A automação bancária é um fenômeno amplo, que envolve diversos países, atividades econômicas, infraestruturas, agentes e processos. O presente trabalho visa compreendê-la junto das dinâmicas da formação socioespacial brasileira, enquanto sistema técnico composto por artificialidades e intencionalidades, formas de fazer, que funcionam de forma solidária, isto é, utilizando-se e dando condições para que outros sistemas técnicos funcionem (SANTOS, [1996] 2002). Nesse sentido, busca-se analisar criticamente o fenômeno da automação bancária ocorrido no Brasil, dando ênfase na análise do circuito espacial de produção de seus sistemas técnicos, principalmente os Terminais de Autoatendimento (ou Automatic Teller Machines - ATMs), e da difusão e uso destes sistemas pelos bancos instalados no território brasileiro. Dessa forma, foi estabelecida uma periodização, compreendendo o fenômeno em questão a partir de dois grandes períodos (1961-1991 e 1991-2015) e quatro subperíodos (1961-1974, 1974-1991, 1991-1999 e 1999-2015). Nesse sentido, formou-se um conjunto de empresas que, apesar de diferentemente localizadas, configuraram um circuito espacial de produção dos Terminais de Autoatendimento e que passaram a fornecê-los aos diversos bancos presentes no Brasil. Tal circuito espacial, em conjunto com os diferentes círculos de cooperação que dele emergem, são de fundamental importância no entendimento de processos de expansão e descentralização espacial de formas de atendimento e de serviços bancários, que, em conjunto com uma crescente bancarização da população, tem favorecido um exponencial aumento do número de ATMs no país. / Banking automation is a broad phenomenon that involves several countries, economic activities, infrastructure, agents and processes. This study aims to understand it with the dynamics of the Brazilian socio-spatial formation, as a technical system consisting of artificiality and intentions, ways of doing, that works in solidarity, using and giving conditions for other systems technical work (SANTOS, [1996] 2002). In this sense, the aim is to review the banking automation phenomenon occurred in Brazil, with emphasis on the analysis of spatial circuit production of its technical systems, especially Automated Teller Machines (ATM), and dissemination and use of these systems in banks operating in Brazil. Thus, it was possible to establish a periodization, understanding the phenomenon in question in two major periods (1961-1991 and 1991-2015) and four sub-periods (1961-1974, 1974-1991, 1991-1999 and 1999-2015). In this sense, it formed a group of companies that, although differently located, configured a spatial circuit of production of self-service terminals and now supply them to the various banks operations in Brazil. This spatial circuit, together with the various circles of cooperation that emerged from it, are fundamentally important in understanding the processes of expansion and spatial decentralization of the banking services, which, together with a growing banking population, has favored an exponential increase in the number of ATMs in the country.

A automação bancária é um fenômeno amplo, que envolve diversos países, atividades econômicas, infraestruturas, agentes e processos. O presente trabalho visa compreendê-la junto das dinâmicas da formação socioespacial brasileira, enquanto sistema técnico composto por artificialidades e intencionalidades, formas de fazer, que funcionam de forma solidária, isto é, utilizando-se e dando condições para que outros sistemas técnicos funcionem (SANTOS, [1996] 2002). Nesse sentido, busca-se analisar criticamente o fenômeno da automação bancária ocorrido no Brasil, dando ênfase na análise do circuito espacial de produção de seus sistemas técnicos, principalmente os Terminais de Autoatendimento (ou Automatic Teller Machines - ATMs), e da difusão e uso destes sistemas pelos bancos instalados no território brasileiro. Dessa forma, foi estabelecida uma periodização, compreendendo o fenômeno em questão a partir de dois grandes períodos (1961-1991 e 1991-2015) e quatro subperíodos (1961-1974, 1974-1991, 1991-1999 e 1999-2015). Nesse sentido, formou-se um conjunto de empresas que, apesar de diferentemente localizadas, configuraram um circuito espacial de produção dos Terminais de Autoatendimento e que passaram a fornecê-los aos diversos bancos presentes no Brasil. Tal circuito espacial, em conjunto com os diferentes círculos de cooperação que dele emergem, são de fundamental importância no entendimento de processos de expansão e descentralização espacial de formas de atendimento e de serviços bancários, que, em conjunto com uma crescente bancarização da população, tem favorecido um exponencial aumento do número de ATMs no país. / Banking automation is a broad phenomenon that involves several countries, economic activities, infrastructure, agents and processes. This study aims to understand it with the dynamics of the Brazilian socio-spatial formation, as a technical system consisting of artificiality and intentions, ways of doing, that works in solidarity, using and giving conditions for other systems technical work (SANTOS, [1996] 2002). In this sense, the aim is to review the banking automation phenomenon occurred in Brazil, with emphasis on the analysis of spatial circuit production of its technical systems, especially Automated Teller Machines (ATM), and dissemination and use of these systems in banks operating in Brazil. Thus, it was possible to establish a periodization, understanding the phenomenon in question in two major periods (1961-1991 and 1991-2015) and four sub-periods (1961-1974, 1974-1991, 1991-1999 and 1999-2015). In this sense, it formed a group of companies that, although differently located, configured a spatial circuit of production of self-service terminals and now supply them to the various banks operations in Brazil. This spatial circuit, together with the various circles of cooperation that emerged from it, are fundamentally important in understanding the processes of expansion and spatial decentralization of the banking services, which, together with a growing banking population, has favored an exponential increase in the number of ATMs in the country.

