<p> The mtDNA control region of the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) was sequenced and comparisons made at the inter- and intraspecific level. Comparison of the control region with that of another Passerine, Darwin's Finch (Geospiza scandens), revealed a high degree of both gross and fine scale structural similarity. At the nucleotide level, this comparison confirmed the presence of a hypervariable domain which evolves at rate approximately 5 times faster than coding mtDNA as well as a relatively conserved central domain which evolves at rate comparable to coding mtDNA. Both species displayed the typical avian mtDNA gene organisation previously described by Desjardins and Morais (1990, 1991) and Quinn and Wilson (in press). However, the most notable structural feature in common was the apparent deletion of the entire left hypervariable domain (CR1). At a finer scale, Conserved Sequence Block (CSB1) was perfectly conserved between cowbird and finch and Conserved Sequence Block 2 (CSB2) was 78% similar. The hypervariable right domain showed the largest degree of sequence divergence between species, 22.7%, while the central domain and phe-tRNA showed much less divergence, 6.47 and 4.41% respectively. At an intraspecific level, in 524 bases of sequence from 31 nestling cowbirds from a population at Delta, Manitoba, only 3 variable sites were detected which defined a total of 4 haplotypes. The average percent sequence divergence for this population was 0.27%. This level of variation within the cowbird population is low compared to other vertebrate populations. This relative lack of variation is largely attributable to the loss of the left hypervariable domain (CR1). The loss of CR1 will limit the control region's usefulness for high resolution population level studies but may make it a useful marker for phylogenetic studies within the class Aves.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As an attempt at promoting the approximation between the Universities and the social movements in order to qualify the processes of formation of technicians in Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ATER), MDA/INCRA created the Agrarian Residence Program. The Agrarian Residence Program is a national coverage program; it is coordinated by MDA/INCRA Ministry of Agrarian Development/National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform, and is developed in the North, Northeast, Mid-West and the South/Southeast regions of Brazil. The Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) joined the program as one of the program units in the South/Southeast region (with UFRJ, UNICAMP and UFPR). This work aimed at contributing to the identification of the challenges implied in the formation of professionals of higher education with a differentiated profile to work with family farmers and settlers, through a critical evaluation of the experience of the UFSM project. It attempts at explicitating the perception of the participants in the Agrarian Residence Program about their main difficulties in the formation of competences for the work of ATER in the Program scope. In order to reach the objectives, a qualitative research was done through a participant observation of the researcher in several activities of the course, and semi-structured interviews in the several stages of the course with the participant students in the Agrarian Residence Project of UFSM and the Program managers. It was observed that before the experiences and challenges placed in each stage, different reactions on the part of students are perceived, who basically decide for their permanence or not in the project, as well as face or not the challenges of learning. It is understood that such dynamics determines differences in the individual trajectories and in the progress in terms of formation of competences made in the project. Such interpretation reveals the importance and central role of the subjects decisions in the improvement of the learning processes and, as a consequence, it indicates that the progress was differentiated from individual to individual. / Buscando favorecer a aproximação entre as Universidades e os movimentos sociais para qualificar os processos de formação de técnicos de ATER o MDA/INCRA criou o Programa Residência Agrária. O Programa Residência Agrária tem abrangência nacional, é coordenado pelo MDA/INCRA e desenvolvido nas regiões Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste e Sul/Sudeste. A UFSM integrou-se como uma das unidades do programa na região Sul/Sudeste (com UFRJ, a UNICAMP e a UFPR). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para a identificação dos desafios implicados na formação de profissionais de nível superior com perfil diferenciado para trabalho com agricultores familiares e assentados, mediante uma avaliação crítica da experiência do projeto da UFSM. Busca-se explicitar a percepção dos participantes do Programa Residência Agrária sobre suas principais dificuldades na formação de competências para o trabalho de ATER no âmbito do Programa. Para atingir os objetivos, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa através de observação participante em diversas atividades do curso, e entrevistas semi-estruturadas em três etapas do Curso de Especialização com os alunos participantes do projeto Residência Agrária da UFSM e gestores do Programa. Observou-se que frente às experiências e desafios colocados em cada etapa percebem-se diferentes reações por parte dos alunos que basicamente decidem pela permanência, ou não, no projeto e enfrentar ou não os desafios de aprendizagem. Entende-se que tal dinâmica determina diferenças nas trajetórias individuais e no avanço em termos de formação de competências alcançado no projeto. Tal interpretação revela a importância e centralidade das decisões dos sujeitos no avanço dos processos de aprendizagem e, consequentemente, indica que os avanços foram diferenciados de indivíduo para indivíduo.

