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Tai pirmas bendro antibiotikų suvartojimo tyrimas Lietuvoje. Tyrimui panaudoti Valstybinės vaistų kontrolės tarnybos registro duomenys, kurie apima sisteminio poveikio antibiotikų pakuočių bendrus (hospitalinis ir ambulatorinis sektoriai) pardavimus 2005 – 2007 m. Panaudojant PSO 2007 m. ATC klasifikaciją, suskaičiuoti antibiotikų suvartojimo rodikliai VPD 1000-čiui gyventojų per dieną. Didžiausias antibiotikų suvartojimas nustatytas 2005 m., kai jis siekia 65,2 VPD 1000-čiui gyventojų per dieną. Mažiausias suvartojimas nustatytas 2006 m., siekia 22,3 VPD 1000-čiui gyventojų per dieną, kuris yra panašus į daugelio Europos valstybių suvartojimo rodiklį. Penicilinų grupės vaistai bendroje suvartojimo struktūroje užimdavo didžiausią dalį, nuo 81% iki 68%, 2005 2007 m. Po penicilinų nemažas bendro suvartojimo dalis užima tetraciklinai, JOX klasės preparatai (kiti antibakteriniai vaistai) ir cefalosporinai. Nustatytas nemažas bendro antibiotikų suvartojimo svyravimas. Suvartojimo padidėjimas rudens – žiemos mėnesiais nežymus. Daugumos grupių antibiotikų suvartojimas turėjo mažėjimo tendenciją, bet tik amfenikolių suvartojimas mažėjo statistiškai reikšmingai. Šie duomenys gali padėti įgyvendinti visuomenės sveikatos intervencijas, siekiant pagerinti antibiotikų skyrimo Lietuvoje dėsningumus. / This is the first research of total antibiotic consumption in Lithuania. Using the National Medical Control Committee records, the data was obtained on total (ambulatory and hospital use) sales of systemic antibiotics in packages for the period 2005-2007, and equivalents was calculated in defined daily doses (WHO, version 2007) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID). The highest antibiotic use was determined in 2005, when reached 65,2 DID, ant the lowest in 2006, when decreased to 22,3 DID and reached the index, which was comparable in most of the Europian countries. The penicillins was the group which has been registered as the highest consumption (81 – 68% of total systemic antibiotic use) in Lithuania in the period 2005 – 2007. After the penicillins followed tetracyclins, J01X (Other antibacterials) and cefalosporins. Combinations of antibacterials (J01R) were not in use at all. Generally the antibiotic consumption fluctuates, slightly increases in winter seasons ( first ant fourth quarters).The consumption of most antibiotic groups has a tendency to decrease, but only the usage of amfenicols decrease regularly in 2005-2007 and has statistical meaning. These data provide a tool for assessing public health strategies aiming to optimize antibiotic prescribing.

In this thesis we examine the issue regarding pricing of radar data and surveillance to the operators of air navigation service (ANS) at the aerodromes in Sweden. The question of who should be responsible for providing radar data to the operators is being managed that results in if it should be LFV, as it is today, the government or another authority. This is being examined since LFV in 2010 lost its monopoly position in the terminal area in Sweden. LFV still has monopoly on the en route part, and thru the en route income finances the radar data to all operators in Sweden. Air traffic service units (ATS) receive the radar data without any compensation to LFV, this needs to be regulated and conditions and prerequisites are necessary to be implemented. Our supervisor at LFV, Anders Andersson, has been the primary source of information regarding the current situation, background for the problem and also provided relevant documents with proper information. Laws and regulations have been accessed via the Swedish Transport Agency’s website and scientific articles on monopolies and pricing in aviation and other markets have been used in order to compare earlier issues similar to ours. The literature studies combined with interviews with Anders Andersson are the foundations of the development of the pricing schemes. The result of the thesis is presented as three different pricing schemes where each one of them are presented in tables and analysed how it will affect the ATS. In the first pricing scheme the cost for maintenance is equally divided between all ATS, this means every ATS has to pay the same cost regardless size of the airport, number of movement and net sales. The second pricing scheme is based on number of landings per year and divides the ATS in three categories. This scheme increases the cost with concern to the number of landings, which results in the larger ATS are charged more than the smaller ATS. The final pricing scheme is divided in four categories and based on terminal control area (TMA) and requirements on surveillance service. This means the different categories are based on a combination of the median distance flown in TMA and the different requirements the ATS must provide surveillance service. This pricing scheme is a disadvantage for the military airports and the ATS with associated TMA. The conclusions that can be made are the Swedish Transport Agency needs to implement some distinct guidelines and regulations regarding how the pricing should be made, where the pricing schemes and analysis in this thesis could form the basis for future investigations.