With the introduction of different forms of adaptive and actuated signal control, there is a need for effective evaluation tools that can capture the intricacies of real-life applications. While the current state-of-the-art analytical procedures provide simple approaches for estimating delay, queue length and stops at signalized intersections, they are limited in scope. Alternatively, several microscopic simulation softwares are currently available for the evaluation of signalized intersections. The objective of this dissertation is fourfold. First, it evaluates the consistency, accuracy, limitations and scope of the alternative analytical models. Second, it evaluates the validity of micro simulation results that evolve as an outcome of the car-following relationships. The validity of these models is demonstrated for idealized hypothetical examples where analytical solutions can be derived. Third, the dissertation expands the scope of current analytical models for the evaluation of oversaturated signalized intersections. Finally, the dissertation demonstrates the implications of using analytical models for the evaluation of real-life network and traffic configurations. This dissertation compared the delay estimates from numerous models for an undersaturated and oversaturated signalized intersection considering uniform and random arrivals in an attempt to systematically evaluate and demonstrate the assumptions and limitations of different delay estimation approaches. Specifically, the dissertation compared a theoretical vertical queuing analysis model, the queue-based models used in the 1994 and 2000 versions of the Highway Capacity Manual, the queue-based model in the 1995 Canadian Capacity Guide for Signalized Intersections, a theoretical horizontal queuing model derived from shock wave analysis, and the delay estimates produced by the INTEGRATION microscopic traffic simulation software. The results of the comparisons for uniform arrivals indicated that all delay models produced identical results under such traffic conditions, except for the estimates produced by the INTEGRATION software, which tended to estimate slightly higher delays than the other approaches. For the random arrivals, the results of the comparisons indicated that the delay estimates obtained by a micro-simulation model like INTEGRATION were consistent with the delay estimates computed by the analytical approaches. In addition, this dissertation compared the number of stops and the maximum extent of queue estimates using analytical procedures and the INTEGRATION simulation model for both undersaturated and oversaturated signalized intersections to assess their consistency and to analyze their applicability. For the number of stops estimates, it is found that there is a general agreement between the INTEGRATION microscopic simulation model and the analytical models for undersaturated signalized intersections. Both uniform and random arrivals demonstrated consistency between the INTEGRATION model and the analytical procedures; however, at a v/c ratio of 1.0 the analytical models underestimate the number of stops. The research developed an upper limit and a proposed model for estimating the number of vehicle stops for oversaturated conditions. It was demonstrated that the current state-of-the-practice analytical models can provide stop estimates that far exceed the upper bound. On the other hand, the INTEGRATION model was found to be consistent with the upper bound and demonstrated that the number of stops converge to 2.3 as the v/c ratio tends to 2.0. For the maximum extent of queue estimates, the estimated maximum extent of queue predicted from horizontal shock wave analysis was higher than the predictions from vertical deterministic queuing analysis. The horizontal shock wave model predicted lower maximum extent of queue than the CCG 1995 model. For oversaturated conditions, the vertical deterministic queuing model underestimated the maximum queue length. It was found that the CCG 1995 predictions were lower than those from the horizontal shock wave model. These differences were attributed to the fact that the CCG 1995 model estimates the remaining residual queue at the end of evaluation time. A consistency was found between the INTEGRATION model and the horizontal shock wave model predictions with respect to the maximum extent of queue for both undersaturated and oversaturated signalized intersections. Finally, the dissertation analyzed the impact of mixed traffic condition on the vehicle delay, person delay, and number of vehicle stops at a signalized intersection. The analysis considered approximating the mixed flow for equivalent homogeneous flows using two potential conversion factors. The first of these conversion factors was based on relative vehicle lengths while the second was based on relative vehicle riderships. The main conclusion of the analysis was that the optimum vehicle equivalency was dependent on the background level of congestion, the transit vehicle demand, and the Measure of Effectiveness (MOE) being considered. Consequently, explicit simulation of mixed flow is required in order to capture the unique vehicle interactions that result from mixed flow. Furthermore, while homogeneous flow approximations might be effective for some demand levels, these approximations are not consistently effective. / Ph. D.

