. An iterative technique of optimizing the coefficient of determination, R2 , in linear regression is developed for objectively determining the point of non-linearity for critical load. This allows for a mathematical method of determination; thereby eliminating any subjective decision of choosing where the data becomes non-linear. The core shell rubber nano particles showed the greatest strain energy release rate with an exponential improvement over the baseline results. Synergistic effects between nano and micro sized particles in the resin matrix during transfer of the stress wave were created and evaluated. Loadings of 1% milled carbon fiber enhanced the V50 ballistic performance of both carbon nanotube and core shell rubber particles in the resin matrix. However, the addition of milled carbon fiber degrades the impact resistance of all nano-particle enhanced resin matrices. Therefore, benefits gained from the addition of microsized particles in combination with nano-sized particles, are only seen in high energy impact scenarios with micro second durations. v Loadings of 1% core shell rubber particles and 1% milled carbon fiber have an improvement of 8% in V50 ballistic performance over the baseline epoxy sample for 44 mag single wad cutter gas check projectiles. Loadings of 1% multi-walled carbon nanotubes with 1% milled carbon fiber have an improvement of 7.3% in V50 ballistic performance over the baseline epoxy sample. The failure mechanism of the various nano-particle enhanced resin matrices during the ballistic event is discussed through the use of scanning electron microscope images and Raman spectroscopy of the panels after failure. The Raman spectroscopy data shows a Raman shift for the fibers that had an enhancement in the V50 performance through the use of nano-particles. The Raman band for Kevlar® centered at 1,649 cm-1 stemming from the stretching of the C==O bond of the fiber shows to be more sensitive to the residual axial strain, while the Raman band centered at 1,611 cm-1 stemming from the C-C phenyl ring is minimally affected for the CSR enhanced panels due to the failure mechanism of the CSR particles during crack propagation.

La présente étude vise à approfondir les connaissances relatives aux mécanismes neuronaux qui sous-tendent la maintenance de sons variant en hauteur dans la mémoire auditive à court terme (MACT), plus précisément lors de sa saturation. À cet effet, la technique des potentiels reliés aux évènements (PRE) en électrophysiologie a été utilisée. La sélection des participants s’est déroulée par l’entremise de deux expériences comportementales : l’une était une tâche de discrimination et l’autre, une tâche qui évaluait l’habileté générale des participants à réussir une tâche similaire à celle de l’expérience principale en électroencéphalographie (EEG). Les résultats comportementaux de notre tâche en EEG ont montré que la performance diminuait de façon significative plus la charge en mémoire augmentait (séquences de 2, 4, 6 et 8 sons) et que l’estimation de la capacité de la MACT mesurée par K augmentait entre 2 et 4 sons pour atteindre un plafond à 4 sons (effet plafond). Le K maximum étant de 2.84 sons, l’empan mnésique (EM) auditif semble être près de 3 sons. Les résultats électrophysiologiques ont montré que la composante électrophysiologique reliée à la maintenance de sons en MACT, la Sustained Anterior Negativity (SAN), était modulée par le nombre de sons à maintenir : son amplitude augmentait de 2 à 4 sons et ce, jusqu’à l’atteinte d’un plafond à 4 sons. Ces résultats suggèrent que la maintenance de sons additionnels dans la MACT n’est plus possible après sa saturation. Nous soutenons donc que la SAN est un index électrophysiologique de l’activité neuronale associée à la maintenance d’items auditifs dans la MACT et que son amplitude est un bon indicateur de la capacité individuelle de la MACT, estimée par K. Des résultats post-hoc ont démontré que les musiciens et les non-musiciens tendent à avoir des différences au niveau de la SAN, sans pour autant modifier l’effet de charge en mémoire. Une analyse