No description available.

<p>The study shows conclusively that brine composition and concentration is highly variable at these South African power utilities and processes such as RO, contact with ash and CO2 ingress can have an impact upon the overall brine quality. Aq.QA was found to be a more accurate tool for classifying waters according to dominant ions than Stiff diagrams but Stiff diagrams still have the superior advantage of being a mapping tool to easily identify samples of similar composition as well as quickly identify what has been added or what has been removed from a water stream. Chemical speciation could identify effluent streams where CO2 dissolution had taken place.</p>

<p>The study shows conclusively that brine composition and concentration is highly variable at these South African power utilities and processes such as RO, contact with ash and CO2 ingress can have an impact upon the overall brine quality. Aq.QA was found to be a more accurate tool for classifying waters according to dominant ions than Stiff diagrams but Stiff diagrams still have the superior advantage of being a mapping tool to easily identify samples of similar composition as well as quickly identify what has been added or what has been removed from a water stream. Chemical speciation could identify effluent streams where CO2 dissolution had taken place.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:57:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4877.pdf: 11346375 bytes, checksum: 45ab95556ea7e7674de1fa3624b0bcd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-19 / Given that the extinction of biodiversity, and considerable environmental and social degradation, is intrinsically linked to the conventional mode of production and consumption patterns, it becomes possible to identify that the challenge we face is not simply a matter of achieving the global demand for food since, quantitatively, this objective has been reached. Science is then faced with a paradigm. It is crucial that scientists involved in the search for environmentally friendly and sustainable agricultural technologies worry about who actually will be benefited from them. It is also necessary to identify what is produced, how it is produced and for whom it is produced. Accordingly, agroecological production systems shows to be responsible for the recovery of soil fertility, promotion of food sovereignty and social inclusion of individuals affected by it. In the same way, permaculture design proposes the systemic thought and conception of ecological principles so the planning, the management and the improvement of the efforts made by individuals and communities may lead to a viable future. These two approaches provide technical and practical subsidies for sustainable use of natural resources and should be included in actions of technical assistance and rural extension (ATER acronym in portuguese). The purpose of this work was to systematize the experiences of an action research in critical ATER, which resulted in the training of agroecology and permaculture students from UFSCar and producers of the settlement Araras 4, located in the municipality of Araras, São Paulo, Brazil. Based on the results, we can conclude that the teaching of agroecology and permaculture, practical experience and educational spaces can assist in teaching and learning, and provides products and models to be followed by producers. / Tendo em vista que a extinção da biodiversidade, e parte considerável da degradação ambiental e social, está intrinsecamente ligada ao modo de produção convencional e aos padrões de consumo, torna possível a identificação que o desafio que enfrentamos não é uma simples questão de atender à demanda global por alimentos, visto que, quantitativamente, este objetivo já foi alcançado. A ciência então se encontra diante de um paradigma. É crucial que os cientistas envolvidos na busca por tecnologias agrícolas ecológicas e sustentáveis se preocupem com quem, de fato, se beneficiará com elas. É preciso também que se identifique o que é produzido, como é produzido e para quem é produzido. Nesse sentido, sistemas de produção agroecológicos demonstram ser responsáveis pela recuperação da fertilidade do solo, a promoção da soberania alimentar e da inclusão social dos indivíduos por ele atingidos. Dessa mesma forma, a permacultura propõe o pensamento sistêmico e a concepção de princípios ecológicos para que o planejamento, a gestão e a melhora dos esforços realizados pelos indivíduos e pelas comunidades possam guiar para um futuro viável. Estas duas abordagens fornecem subsídios técnicos e práticos para uso sustentáveis dos recursos naturais e devem ser incluídas em ações de assistência técnica e extensão rural (ATER). O objetivo do trabalho foi sistematizar as experiências de uma pesquisa-ação critica em ATER, que teve como resultado a capacitação agroecológica e permacultural de estudantes da UFSCar e produtores do assentamento Araras 4, localizado na cidade de Araras, São Paulo, Brasil. A partir dos resultados, pode-se concluir que no ensino da agroecologia e da permacultura, experiências práticas e espaços educativos podem auxiliar no ensino e na aprendizagem, além de fornecer produtos e modelos a serem seguidos pelos produtores.