As modificações provocadas pelo edentulismo no padrão fonético, mastigatório e estético dos pacientes, implicam em alterações do comportamento social, emocional e psicológico. A fim de que a saúde bucal dos pacientes seja preservada, uma adequada reabilitação oral deve ser realizada, respeitando-se os princípios biomecânicos para a confecção das próteses. Para tanto, o cirurgião dentista pode contar com um aparato de imagens radiográficas que podem auxiliar em várias etapas do processo reabilitador. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a contribuição de diferentes técnicas radiográficas no diagnóstico, planejamento e proservação na reabilitação com prótese total, propondo o emprego de uma documentação radiográfica. Foram utilizadas radiografias das articulações têmporo-mandibulares (ATMs), para avaliação dos espaços articulares anterior, posterior e superior, antes e após o tratamento reabilitador; radiografias panorâmicas e carpais, para avaliação de índices radiomorfométricos mentual, goníaco e metacarpal, para a pesquisa da presença de osteoporose; e telerradiografias laterais cefalométricas antes e após a colocação das próteses totais, verificando a presença da proporção áurea nas medidas craniofaciais. Foram feitas análises estatísticas para correlacionar os dados obtidos das análises radiográficas. Para as radiografias das ATMs, encontrou-se um aumento bilateral do espaço anterior, e uma conseqüente diminuição do espaço posterior, enquanto que o espaço superior aumentou levemente na articulação esquerda e diminuiu levemente na articulação direita. Nas radiografias panorâmicas e carpais observou-se uma diminuição dos valores dos índices radiomorfométricos conforme o aumento da idade. Nas telerradiografias laterais observou-se melhora do perfil com a colocação da prótese, e proximidade de algumas razões com a proporção áurea. Concluiu-se que: as radiografias de ATMs trazem informações importantes acerca da anatomia e relacionamento da cabeça da mandíbula com a fossa articular; os índices radiomorfométricos panorâmicos são importantes para detecção da diminuição da massa óssea, podendo contribuir para a detecção de sinais precoces de osteoporose e propiciar o encaminhamento desses pacientes para cuidados médicos adequados; o índice metacarpal propiciou informações muito semelhantes aos índices panorâmicos, não havendo, portanto, necessidade dessa radiografia compor a documentação, uma vez que a panorâmica pode contribuir com um maior número de informações; e que as telerradiografias laterais mostrou que, além de auxiliar no diagnóstico, através de medidas da dimensão vertical, posicionamento dos dentes artificiais, entre outros, ainda possibilitou avaliação da estética facial, tornando-se uma ferramenta da qual o cirurgião dentista pode lançar mão utilizando a proporção áurea como instrumento auxiliar na busca e favorecimento de planos de tratamento eficazes. / The changes caused by tooth loss in the standard phonetic, chewing and aesthetic of the patients, result in changes in social behavior, emotional and psychological. In order that the oral health of patients is preserved, adequate oral rehabilitation must be performed respecting the biomechanical principles for the manufacture of prostheses. Thus, the dentist may have an apparatus of radiographic images that can help in various stages of rehabilitation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of different radiographic techniques in the diagnosis, planning and proservation in the rehabilitation with dentures, proposing the use of a radiographic documentation. The TMJ radiographs were used for assessment of joint spaces anterior, posterior and upper before and after rehabilitation treatment, panoramic and carpal radiographs for evaluation radiomorphometric index mental, gonial and metacarpal, for the detection of the presence of osteoporosis, and radiographs lateral cephalometric before and after placement of dentures, verifying the presence of the golden ratio in craniofacial measures. Statistical analysis was made to correlate the data obtained from the radiographic analysis. For Radiographs of the ATMs, found a bilateral increase in anterior space, and a consequent reduction of the posterior space, while the upper space in the joint increased slightly left and slightly decreased in the right joint. In the panoramic radiographs and carpal observed a decrease in values of radiomorphometric index increase with age. In the lateral cephalometric radiographs showed improvements of the