qualitative et quantitative de l’utilisation des stratégies mnésiques ont permis de clarifier leur implication et leur nature au sein d’une tâche cognitive de mémoire, plus précisément en audition. Pour conclure, l’ensemble de ces résultats suggère également que la SAN est reliée à la maintenance de sons dans la MACT et ainsi, un bon indicateur de sa capacité. / The aim of the current study is to further understand, through the use of event-related potentials (ERPs), the neural mechanisms that underlie the maintenance of pitch in auditory short-term memory (ASTM) after reaching the memory span. Two behavioral experiments were used to help perform the selection of the participants: the first one was an evaluation of the acoustic discrimination and the second one was a general evaluation of participants’ ability to succeed to a similar task of the one that will be used in the electrophysiological (EEG) part of the experiment. Behavioral results from the EEG task showed a significant decrease in accuracy when the load increased (sequences of 2, 4, 6 and 8 tones). The estimation of the memory capacity (named K), increased from load 2 to 4 and reached a plateau after 4 tones. The maximum K represented 2.84 tones; the auditory span seems to be around 3 tones. Experimental results showed that the ERP component related to the maintenance of tones in ASTM, as measured by the Sustained Anterior Negativity (SAN), was modulated by the load. More specifically, its amplitude increased when the load increased (from 2 to 4) and reached a plateau at load 4. These results suggest that the maintenance of additional tones in ASTM is not possible after its saturation. Thus, the SAN appears to be an adequate electrophysiological index of neuronal activity related to the maintenance of tones in ASTM, and its amplitude appears to be predicted by K. Post-hoc results showed that musician and non-musicians tend to have some differences in their electrophysiological results; however, no change related to the load effect was observed. Finally, a qualitative and quantitative analysis was done to investigate the impact of the use of different mnemonic strategies in ASTM. Taking together, our results support that the SAN component is related to the maintenance of tones in ASTM and can be considerate as a good indicator of its capacity.

The standard ASTM C672 de-icer salt scaling resistance test has been found to be overly aggressive to concretes containing slag cement. It was compared to the newly proposed ASTM WK9367 method, based on the Quebec BNQ test, as well as several modifications, including use of an accelerated curing regime developed in Virginia (VADOT). Sixteen concrete mixtures were studied using high-alkali cement, low-alkali cement, grade 100 slag and grade 120 slag with slag contents of 0%, 20%, 35% and 50%. Vinsol resin air-entraining admixture was compared to Micro Air®. Reducing the water cement ratio from 0.42 to 0.38 had the biggest impact on improving scaling resistance of slag concretes. In general, increased slag contents increased scaling regardless of the test method used. The Micro Air® admixture provided a lower air void actor and higher hardened air content compared to Vinsol resin.

The standard ASTM C672 de-icer salt scaling resistance test has been found to be overly aggressive to concretes containing slag cement. It was compared to the newly proposed ASTM WK9367 method, based on the Quebec BNQ test, as well as several modifications, including use of an accelerated curing regime developed in Virginia (VADOT). Sixteen concrete mixtures were studied using high-alkali cement, low-alkali cement, grade 100 slag and grade 120 slag with slag contents of 0%, 20%, 35% and 50%. Vinsol resin air-entraining admixture was compared to Micro Air®. Reducing the water cement ratio from 0.42 to 0.38 had the biggest impact on improving scaling resistance of slag concretes. In general, increased slag contents increased scaling regardless of the test method used. The Micro Air® admixture provided a lower air void actor and higher hardened air content compared to Vinsol resin.