In der Promotionsarbeit werden die aasbesiedelnden Käferarten Thanatophilus sinuatus (Fabricius, 1775), Trivialname Gerippter Totenfreund und Dermestes ater (De Geer, 1774), Trivialname Schwarzer Speckkäfer, auf die Möglichkeit hin untersucht, nach langen Leichenliegezeiten die Medikamente Methadon und Diphenhydramin nachzuweisen. Dazu wurden verschiedene Stadien der Käfer mittels LC-MS untersucht. Als Extraktionsmethode kam unter anderem die QuEChERS-Methode zum Einsatz. Es zeigte sich, dass in allen Stadien ein Nachweis möglich ist. Zudem gibt es starke Hinweise auf eine käfereigene Metabolisierung der Stoffe.:I. Inhaltsverzeichnis I II. Abkürzungsverzeichnis IV III. Tabellenverzeichnis VI IV. Diagrammverzeichnis VII 1. Aufgabenstellung 1 2. Einführung 3 3. Methodischer Teil 5 3.1. Grundannahme 5 3.2. Stand der Forschung 5 3.3. Auswahl der Käferarten 7 3.3.1. Thanatophilus sinuatus – Der gerippte Totenfreund 8 3.3.2. Dermestes ater – Der schwarze Speckkäfer 9 3.3.3. Vorbereitung der Käfer 9 3.4. Auswahl der Noxen 11 3.4.1. Diphenhydramin 11 3.4.2. Methadon 12 3.5. Versuchsaufbau und Ablauf 13 3.5.1. Probenmaterial 13 3.5.2. Zeitlicher Versuchsablauf 14 3.5.3. Geräte und Material 16 3.5.4. Software 16 3.6. Toxikologische Analytik 17 3.6.1. Externe Kalibrierung und Bestimmung der LOD’s und LOQ’s 17 3.6.2. Extraktion 18 3.6.3. Problemstellung der Mitextraktion von Lipiden 19 3.6.4. Verbesserung der Aufarbeitung durch Probenvorbereitung mittels QuEChERS 19 3.6.5. UPLC-TOF-MS 20 II 4. Ergebnisse 22 4.1. Methodenentwicklung 22 4.1.1. Angewandte Methodik im Hauptversuch 22 4.1.2. Optimierung der Methodik und Erweiterung mit QuEChERS 22 4.1.3. Identifizierung von Methadon und seiner Metabolite 24 4.1.4. Identifizierung von Diphenhydramin und seiner Metabolite 25 4.1.5. Forensische Durchführbarkeit 25 4.2. Ergebnisse der Auswertung 26 4.2.1. Entwicklung von Thanatophilus sinuatus in einer Methadonprobe 26 4.2.2. Entwicklung von Thantophilus sinuatus in einer Diphenhydraminprobe 27 4.2.3. Vergleich der Methadon-, Diphenhydramin- und Kontrollproben bei Thanatophilus sinuatus 28 4.2.4. Festgestellte Probleme in den Thanatophilus sinuatus Zuchten 29 4.2.5. Entwicklung von Dermestes ater in einer Methadonprobe 29 4.2.6. Entwicklung von Dermestes ater in einer Diphenhydraminprobe 30 4.2.7. Probleme und Vorteile der Dermestes ater Zuchten 31 4.2.8. Nachweis von Methadon und seinen Metaboliten in der Thanatophilus sinuatus Zucht 31 4.2.9. Nachweis von Diphenhydramin und seinen Metaboliten in der Thanatophilus sinuatus Zucht 34 4.2.10. Nachweis von Methadon und seinen Metaboliten in der Dermestes ater Zucht 35 4.2.11. Nachweis von Diphenhydramin und seinen Metaboliten in der Dermestes ater Zucht 38 4.2.12. Messung und Quantifizierung mittels optimierter QuEChERS-Extraktion bei Dermestes ater 41 5. Diskussion 43 5.1. Methodendiskussion 43 5.2. Ergebnisdiskussion 45 5.2.1. Ergebnisse von Thanatophilus sinuatus 45 5.2.2. Probleme mit Thanatophilus sinuatus im Vergleich zu Dermestes ater 46 5.2.3. Ergebnisse von Dermestes ater 47 5.2.4. Metabolite bei Diphenhydramin 49 5.2.5. Die Bedeutung von QuEChERS für die forensische Entomotoxikologie 50 5.3. Kritische Betrachtung der forensischen Entomotoxikologie 50 III 6. Zusammenfassung & Ausblick 53 7. Literaturverzeichnis 56 8. Danksagung 69 9. Lebenslauf 70 10. Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung 74