This thesis describes a methodology for expressing the consumption of drugs, a system of ATC/DDD, ATC classification and DDD recommended daily dose assigment. It acquaints readers with the most appropriate data source for consumption determining and also inform about diabetes mellitus. This involves also recommended standards of medical care in diabetes by the Czech Diabetes Association, with which is comparethe actual consumption of drugs in the Czech Republic and Slovakia at the conclusion. Czech and Slovak Republic are described using basic statistics. The practical part is devoted to the evaluation of the consumption of drugs in ATC group A10 2005 - 2009. To evaluation indicators DDD/1000inhab/day, Number of pack/1000inhab and Financial statements (EUR)/1000inhab. Consumption is process for the 4th level of ATC classification, as well as for the 5th level of ATC classification. In conclusion, the results of consumption are evaluated, which are compared with each other between the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Under the initiative of Department of Transportation (DOT) a safety-critical, dual redundant, open source traffic signal control application is currently being developed. The system named SCOPE, for Signal Control Program Environment, currently implements standard 8-phase NEMA logic and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program 3-66 preemption logic. SCOPE is designed to be part of the Advanced Traffic Controller (ATC), making use of API standard 2.06b to integrate with the hardware. Safety-critical status is achieved through redundancy of application logic that constantly compares expected signal phase information. From baseline requirements, engineers independently program application code, one using Ada95 and the other using C++. The Traffic EXperimental Analytical Simulation Model, a microscopic single-intersection vehicular simulation, was used for initial validation and testing of the functionality of the system. The second demonstration of the SCOPE, used actuated detector data collected from a recording of a live intersection. Actuator calls were placed on SCOPE at the same times the vehicles triggered the detectors in the video (assuming the vehicles were not in-queue). Using SCOPE the real-world traffic was not only right-of-way safely yielded, but the traffic flow state time average time in-queue reduced. The final phase of testing will occur when the DOT performs Formal Qualification Testing, which is scheduled for 2013. Upon validation and subsequent release to the open source community SCOPE will provide users the ability to replace the proprietary application software residing in ATC cabinets. Transparency will be provided into another aspect of the traffic control signal thus taking the initiative of ATC one step further.

The aim of this study is to analyse the portfolio of the pharmaceutical company Meda Pharma s.r.o. and then, according to the results, suggest a marketing stratégy to be effective up to 2020. The work has two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part explains the basic concepts related to the market, marketing, marketing mix, marketing strategy and its instruments. This part is also dedicated to concepts relating to the pharmaceutical industry. The practical part is focused on analysis of portfolio of the company. I will use the marketing mix, the Boston matrix, evaluate the largest competitors in each product and focus also on the profitability of products of the company. In conclusion, I will propose a marketing strategy to be put in place by 2020.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-20T12:50:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marciabrilhantebranco.pdf: 749908 bytes, checksum: c799cb7de23ed3d5a1c69dc88dcd63fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T18:02:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marciabrilhantebranco.pdf: 749908 bytes, checksum: c799cb7de23ed3d5a1c69dc88dcd63fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T18:02:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marciabrilhantebranco.pdf: 749908 bytes, checksum: c799cb7de23ed3d5a1c69dc88dcd63fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-29 / A presente dissertação investigou a formação continuada dos professores através do Programa de Intervenção Pedagógica/Alfabetização no Tempo Certo (PIP/ATC), tendo recorte os docentes do 3º e 5º anos do ensino fundamental, entre os anos de 2008 a 2013, de uma escola estadual da Superintendência Regional de Ensino de Juiz de Fora/MG (SRE/JF). A escolha da unidade escolar dentre as demais da Superintendência se deu com base em seus resultados significativos nas avaliações externas e internas, bem como de sua premiação como Destaque Regional em 2011 e 2012 no Prêmio Gestão Escolar, promovido pelo Conselho Nacional de Secretários da Educação (Consed), como um reconhecimento de projetos e de gestões bem sucedidas na educação básica da rede pública de ensino brasileira. A análise buscou compreender quais foram as ações dessa escola na implementação e desenvolvimento de seu Plano de Intervenção Pedagógica, aqui denominado PIP/Escola, que contribuíram para os significativos resultados alcançados. A importância da formação continuada é apontada na legislação educacional, através da Lei n.