profile with the placement of the prosthesis, and proximity to some reasons with the golden ratio. Was concluded that: the TMJs radiographs provide important information about the anatomy and relationship of the condyle with the glenoid fossa; radiomorphometric index are important for detection of low bone mass and may contribute to the detection of early signs of osteoporosis and to facilitate the referral of patients to proper medical care, and the index metacarpal provided information very similar to the panoramic indices, and there is therefore need for such radiography compose documentation, since the panoramic can contribute to a greater amount of information, and that the lateral cephalometric radiographs showed that in addition to aid in the diagnosis, through measures of the vertical dimension, positioning of artificial teeth, among others, has enabled evaluation of facial aesthetics, becoming a tool from which the dentist can resort to using the the golden ratio as an aid in search and favoring effective treatment plans.

As modificações provocadas pelo edentulismo no padrão fonético, mastigatório e estético dos pacientes, implicam em alterações do comportamento social, emocional e psicológico. A fim de que a saúde bucal dos pacientes seja preservada, uma adequada reabilitação oral deve ser realizada, respeitando-se os princípios biomecânicos para a confecção das próteses. Para tanto, o cirurgião dentista pode contar com um aparato de imagens radiográficas que podem auxiliar em várias etapas do processo reabilitador. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a contribuição de diferentes técnicas radiográficas no diagnóstico, planejamento e proservação na reabilitação com prótese total, propondo o emprego de uma documentação radiográfica. Foram utilizadas radiografias das articulações têmporo-mandibulares (ATMs), para avaliação dos espaços articulares anterior, posterior e superior, antes e após o tratamento reabilitador; radiografias panorâmicas e carpais, para avaliação de índices radiomorfométricos mentual, goníaco e metacarpal, para a pesquisa da presença de osteoporose; e telerradiografias laterais cefalométricas antes e após a colocação das próteses totais, verificando a presença da proporção áurea nas medidas craniofaciais. Foram feitas análises estatísticas para correlacionar os dados obtidos das análises radiográficas. Para as radiografias das ATMs, encontrou-se um aumento bilateral do espaço anterior, e uma conseqüente diminuição do espaço posterior, enquanto que o espaço superior aumentou levemente na articulação esquerda e diminuiu levemente na articulação direita. Nas radiografias panorâmicas e carpais observou-se uma diminuição dos valores dos índices radiomorfométricos conforme o aumento da idade. Nas telerradiografias laterais observou-se melhora do perfil com a colocação da prótese, e proximidade de algumas razões com a proporção áurea. Concluiu-se que: as radiografias de ATMs trazem informações importantes acerca da anatomia e relacionamento da cabeça da mandíbula com a fossa articular; os índices radiomorfométricos panorâmicos são importantes para detecção da diminuição da massa óssea, podendo contribuir para a detecção de sinais precoces de osteoporose e propiciar o encaminhamento desses pacientes para cuidados médicos adequados; o índice metacarpal propiciou informações muito semelhantes aos índices panorâmicos, não havendo, portanto, necessidade dessa radiografia compor a documentação, uma vez que a panorâmica pode contribuir com um maior número de informações; e que as telerradiografias laterais mostrou que, além de auxiliar no diagnóstico, através de medidas da dimensão vertical, posicionamento dos dentes artificiais, entre outros, ainda possibilitou avaliação da estética facial, tornando-se uma ferramenta da qual o cirurgião dentista pode lançar mão utilizando a proporção áurea como instrumento auxiliar na busca e favorecimento de planos de tratamento eficazes. / The changes caused by tooth loss in the standard phonetic, chewing and aesthetic of the patients, result in changes in social behavior, emotional and psychological. In order that the oral health of patients is preserved, adequate oral rehabilitation must be performed respecting the biomechanical principles for the manufacture of prostheses. Thus, the dentist may have an apparatus of radiographic images that can help in various stages of rehabilitation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of different radiographic techniques in the diagnosis, planning and