[EN] The thesis presented below has been developed in Development program, Sustainability and Ecodesign in the Department of Engineering of the Polytechnic University of Valencia. It consists of two experimental investigations that try to answer and justify the need for a different selection metología protective packaging solutions, taking into account the functional variable (critical to contemplate the alternative in the analysis), the environmental variable and the economic variable. At present the selection of the different possibilities for the protection packaging of a product, takes place in the best of cases, according to any of the above variables, independently, regardless of the set of three. As a result, appear overpacked products, where the cost of packaging and the environmental impact associated with it are unnecessary or packaging in which packaging has been minimized so that the possibility of protecting the product from damage along its cycle storage and distribution is important, resulting in product losses and even image / customers. Each of the three variables to consider in the methodology developed in this thesis, is determined by methods and / or scientific / technical tools in order to add value to the new methodology. In this regard note that in the first experiment a comparison of different methods and / or techniques existing at present are performed to determine the buffering capacity of a material (functional variable), so that the user methodology selection optimizes time and costs in the characterization of materials. The second experiment is the proposal itself of the selection methodology applied to a case, in order to make a tutorial of your application, where the functional variable becomes a key requirement to enable the selection between different functionally optimized damping possibilities, based on the environmental and economic variable. These two variables are determined using tools and / or methods known in the case of environmental variable (ACV) and as developed as in the case of the economic variable (cost model), covering the major costs associated with the cycle damping life, as in life-cycle assessment associated environmental impacts are estimated at each stage of their life cycle. Noted that the determination of the functional variable in the second experiment is determined by a device developed by ITENE following the ASTM D 1596 standard, but in the improved design, in order to reduce test times and increase the reliability and repeatability of results . Ultimately functional variable is the initial to be met by alternatives to compare later, so in this thesis has been given an important role in the two experiments to study not only in characterizing the material, but in the method of design requirement used. The objectives and hypotheses of this thesis have been developed in two investigations that aim to generate new knowledge in the design and development of optimized damping systems, improve methods and equipment available for the characterization of materials buffer, and the development of methodologies for selecting the most appropriate blocking protection for a product, addressing not only the functionality but taking into account economic and environmental criteria. All this in order for blocking selected protection for a particular product and distribution cycle, besides being optimized, is the most economical and resulting in the least possible environmental impact. / [ES] La tesis que a continuación se presenta, ha sido desarrollada en el programa Desarrollo, Sostenibilidad y Ecodiseño perteneciente al Departamento de Proyectos de Ingeniería de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Consta de dos investigaciones experimentales que tratan de dar respuesta y justificar la necesidad de una metología de selección de diferentes soluciones de embalaje de protección, teniendo en cuenta la variable funcional (crítica para poder contemplar la alternativa dentro del análisis), la variable medioambiental y la variable económica. En la actualidad la selección de las diferentes posibilidades de embalaje para la protección de un producto, se realiza en el mejor de los casos, en función de alguna de las variables anteriores, de forma independiente, sin tener en cuenta el conjunto de las tres. Como consecuencia, aparecen productos sobreembalados, donde el coste del embalaje y el impacto ambiental asociado al mismo son innecesarios o embalajes en los que se ha minimizado tanto el embalaje de protección que la posibilidad de que el producto sufra daños a lo largo de su ciclo de almacenamiento y distribución es importante, originándose pérdidas de producto e incluso de imagen/clientes. Cada una de las tres variables a tener en cuenta en la metodología desarrollada en esta tesis, se determina a partir de métodos y/o herramientas científico/técnicas con el fin de aportar valor añadido a la nueva metodología. En este sentido destacar que en el primero de los experimentos se realizó una comparativa de los diferentes métodos y/o técnicas existentes en la actualidad para determinar la capacidad de amortiguamiento de un material (variable funcional), de forma que el usuario de la metodología de selección pueda optimizar tiempos y costes en la caracterización de los materiales. La segunda experimentación es la propuesta en sí de la metodología de selección, aplicada a un caso práctico, con el fin de poder realizar un tutorial de su aplicación, donde la variable funcional se convierte en un requerimiento clave para poder realizar la selección entre las diferentes posibilidades de amortiguamiento funcionalmente optimizadas, en base a la variable medioambiental y económica. Estas dos variables se determinan mediante herramientas y/o métodos