º 9394/96. Além disso, também está presente nas reflexões de estudiosos do tema e de educadores de renome, os quais apontam para a necessidade de reflexão crítica sobre a prática cotidiana, propiciada pelos momentos de formação que favorecem o aprimoramento profissional continuado, visando à melhoria da qualidade da educação. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa de campo foi a análise documental a respeito do programa PIP/ATC, questionários e entrevistas aplicados aos profissionais da escola. A pesquisa evidenciou que as formações oferecidas aos professores a partir do PIP/ATC não foram consideradas significativas pelos mesmos, principalmente por seu caráter de repasse, enfatizando a necessidade de esse modelo ser repensado. A partir deste estudo, foi proposto um Plano de Ação Educacional (PAE), com base na sistematização das capacitações baseada da demanda dos docentes, a serem realizadas na própria escola, tendo a parceria da SRE/JF através das analistas educacionais da equipe pedagógica. Acreditamos que a formação continuada do docente é essencial para promover a associação entre teoria e prática, a troca de experiências entre os pares, bem como a ampliação dos saberes coletivos. / This thesis aims to analyze the continuing education of teachers through the Educational Intervention Program / Literacy at the Right Time (PIP / ATC - acronyms in portuguese) directed mainly for teachers of 3º and 5º grades of elementary school, between the years 2008 to 2013, from the perspective of a school of the Regional Superintendent of Education based on Juiz de Fora - State of Minas Gerais (SRE / JF - acronyms in portuguese). The choice of this school unit was due to its excellent results in external and internal evaluations and his award as Outstanding Regional in 2011 and 2012, in the School Management Award sponsored by the National Council of Education Secretaries (CONSED - acronyms in portuguese) as a recognition of projects and successful efforts in basic education schools in the public system in our country. We also describe and analyse the actions of the school in the development and implementation of its Educational Intervention Plan - PIP / School who contributed to the achievement of significant results acquired. The importance of continuing education is aimed at educational legislation as in Law number. 9394/96 and also by theme researchers’ analysis of the continuing education of teachers and renowned educators who point to the need for critical reflection on the daily practice afforded by moments of formation that favors the continued professional development aimed at improving the quality of education. The methodology used in this study was the analysis of documents about the PIP / ATC program, questionnaires and interviews applied in the school chosen as research place on the institution professionals. From the study outlined above, we will propose an Educational Action Plan – PAE (acronyms in Portuguese), based on the systematization of training from the demand of teachers and performed at its school with the partnership of SRE / JF, by educational analysts of teaching staff. We believe that the continuing education of teachers is essential to promote the association between theory and practice; the exchange of experiences among related professionals and the expansion of collective knowledge with the intention to ensure the student his greatest right, the right to learn.

This thesis describes a methodology for expressing the consumption of drugs, a system of ATC/DDD, ATC classification and DDD recommended daily dose assigment. It also describes the data source which are relevant for this expression. In this thesis I will focuse on combined oral contraception and its consumption which I will express in DDD/1000inhab/day, number of packages and in financial expression in czech krones. At the end of this thesis I will evaluate the results of the consumption according State institute for drug control and my own survey.

This diploma thesis deals with ATC group R01AA drugs in the Czech Republic in the years 2006-2011. The R01AA group includes active substances/OTC products for the treatment of rhinitis.