proservation in the rehabilitation with dentures, proposing the use of a radiographic documentation. The TMJ radiographs were used for assessment of joint spaces anterior, posterior and upper before and after rehabilitation treatment, panoramic and carpal radiographs for evaluation radiomorphometric index mental, gonial and metacarpal, for the detection of the presence of osteoporosis, and radiographs lateral cephalometric before and after placement of dentures, verifying the presence of the golden ratio in craniofacial measures. Statistical analysis was made to correlate the data obtained from the radiographic analysis. For Radiographs of the ATMs, found a bilateral increase in anterior space, and a consequent reduction of the posterior space, while the upper space in the joint increased slightly left and slightly decreased in the right joint. In the panoramic radiographs and carpal observed a decrease in values of radiomorphometric index increase with age. In the lateral cephalometric radiographs showed improvements of the profile with the placement of the prosthesis, and proximity to some reasons with the golden ratio. Was concluded that: the TMJs radiographs provide important information about the anatomy and relationship of the condyle with the glenoid fossa; radiomorphometric index are important for detection of low bone mass and may contribute to the detection of early signs of osteoporosis and to facilitate the referral of patients to proper medical care, and the index metacarpal provided information very similar to the panoramic indices, and there is therefore need for such radiography compose documentation, since the panoramic can contribute to a greater amount of information, and that the lateral cephalometric radiographs showed that in addition to aid in the diagnosis, through measures of the vertical dimension, positioning of artificial teeth, among others, has enabled evaluation of facial aesthetics, becoming a tool from which the dentist can resort to using the the golden ratio as an aid in search and favoring effective treatment plans.

El sector de servicio de mantenimiento demuestra un crecimiento continuo desde la incorporación de máquinas para el desarrollo de operaciones. En el Perú, este sector tiene un crecimiento lento, a pesar de ello, algunas empresas de mantenimiento han encontrado oportunidades en nichos poco explorados, como los mantenimientos a cajeros automáticos. Sin embargo, el tipo de servicio que brindan no cumplen ciertos aspectos esenciales para satisfacer la demanda, debido al exceso de tiempo en la atención del servicios y llegada a destiempo para la atención. Es por ello, que el objetivo principal del proyecto es reducir el lead time para el cumplimiento del cronograma anual, ya que se presencia una pérdida del 33.44% de la facturación del servicio de mantenimiento en el año 2019. Por esta razón, se diseña un modelo de gestión de servicio de mantenimiento que comprende la asignación de ruta por el vehicle routing problem mediante la distancia euclidiana y la estandarización de procesos mediante el estudio de tiempos que será validado mediante la simulación del software Arena. Asimismo, se analiza un flujo de caja económico del cual se obtiene un índice de rendimiento (RBC) de S/. 2.31. Finalmente, ha sido posible la reducción del lead time y el cumplimiento del cronograma de mantenimiento. / The maintenance service sector shows continuous growth since the incorporation of machines for the development of operations. In Peru, this sector has a slow growth, despite this, some maintenance companies have found opportunities in little-explored niches, such as maintenance of ATMs. However, the type of service they provide does not meet certain essential aspects to satisfy the demand, due to the excess time in the service and arrival at the wrong time for the service. That is why the main objective of the project is to reduce the lead time for compliance with the annual schedule, since there is a 33.44% loss of the maintenance service billing in 2019. For this reason, a Maintenance service management model that includes the route assignment for the vehicle's routing problem using the standard Euclidean distance and the laization of processes through the study of times that will be validated through the simulation of the Arena software. Likewise, an economic cash flow is analyzed from which a performance index (RBC) of S /. 2.31. Finally, it has been possible to reduce lead time and meet the maintenance schedule. / Trabajo de investigación