ya conocidos, en el caso de la variable medioambiental (ACV) y desarrollados a medida como en el caso de la variable económica (modelo de costes), que abarca los principales costes asociados al ciclo de vida del amortiguamiento, al igual que en análisis de ciclo de vida se estiman los impactos ambientales asociados a cada una de las etapas de su ciclo de vida. Destacar que la determinación de la variable funcional en la segunda experimentación se determina mediante un equipo desarrollado por ITENE siguiendo la norma ASTM D 1596, pero mejorado en el diseño, con el fin de reducir tiempos de ensayo y aumentar la fiabilidad y repetibilidad de los resultados. En definitiva la variable funcional es el requerimiento inicial a cumplir por las alternativas a comparar posteriormente, por ello en esta tesis se le ha dado un peso importante en las dos experimentaciones a su estudio no sólo en la caracterización del material sino en el método de diseño utilizado. Los objetivos e hipótesis de la tesis, han sido desarrollados en 2 investigaciones que pretenden generar un nuevo conocimiento en cuanto al diseño y desarrollo de sistemas de amortiguamiento optimizados mejorar los métodos, y maquinaria disponible para la caracterización de los materiales de amortiguamiento, y el desarrollo de metodologías para la selección más idónea del bloqueo de protección para un producto, atendiendo no sólo a la funcionalidad sino teniendo en cuenta criterios económicos y medioambientales. Todo ello con el fin de que el bloqueo de protección seleccionado para un producto y ciclo de distribución concreto, además de estar optimizado, sea el más económ / [CAT] La tesis que a continuació es presenta, ha sigut desenvolupada en el programa Desenvolupament, Sostenibilitat i Ecodiseño pertanyent al Departament de Projectes d'Enginyeria de la Universitat Politècnica de València. Consta de dos investigacions experimentals que tracten de donar resposta i justificar la necessitat d'una metología de selecció de diferents solucions d'embalatge de protecció, tenint en compte la variable funcional (crítica per a poder contemplar l'alternativa dins de l'anàlisi), la variable mediambiental i la variable econòmica. En l'actualitat la selecció de les diferents possibilitats d'embalatge per a la protecció d'un producte, es realitza en el millor dels casos, en funció d'alguna de les variables anteriors, de forma independent, sense tindre en compte el conjunt de les tres. Com a conseqüència, apareixen productes sobreembalats, on el cost de l'embalatge i l'impacte ambiental associat al mateix són innecessaris o embalatges en els que s'ha minimitzat tant l'embalatge de protecció que la possibilitat deque el producte patisca danys al llarg del seu cicle d'emmagatzemament i distribució és important, originant-se pèrdues de producte i inclús d'imagen/clients. Cada una de les tres variables a tindre en compte en la metodologia desenvolupada en esta tesis, es determina a partir de mètodes y/o ferramentes científico/técnicas a fi d'aportar valor afegit a la nova metodologia. En este sentit destacar que en el primer dels experiments es va realitzar una comparativa dels diferents mètodes y/o tècniques existents en l'actualitat per a determinar la capacitat d'amortiment d'un material (variable funcional), de manera que l'usuari de la metodologia de selecció puga optimitzar temps i costos en la caracterització dels materials. La segona experimentació és la proposta en si de la metodologia de selecció, aplicada a un cas pràctic, a fi de poder realitzar un tutorial de la seua aplicació, on la variable funcional es convertix en un requeriment clau per a poder realitzar la selecció entre les diferents possibilitats d'amortiment funcionalment optimitzades, basant-se en la variable mediambiental i econòmica. Estes dos variables es determinen per mitjà de ferramentes y/o mètodes ja coneguts, en el cas de la variable mediambiental (ACV) i desenvolupades a mesura com en el cas de la variable econòmica (model de costos) , que comprén els principals costos associats al cicle de vida de l'amortiment, igual que en anàlisi de cicle de vida s'estimen els impactes ambientals associats a cada una de les etapes del seu cicle de vida. Destacar que la determinació de la variable funcional en la segona experimentació, es determina per mitjà d'un equip desenvolupat per ITENE seguint la norma ASTM D 1596, però millorat en el disseny, a fi de reduir temps d'assaig i augmentar la fiabilitat i repetibilidad dels resultats. En definitiva la variable funcional és el requeriment inicial a complir per les alternatives a comparar posteriorment, per això en esta tesis se li ha donat un pes important en les dos experimentacions al seu estudi no sols en la caracterització del material sinó en el mètode de disseny utilitzat. Els objectius i hipòtesis de la present tesis doctoral, han sigut desenvolupats en 2 investigacions que pretenen generar un nou coneixement quant al disseny i desenvolupament de sistemes d'amortiment optimitzats milloran els mètodes, i maquinària disponible per a la caracterització dels materials d'amortiment, i el desenvolupament de metodologies per a la selecció més idònia del bloqueig de protecció per a un producte, atenent no sols a la funcionalitat sinó tenint en compte criteris econòmics i mediambientals. Tot això a fi que el bloqueig de protecció seleccionat per a un producte i cicle de distribució concret, a més d'estar optimitzat, siga el més econòmic i que origine el menor impacte mediambiental posible. / Navarro Javierre, PI. (2016). Metodologías para el diseño y selección de embalajes de amortiguamiento optimizados, en función de su comportamiento funcional, económico y medioambiental [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63150 / TESIS