A presente dissertação trata da temática do Etnodesenvolvimento em comunidades indígenas Kaingang, a partir de dois instrumentos de políticas públicas que são a Chamada Pública de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural e o Programa de Fomento às Atividades Produtivas do Plano Brasil Sem Miséria. Tem por objetivo analisar as contribuições ao etnodesenvolvimento destes instrumentos na Terra Indígena do Guarita - RS. As metodologias utilizadas foram levantamento bibliográfico sobre políticas públicas, os indígenas da etnia Kaingang, a Terra Indígena do Guarita, a extensão rural e o etnodesenvolvimento; pesquisa documental; pesquisa de campo visando obter informações de dois momentos específicos do desenvolvimento dos instrumentos de política pública. O primeiro momento, visava analisar a trajetória da construção da Chamada Pública de ATER, com entrevistas a mediadores em nível local/regional, estadual e nacional. Essas entrevistas serviram para traçar a trajetória da construção da Chamada Pública de ATER Indígena, utilizando para isso um roteiro semi-estruturado, acompanhado de diálogo livre com o entrevistado. Para a análise dessas informações se utilizou do Modelo dos Múltiplos Fluxos de John Kingdon. O segundo momento tratou da avaliação das políticas públicas alvo deste trabalho. Nessa etapa, ocorreram entrevistas com beneficiários indígenas na Terra Indígena do Guarita, nos municípios de Tenente Portela e Redentora, RS, e com extensionistas rurais da Unidade Indígena (UIN) de Tenente Portela. Foram utilizados roteiros semi-estruturados, sendo 15 entrevistas com indígenas Kaingang e 4 entrevistas com extensionistas da UIN, além da Coordenadora da Chamada em Porto Alegre. Referente à trajetória de construção da Chamada Pública de ATER Indígena constatamos a importância do Território da Cidadania Noroeste Colonial, da dependência de trajetória, do clima nacional e do protagonismo indígena. Com relação à avaliação das políticas aplicadas, consideramos como relevantes, as melhorias na segurança alimentar através da produção para autoconsumo e comercialização; o avanço no diálogo interétnico; a construção de cidadania pela autonomia proporcionada às famílias na gestão dos recursos, o protagonismo da mulher indígena na definição dos projetos produtivos. Consideramos da mesma forma, que essas políticas públicas ensejaram relações de reconhecimento e redistribuição, nas perspectivas apontadas por Axel Honneth e Nancy Fraser. / The present work discusses ethnodevelopment in Kaingang indigenous comunities under two instruments of public programs: Chamada Pública de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural – ATER (Public Call for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension) and Programa de Fomento às Atividades Produtivas do Plano Brasil Sem Miséria (Productive Activities Development Program, as part of Brazil without Misery Plan). The main goal is to analyze the contributions of these instruments to the ethnodevelopment of Guarita indigenous reservation, in Rio Grande do Sul. The methodologies used here were bibliographical survey on public policies, Kaingang tribe, Terra Indígena do Guarita reservation, rural extention and ethnodevelopment; documental research; field research – seeking to gather information on two specific moments. The first step was analyzing the construction of the Chamada Pública de ATER, interviewing local, regional, state and national moderators. These interviews traced the path of the construction, using a semi-structured script, flowed by opened dialogs with the interviewee. To analyze these datas, the author used John Kingdon’s Multiple Flow Model. The second step was to evaluate the public policies studied so far. In this stage, there were interviews with beneficiaries from Terra Indígena do Guarita, located in Tenente Portela and Redentora, and with rural extensionists from Tenente Portela’s Indigenous Unit (INU). Once again, it was used a semi-structured script, with wich the author interviewed 15 Kaingang natives and 4 INU extensionists, as well as the Coordenator, in Porto Alegre. Regarding the path to the construction of Chamada Pública de ATER Indígena, the author noticed the importance of the Territory of Colonial Northwest Citizenship, the dependence of trajectory, the national climate and indigenous protagonism. With regard to the evaluation of applied policies, it was considered as relevant improvements in food security through production for self-consumption and commercialization; advancement in inter-ethnic dialogue; construction of citizenship for the autonomy provided to families in the management of resources; the role of indigenous women in the definition of productive projects. The author also considered that these public policies gave rise to recognition and redistribution relations in the perspectives pointed out by Axel Honneth and Nancy Fraser.