[EN] The Bologna process encourages the transition of higher education from knowledge possession to understanding performances and from a teaching-centered to a student centered approach via learning outcomes. A student-centered evaluation means that students analyze actively their own learning with concrete criteria on development levels, in an environment where they obtain immediate, frequently and formative feedback. The rationale of this dissertation consists in introducing the execution of disparate sets of activities into the assessment process in order to enrich the whole procedure keeping it close to the learning process. Continuous assessment seems to be the most accurate mean of executing the assessment process taking into account that competencies are achieved by executing activities. The evaluation process is implemented throughout a discreet number of measurement points called "moments of evaluation" which consist in a set of activities necessary for the development of the process. And based on the existing partial order relationship among specific curricular domains we could draw a directed graph with several chains of topics representing a natural way of progress in order to reach the profile competences. We propose a new procedure in continuous assessment by introducing an active/retroactive model, based on the aforementioned chain(s) of topics, which aims to identify those competences that have and those that have not been adequately achieved. With this in mind we suggest introducing a retroactive impact on the outcome assessment of the concerned competencies evaluated in the corresponding chain(s) of topics. These retroactive impacts might be amplified by the introduction of a grade impact amplifier as continuous assessment procedure based on the greater experience and knowledge of the students as the course advances. In general, any subject is composed by different topics and each topic is developed through the execution, with different relevance, of a number of activities. Relationships between activities, topics and competences can be distributed in a 3D matrix array which we will call ATC cuboid. ATC cuboid uses a binary assessment as a check of an activity in each of the core competencies. In this way, we have a matrix structure of the performance of the student over a course, which is the basis to design individualized curricular strategies with the goal of achieving the required level of development of each competence. We will develop the aforementioned ATC cuboids on a sample of students and a comparison between this method and a more traditional method used with Aerospace Engineering students in the Design Engineering School ETSID at Universitat Politècnica de València (Valencia, Spain). / [ES] El proceso de Bolonia anima la transición de la educación superior desde un modelo basado en la adquisición del conocimiento a un modelo que prima la comprensión del desempeño y desde un modelo centrado en la enseñanza a un modelo centrado en el estudiante a través de los resultados del aprendizaje. Una evaluación centrada en el alumnado significa que el estudiante analiza activamente su propio aprendizaje con criterios concretos sobre niveles de desarrollo en un entorno donde obtiene feedback de forma inmediata, frecuente y formativa. El fundamento de esta tesis consiste en la introducción de conjuntos muy diversos de actividades en el proceso de evaluación con el objetivo de enriquecerlo globalmente y acercarlo al proceso de aprendizaje. La evaluación continua se perfila como uno de los medios más precisos de ejecutar el proceso de evaluación teniendo en cuenta que las competencias pueden adquirirse mediante la realización de actividades. El proceso de evaluación se implementa en una sucesión discreta de puntos de medida que denominamos "momentos de evaluación" y que consisten en un conjunto de actividades que son necesarias para el desarrollo del proceso. Y basándonos en la existencia de una relación de orden parcial entre los distintos contenidos de un dominio curricular, podemos trazar un grafo dirigido con varias cadenas de tópicos que representan, de una forma natural, la progresión del alumnado para alcanzar el perfil de competencias objetivo. Proponemos un nuevo procedimiento de evaluación continua introduciendo un modelo activo/retroactivo, basado en las cadenas de tópicos antes citadas, que favorece la identificación de aquellas competencias que se han y que no se han alcanzado de una forma adecuada. Con esta idea presente, sugerimos la introducción de un impacto retroactivo sobre los conocimientos base de estas competencias ya evaluados en la(s) correspondiente(s) cadena(s) de tópicos diseñadas. Es