一、研究目的：彈性製造系統（ＦＭＳ）是近年來相當受到重視的生產系統，但如欲 使其發揮有效的生產功能，必須配合靈活的控制決策，其中，加工機排程決策與物料 搬運系統的控制決策扮演了重要的角色。本文以這兩項決策為討論的重點，希望達成 下列的目的：１）探討影響ＦＭＳ績效的重要變數有那些；２）探討加工機排程法則 與自動搬運車（ＡＧＶ）分派法則間的交互關係；３）在考慮系統狀況及目標數值之 下，決定加工機排程法則與ＡＧＶ分派法則的最適組合。 二、文獻：根據近年來國內外相關文獻顯示，對於加工機排程法則與物料搬運系統之 研究，多數採取獨立探討的觀點，不考慮二者之間的交互關係；然而實務上，此二者 的決策間具有相當密切的關係。此外，在以往的研究中，系統績效的評估多以流程時 間（FLOW TIME ）為主，但依據美國學術界在１９８６年所作實際調查結果，業者最 關心的卻為工件之準時交貨。 三、研究方法：本文建立一個一般化的ＦＭＳ模式，並採取非連續事件模擬方法來模 據系統的運作情形，藉以比較出不同決策法則所達成的系統績效。此外，並以相關分 析法求取系統績效與若干系統變數間的相關係數，藉以探討系統績效與系統變數間的 交互關係。 四、研究結果：１）影響ＦＭＳ系統績效的主要變數大致分為五類－－ＡＧＶ系統變 數、彈性加工中心（ＰＭＣ）系統變數、工件加工條件、產品需求狀況及其他影響因 素；２）經由模據分析發現：ａ）在一定工件抵達頻率下，以明顯延誤成本（ＡＴＣ ）排程法則有最佳的績效表現；ｂ）工件抵達頻率不同，則加工機排程法則與ＡＧＶ 分派法則的最適組合也隨之不同。

Title: Representation of selected general and specific training indicators in ATC in a selected floorball team. Objectives: Performing a literature review, focusing especially of foreign scientific articles regarding the characteristics of floorball and related fitness training. Monitoring the representation of fitness training in a selected extra-league men's team during all training periods of a chosen annual training cycle (2014/2015) using the newly introduced XPS network software. Methods: Upon completion of the literature review, research was performed by conducting the content analysis of training documents kept during the 2014/2015 annual training cycle ("ATC"). The newly created software was part of the analysis. The software was distributed for the needs of floorball practice. In order to evaluate general categories and specific training indicators, natural selection was employed. Comparison was used to assess selected indicators. In addition, physical fitness was evaluated using selected UNIFITTEST 6 - 60 tests (Měkota, Kovář, 1996); however, this type of assessment does not belong to core of this paper. Results: The results suggest that sports performance is affected, to a degree, by general training indicators such as the number of days or the total of training time. However, the most...

Thesis (M. Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Today, many small aerodromes have a hard time surviving economically, and amongst the largest cost is air traffic control. Airlines are cutting costs where they can, and many times this affects the aerodromes as well, e.g. when airlines decide to park remotely instead of at the gate. The project called Remotely Operated Towers, initiated by SESAR and run by Saab and LFV, is aiming to address this problem. The project revolves around remotely providing ATS to aerodromes where it is deemed suitable. A big challenge in this project is how to assign aerodromes to remote tower modules in the remote control centre. There are many ways to do this, but there is only a few ways to do it to achieve the least amount of modules. This thesis aims to find an optimal solution to the challenge mentioned above. The thesis resulted in a model where the user can provide the input of choice, i.e. aerodromes with associated ATS operating hours and movements, for a specific period – and receive the assignment schedule for the modules, saying exactly which aerodrome are to be controlled by which module at what time.