The potential for relay intercropping and double cropping was assessed in field trials over three consecutive years at Gatton, Queensland. The rationale was to use controlled traffic technology to facilitate relay and double cropping and thus research a cropping system that could exploit late winter crop rainfall. In Field Trial I, grain sorghum and sunflower, broadacre crops already grown within the Southern and Darling Downs regions of Queensland and New South Wales were intercropped into wheat; sunflower was intercropped with wheat in Field Trial II. Sole summer plantings were made at the same time as intercrops were planted. The wheat crop was cut and stubble removed to facilitate this. Various planting dates (three for Field Trial I; four for Field Trial II) for the relayed summer crops were used to determine if an optimum planting time existed. Plant height, tiller number, light interception, grain yield, soil moisture and economic return were used as parameters to compare the intercrop with sole plantings in Field Trial I. Grain yield, soil moisture, rainfall infiltration and economic return were measured in Field Trial II. Research also involved the modification and testing of a tractor to carry out the sowing of the intercrop. In Field Trial I, light interception was shown to vary at different stages of the wheat crop and the use of these stages to determine optimum planting dates of the relay crop is suggested. In both trials, no differences were recorded in the grain yield between intercropped and sole cropped wheat treatments suggesting the trafficking of the plot did not affect the wheat. As neither sorghum or sunflower established as intercrops, competition was not a factor in affecting wheat yields. Moisture readings in both trials showed little change below a depth of 100 cm; however some treatment differences were present at shallower depths. In Field ii Trial I, sole summer sorghum, especially the first planting date, showed reduced water capture/ higher soil evaporation due to wheat removal initially and later transpiration loss due to crop growth and increased weed pressure. Sole wheat treatments showed increased moisture storage after harvest due to lack of water use by the crop and increased infiltration/reduced runoff due to stubble retention. Improved soil moisture recharge after rainfall events was apparent in double cropped treatments suggesting not only improved water utilisation but also improved capture and storage is possible within this system. Sorghum, commonly used throughout south eastern Queensland as a summer crop option, proved unsuitable for relay intercropping in Field Trial I for Planting Dates 1 and 2. Minimum soil temperatures for these plantings were marginal as they were close to the 15o Celsius level recommended for sorghum. However, even though establishment was poor for the intercropped plantings, it was higher for sole sorghum plantings. Wheat allelopathic effects may be involved. To avoid the temperature limitations of sorghum, sunflower was selected as an alternative intercrop in the later planting dates of Field Trial I and all dates for Field Trial II. Reasons for the poor establishment and yield of sunflowers in the earlier intercrop planting dates compared to sole plantings remain unknown but also may be related to allelopathic effects from intercropped wheat. Low soil temperature was not a factor affecting establishment Yields for planting dates were recorded in the intercropped sunflower treatments for Field Trial II and the optimal planting time for sunflowers in a wheat/sunflower relay intercrop was identified as when physiological maturity of the wheat had