más, este impacto retroactivo podría ser más relevante mediante la introducción de un amplificador de impacto calificador como un procedimiento de evaluación continua fundamentado en la mayor experiencia y conocimiento acumulado del alumno conforme avanza el desarrollo del curso. En general, cualquier asignatura se compone de distintos tópicos y cada tópico se desarrolla mediante la ejecución, con distinta relevancia, de una serie de actividades. Estas relaciones pueden ser representadas mediante matrices de tres dimensiones a las que hemos llamado cuboides ATC, los cuales se implementan mediante el uso de una evaluación binaria que verifica en las actividades cada una de las competencias básicas y las califica con un indicador verdadero/falso obteniendo una estructura matricial del rendimiento del alumnado en el curso, lo que nos permitirá diseñar estrategias curriculares. Desarrollaremos los mencionados cuboides ATC para una muestra de estudiantes y los compararemos con los resultados obtenidos con un método más tradicional utilizado en el grado de Ingeniería Aeroespacial en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño, ETSID, en la Universitat Politècnica de València. / [CAT] El procés de Bolònia anima la transició de l'educació superior des d'un model basat en l'adquisició del coneixement a un model que prima la comprensió de l'acompliment i des d'un model centrat en l'ensenyament a un model centrat en l'estudiant a través dels resultats de l'aprenentatge. Una avaluació centrada en l'alumne significa que l'estudiant analitza activament el seu propi aprenentatge amb criteris concrets sobre nivells de desenvolupament en un entorn on obté feedback de forma immediata, freqüent i formativa. El fonament d'aquesta tesi consisteix en la introducció de conjunts molt diversos d'activitats en el procés d'avaluació amb l'objectiu d'enriquir-lo globalment i apropar-lo al procés d'aprenentatge. L'avaluació contínua es perfila com un dels mitjans més precisos d'executar el procés d'avaluació tenint en compte que les competències es poden adquirir mitjançant la realització d'activitats. El procés d'avaluació s'implementa en una successió discreta de punts de mesura que denominem "moments d'avaluació" i que consisteixen en un conjunt d'activitats que són necessàries per al desenvolupament del procés. I basant-nos en l'existència d'una relació d'ordre parcial entre els diferents continguts d'un domini curricular, podem traçar un graf dirigit amb diverses cadenes de tòpics que representen, d'una forma natural, la progressió de l'alumne per assolir el perfil de competències objectiu. Proposem un nou procediment d'avaluació contínua introduint-hi un model actiu/retroactiu, basat en les cadenes de tòpics abans esmentades, que afavoreix la identificació d'aquelles competències que s'han assolit i també de les que no s'han assolit d'una manera adequada. Amb aquesta idea present, suggerim la introducció d'un impacte retroactiu sobre els coneixements base d'aquestes competències ja avaluats en la(les) corresponent(-s) cadena(-es) de tòpics dissenyades. I encara més, aquest impacte retroactiu podria ser més rellevant mitjançant la introducció d'un amplificador d'impacte qualificador com un procediment d'avaluació contínua fonamentat en la major experiència i coneixement acumulat de l'alumne a mesura que avança el desenvolupament del curs. En general, qualsevol assignatura es compon de diferents tòpics i cada tòpic es desenvolupa mitjançant l'execució, amb diferent rellevància, d'una sèrie d'activitats. Aquestes relacions entre activitats, tòpics i competències poden ser representades mitjançant matrius de tres dimensions a les que hem anomenat cuboides ATC. Els cuboides ATC s'implementen mitjançant l'ús d'una avaluació binària que verifica en les activitats cadascuna de les competències bàsiques i les qualifica amb un indicador veritable/fals. Així, obtenim una estructura matricial del rendiment de l'alumne en el curs, la qual cosa ens permetrà dissenyar estratègies curriculars individualitzades adaptades a les necessitats particulars de cada estudiant amb l'objectiu que assoleixin el nivell requerit en cadascuna de les competències. Desenvoluparem els esmentats cuboides ATC per a una mostra d'estudiants i els compararem amb els resultats obtinguts amb un mètode més tradicional utilitzat en el grau d'Enginyeria Aeroespacial a l'Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria del Disseny, ETSED, a la Universitat Politècnica de València. / Mínguez Aroca, FD. (2016). Computational assessing model based on performance and dynamic assignment of curriculum contents [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61781 / TESIS