According to the National Drug Policy one of the health services objectives is to ensure the availability and accessibility of essential drugs to all citizens. An economic objective of the same policy is to promote the cost-effective and rational use of drugs (Department of Health, 1996). Currently, there is no system to scientifically determine the usage of medicines in the public sector and whether the current usage is satisfactory enough (John, 2004:2). The World Health Organization states that "good drug supply management is an essential component of effective and affordable health care services globally (World Health Organization, 1998:1). In the South African context, even though the Essential Drug List helps health care professionals to treat diseases in the public sector, it does not prescribe the minimum guidelines for medicine supply systems (Department of Health, 2006a). The general objective of this study was to develop a therapeutic medicine budget model in a district hospital in the public sector of the North-West Province to control medicine usage. This can be done after analysing the medicine usage patterns and then developing a framework for therapeutic budgeting by evaluating appropriate systems, i.e. the International Code for Disease (ICD-10) classification system, with the therapeutic budget model framework. Retrospective drug utilisation of six months (January 2007 until June 2007) was documented. A random sample population of 25% was selected (n = 1 494). After the data collection period of 9 weeks, the actual study population was only 18.67% (only 1 166 of the 1 494 patients files had a medicine history). All the medicine items prescribed were classified in the therapeutic budget model. Patient confidentially was assured by using a unique pin number on the survey form, so that no names of patients or other biographical details were collected from the patient files onto the survey form, which is in line with the requirements of the Ethics Committee approval conditions for the North-West University. The total number of medicine items dispensed during the study period was 11 768. The average cost per medicine item was R19.36 ± 86.79 for inpatients. The total number of consultations was 3 220. The average number of medicine items per consultation was 3.66 ± 1.98. The total cost of medicine items during the study period was R244 677.11. The average medicine cost per consultation for inpatients was R70.80 ± 177.72. The top three budget groups according to frequency represented 68.11% of all medicine used according to budget groups. The top three pharmacological groups according to total cost represented 61.68% of the total cost of pharmacological groups. The top three therapeutic codes according to frequency represented 18.75% of all therapeutic codes. The top three ICD-10 codes based on total cost represented 59.35% of all medical conditions diagnosed. The total hospital budget for 2007 was predicted at R3 276 750.00. Of this budget, 75% was for pharmaceuticals (R2 457 562.50). The total pharmaceutical medicine cost (excluding surgicals) from the study was R224 677.11 (this was for 18.67% of the total patient visits for six months) which can be calculated at R2 406 824.96 for all patients visits in a full year. The correlation between the actual budget and the projected budget showed a R50 737.54 surplus in the budget of the hospital. A therapeutic budget model can also help in achieving the following: • Proper preparation and planning of budgetary policies in a phased manner based on scientific evidence; • Evaluation of budgetary compliance, cost-efficiency of therapy and standard treatment guidelines (STG) / Essential Drug List (EDL) / formulary compliance; • Better procurement strategies based on demand, expenditure and inventory control; and • Better delivery and maintenance of quality health care by evaluating operational and clinical policies. The therapeutic budget model is a more appropriate manner to use in the projections of budgets and medicine usage. The scope of a therapeutic budget model to be implemented in the hospitals in the public sector of the North-West Province seems to be promising. / Thesis (M. Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Thesis (M. Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