occurred. This may relate to the wheat crop stage. In Field Trial II, no significant differences in soil moisture were recorded between treatments from overall water use for the trial period. There were differences in water use between intercropped and sole cropped treatments for iii some rainfall events. Three rainfall events were chosen for closer study in each of the field trials conducted. Each event varied in the length and time as well as the duration and intensity of the rain that fell for the period. For the first rainfall period the moisture content of the first planting date of the sole summer treatment and to a lesser extent the second planting date of the same treatment increased, most likely due to wheat removal. In the third rainfall period the double cropped sunflower treatment with stubble tended to store less moisture and this may be due to the active crop growth at this time. It was evident in both field trials of the need for an effective weed control program in the intercrop plots. Weeds were controlled in wheel tracks by glyphosate sprays. Cultural methods may help but a herbicide suitable for both components of the intercrop would be very useful. A tractor was successfully modified to a 3 metre wheelspace and a clearance of 70 cm. This proved sufficient for planting the relay intercrop in Field Trial II without negatively affecting the yield of the standing crop. The row spacing of 18 cm for wheat in a 3 metre fixed bed and wheeltrack configuration assisted with guidance and interplanting of the relay crop. The relay crop was sown as single alternating rows.

Brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism on the endangered black-capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla) is a management concern. Management for black-capped vireos in east-central Texas has focused on habitat restoration through vegetation modification. Loss of productivity due to parasitism, however, may limit the potential habitat restoration in restoring black-capped vireo populations. I investigated the relationships between frequency of parasitism on black-capped and white-eyed (V. griseus) vireos and characteristics of the neighboring avian assemblage to identify avian characteristics useful for predicting expected frequency of parasitism. I located and monitored vireo nests in March–July 2006 to determine frequency of cowbird parasitism on the 2 vireo species on 6 study sites on private land in east-central Texas. I conducted 100-m-radius circular-plot point count surveys on study sites from 1 April– 31 June 2006 to identify neighboring avian assemblages. All black-capped vireo nests (n = 20) and 81% of white-eyed vireo nests (n = 27) were parasitized. Species richness, species evenness, cumulative bird abundance, and cowbird host abundance did not differ significantly among study sites. Parasitism frequency was positively correlated with the number of cowbirds detected (r2 = 0.673, P= 0.045). Parasitism frequency was negatively correlated with abundance (r2 = 0.687, P = 0.042) and proportion of (r2 = 0.692, P = 0.040) of black-and-white warblers (Mniotilta varia), known cowbird hosts. I did not find a relationship between parasitism frequency and abundance of other cowbird hosts. The relationship between black-andwhite warbler abundance and parasitism frequency may reflect an interaction between parasitism and the vegetation characteristics associated with black-and-white warblers, suggesting the need for future study of the relationships between parasitism frequency and vegetation characteristics in the study region. The frequency of parasitism I observed suggests that cowbird control may be an important management tool if management objectives in the study region continue to include recovery of black-capped vireo populations. Number of cowbirds may be a reasonable predictor of expected parasitism frequency in an area, which may be useful to land managers in selecting areas for implementation of cowbird control.