According to the National Drug Policy one of the health services objectives is to ensure the availability and accessibility of essential drugs to all citizens. An economic objective of the same policy is to promote the cost-effective and rational use of drugs (Department of Health, 1996). Currently, there is no system to scientifically determine the usage of medicines in the public sector and whether the current usage is satisfactory enough (John, 2004:2). The World Health Organization states that "good drug supply management is an essential component of effective and affordable health care services globally (World Health Organization, 1998:1). In the South African context, even though the Essential Drug List helps health care professionals to treat diseases in the public sector, it does not prescribe the minimum guidelines for medicine supply systems (Department of Health, 2006a). The general objective of this study was to develop a therapeutic medicine budget model in a district hospital in the public sector of the North-West Province to control medicine usage. This can be done after analysing the medicine usage patterns and then developing a framework for therapeutic budgeting by evaluating appropriate systems, i.e. the International Code for Disease (ICD-10) classification system, with the therapeutic budget model framework. Retrospective drug utilisation of six months (January 2007 until June 2007) was documented. A random sample population of 25% was selected (n = 1 494). After the data collection period of 9 weeks, the actual study population was only 18.67% (only 1 166 of the 1 494 patients files had a medicine history). All the medicine items prescribed were classified in the therapeutic budget model. Patient confidentially was assured by using a unique pin number on the survey form, so that no names of patients or other biographical details were collected from the patient files onto the survey form, which is in line with the requirements of the Ethics Committee approval conditions for the North-West University. The total number of medicine items dispensed during the study period was 11 768. The average cost per medicine item was R19.36 ± 86.79 for inpatients. The total number of consultations was 3 220. The average number of medicine items per consultation was 3.66 ± 1.98. The total cost of medicine items during the study period was R244 677.11. The average medicine cost per consultation for inpatients was R70.80 ± 177.72. The top three budget groups according to frequency represented 68.11% of all medicine used according to budget groups. The top three pharmacological groups according to total cost represented 61.68% of the total cost of pharmacological groups. The top three therapeutic codes according to frequency represented 18.75% of all therapeutic codes. The top three ICD-10 codes based on total cost represented 59.35% of all medical conditions diagnosed. The total hospital budget for 2007 was predicted at R3 276 750.00. Of this budget, 75% was for pharmaceuticals (R2 457 562.50). The total pharmaceutical medicine cost (excluding surgicals) from the study was R224 677.11 (this was for 18.67% of the total patient visits for six months) which can be calculated at R2 406 824.96 for all patients visits in a full year. The correlation between the actual budget and the projected budget showed a R50 737.54 surplus in the budget of the hospital. A therapeutic budget model can also help in achieving the following: • Proper preparation and planning of budgetary policies in a phased manner based on scientific evidence; • Evaluation of budgetary compliance, cost-efficiency of therapy and standard treatment guidelines (STG) / Essential Drug List (EDL) / formulary compliance; • Better procurement strategies based on demand, expenditure and inventory control; and • Better delivery and maintenance of quality health care by evaluating operational and clinical policies. The therapeutic budget model is a more appropriate manner to use in the projections of budgets and medicine usage. The scope of a therapeutic budget model to be implemented in the hospitals in the public sector of the North-West Province seems to be promising. / Thesis (M. Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Thesis (M. Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:13:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3314_1.pdf: 5772499 bytes, checksum: 7f9d795fe1b6dce103b1a1696b26eb1a (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Os avanços tecnológicos na área da geração de imagens médicas com radiações ionizantes possibilitaram a realização de intervenções invasivas que têm beneficiado diversas áreas da medicina, destacando-se entre essas as intervenções em cardiologia intervencionista. Apesar dos benefícios, os procedimentos intervencionistas geralmente envolvem o uso de longos tempos de exposição à radiação e representam, para pacientes e trabalhadores, um risco maior do que o de outros procedimentos nos quais também há exposição à radiação. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da dosimetria realizada em médicos e pacientes (pediátricos e adultos) durante intervenções cardíacas percutâneas e procedimentos de diagnóstico, realizados no período de abril de 2007 a agosto de 2010, em um hospital de referência na cidade de Recife, Pernambuco. As medidas dosimétricas foram tomadas em 143 procedimentos, dos quais 118 foram realizados em pacientes adultos e 25 em pacientes pediátricos, estes com doença cardíaca congênita. Os procedimentos foram realizados por meio de um angiógrafo monoplanar Philips (modelo Allura 12), equipado com intensificador de imagem. A dosimetria de pacientes foi realizada pelo emprego de filmes radiocrômicos e de parâmetros de indicação de dose apresentados pelo equipamento angiográfico; e para a dosimetria nos médicos se utilizaram dosímetros termoluminescentes distribuídos no corpo e nas vestimentas de proteção dos profissionais. Durante os procedimentos clínicos, foram registrados parâmetros de irradiação e informações como: número de imagens, tempo acumulado em fluoroscopia; magnitude do kerma ar cumulativo no ponto de referência IRP [Ka,r], entre outras. Os resultados da dosimetria de pacientes mostraram valores de kerma ar na superfície de entrada da pele do paciente [Ka,e], variando de 240 a 5.897 mGy, nos pacientes adultos, e de 45 a 1.079 mGy nos pacientes pediátricos. A máxima dose absorvida na superfície (MDA) da pele do paciente variou de 649 a 4.180 mGy, nos pacientes adultos, e de 214 a 487 mGy, nos pacientes pediátricos. Seguindo orientações de guias de acompanhamento de pacientes, os pacientes que apresentaram MDA maior que 3 Gy ou Ka,r maior que 5 Gy foram avaliados, pelos médicos, após 14 dias do procedimento e não se observou a ocorrência de lesões. Com relação aos médicos, a dose efetiva média por procedimento foi 5,2 μSv em procedimentos de diagnóstico com pacientes adultos e de 4,5 μSv com pacientes pediátricos. Nos procedimentos de intervenção, os valores foram 10,8 μSv e 6,4 μSv, em procedimentos com pacientes adultos e pediátricos, respectivamente. Os valores de dose equivalente por procedimento, mais altos, medidos no corpo dos médicos, foram: 922 μSv no pé esquerdo, 514 μSv no pé direito, 382 μSv nas mãos e 150 μSv nos olhos, em procedimentos com pacientes adultos. Com pacientes pediátricos, os valores foram: 123, 127, 1.188 e 224 μSv, respectivamente. A ausência de acessórios de proteção (tela e saiote pumblíferos) e EPIs específicos (óculos e luvas) são explicações para os valores altos registrados. Dependendo do número de procedimentos, as doses recebidas pelos médicos podem exceder os limites de dose anual (150 mSv para o cristalino dos olhos e 500 mSv para extremidades) estabelecidos por normas nacionais e internacionais

In this essay one has been investigating some of the reasons why aviation incidents take place and also examine what strategies there are to minimize the risks - primarily regarding miscommunication which often seems to be a contributing element or a direct cause in aviation mishaps. The aim of this study is to highlight and raise awareness about this field of study from a communicative point of view.The study has been performed using qualitative interviews with pilots, Air Traffic Controllers and other professionals within the aviation industry. The research has been somewhat hampered by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic but not to an extent that would have corrupted the findings.The key results have indicated that miscommunication still is a problem in the aviation industry, but less so on the local national stage than in a global perspective. Two particular occurrences that have been given extra attention are runway incursions and the use of Controller Pilot Data-Link Communications.One has established that there are technical systems available on the market to improve communication performance and that runway incursion is a problem that grows with the complexity of the airport environment. One has also been made aware of the fact that human factors can only be mitigated so far with technology. The principal question has been: How can Miscommunication in Aviation be reduced? / I denna uppsats har vi tittat på några av de bakomliggande orsakerna till att incidenter fortfarande sker inom trafikflyget samt undersökt vilka strategier som föreligger för att minimera dessa risker - primärt pga felkommunikation vilken ofta tenderar att vara en bakomliggande eller direkt utlösande faktor i flygolyckor. Syftet med denna studie är att uppmärksamma och öka medvetenheten om dessa fenomen från en kommunikativ synvinkel.Studien har genomförts medelst en kvalitativ intervjumetod med piloter, flygledare och andra initierade yrkesgrupper inom flygindustrin. Forskningen har hämmats något pga utbrottet av COVID-19 pandemin men inte i en sådan omfattning att resultatet har förvanskats.De huvudsakliga resultaten har indikerat att felkommunikation fortfarande är ett problem inom flygbranschen, men i en långt mindre omfattning på lokal nationell nivå än i ett globalt perspektiv. Två specifika företeelser som har getts extra uppmärksamhet är rullbaneintrång samt användandet av CPDLC (datalänk).Vi har konstaterat att det finns tekniska system på marknaden för att förbättra prestandan på kommunikationen samt att rullbaneintrång är ett problem som växer med flygplatsens storlek och komplexitetsgrad. Vi har också uppmärksammats på att den mänskliga faktorn endast delvis kan undanröjas med hjälp av teknologi. Den huvudsakliga fågeställningen har varit: Hur kan felkommunikation inom flyget reduceras